• 보건행정학회지
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.30-38
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• 2017

Background: This study aims to analyze the behavioral changes of healthcare providers and influencing factors after the reviewer unification of auto insurance medical benefit claims by an independent review agency. Methods: The comparison data were collected from the second half of 2013 and the same period of 2014. The key indicators are the number of admission days, the number of outpatient visits, inpatient ratio, inpatient medical expenses, and outpatient medical expenses. Results: Four indicators (number of admission days, number of outpatient visits, inpatient ratio, and outpatient medical expenses) showed statistically significant drops, while one indicator (inpatient medical expenses) showed no significant change. Conclusion: The reviewer unification of auto insurance medical benefit claims by an independent review agency showed significant reduction in cost and patient days.

• 무역학회지
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• 제44권6호
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• pp.201-216
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• 2019

At present, there are various standards used as the governing law of contracts for establishing, implementing, and resolving disputes between the parties to international sales contracts, called "Forum Shopping." Uncertainty and increased transaction costs, which may arise from these various norms, may hinder the activation of international commerce. This study examines the process of enacting and examining various international unification norms that have emerged through international organizations to eliminate trade barriers caused by choice of governing law concerning parties involved in the international sale of goods. Issues regarding the positive and negative perspectives are discussed to identify obstacles to international unification norms. In particular, by comparing and analyzing the differences between the regulations of the CISG and PICC, the representative international unification norms on international sales contracts, the possibility of unification of the norms on international sales contracts are reviewed. Direction for the establishment of a single international regulation is presented for reducing the transaction costs and uncertainties in the international sale of goods.

• 융합보안논문지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.69-80
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• 2015

본 연구는 북한의 보훈정책의 분석을 통하여 통일이후 남북한 보훈제도 통합의 기틀을 마련하는데 그 목적을 두고 연구하였다. 먼저 북한의 보훈법체계와 보훈제도 전개과정을 고찰한 후 통일기반 구축 및 통일대비 북한 보훈정책의 시사점을 분석해 보았다. 북한의 보훈정책을 체제수립 당시부터 현재까지 고찰하였다. 고찰 결과를 바탕으로 통일대비 보훈정책 이념 재정립 문제와 보훈정책 통합방안에 대하여 이념적인 사항과 제도적인 통합방안을 제시하였다. 이와 같은 연구결과는 통일 후 통합된 국가보훈정책을 어떠한 방향으로 추진하여야 될 것인지 조그마한 지표가 될 수 있을 것이다. 통일 이후에도 상당부분 남북한 구성원들 간에는 다양한 차이와 갈등의 요인을 내포하면서 국민통합으로 진행하는데 있어서 갈등 요인이 노출될 것이다. 철저한 준비와 사회적 공감대 형성이 무엇보다도 중요하다. 국가 보훈정책도 기본으로 돌아가서 재점검하고 통합의 준비를 하여 할 시기이다. 북한의 보훈제도는 시기를 달리하면서 북한체제의 근간이며 발전의 원동력으로 활용하고 있다는 사실을 알 수 있다. 보훈정책의 재이념은 통일국가와 국민정체성의 상징이며 나아가 사회통합정신의 상징성을 나타내어야 할 것이다. 아울러서 나라사랑의 정신과 국가안보의식이 반드시 내포되어야 할 것이다. 또한 통일을 대비하는 보훈정책의 통합은 남북 공히 공통의 역사 인식을 공유하는 것이 중요한 사항이며, 이러한 바탕위에서 보훈정책의 통합을 실시하여야 할 것이다.

• International journal of advanced smart convergence
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.7-21
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• 2018

The author studied the process of unifying Hanja variant groups of Korea and China for LGR (Label Generation Rule) of Internet Top-Level Hangeul Hanja Domain and possible confusion between Hangeul syllable and Hanja character. Among 3518 Chinese variant groups, Korea and China need not review variant groups which include no or just one Korean Hanja character. Korea and China reviewed 304 Chinese variant groups (9% of the 3518 Chinese variant groups) which include two or more Korean Hanja characters. By doing so, Korea and China succeeded in efficiently unifying variant groups. Unification process of variant groups which is the main core of Korea-China coordination and almost final unification result is summarized in this paper. In addition, the author analyzed systematically whether some Hanja character could be confused with a Hangeul syllable and obtained a good result which was not expected at the beginning. Probably this kind of systematic analysis has not been performed in the past and seems the first attempt, which is one of the contributions of this paper. The author also reviewed how to express K-LGR in XML for submission to ICANN.

• 한국농촌건축학회논문집
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.39-46
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• 2022

This study aims to derive basic living service facility items in rural areas and construct related spatial data. To do this, a literature review on the laws and systems related to the residential environment and services in rural areas, rural spatial planning, and the 'Rural Convention' strategic plan reports for the Jeolla and Gyeongsang Region in 2021 was conducted. Primary data collection and review on the list of basic living service items in rural areas derived from the analysis were conducted. After data collection, 12 sectors and 44 types of rural basic living service items were derived; the data selection was carried out based on the clarity of the subject of data management, whether it was established nationwide, whether it was disclosed and provided, whether it was periodically updated, and whether it was an underlying law. Afterwards, data on the derived rural basic living service items were constructed. Afterwards, spatial data on the derived rural basic living service items were constructed. Because open data provided through various institutions were employed, data structure unification such as data attribute values and code names was needed, and abnormal data such as address errors and omissions were refined. After that, the data provided in text form was converted into spatial data through geocoding, and through comparative review of the distribution status of the converted data and the provided address, spatial data related to rural basic living services were finally constructed for about 540,000 cases. Finally, implications for data construction for diagnosing rural living areas were derived through the data collection and construction process. The derived implications include data unification, data update system establishment, the establishment of attribute values necessary for rural living area diagnosis and spatial planning, data establishment plan for facilities that provide various services, rural living area analysis method, and diagnostic index development. This study is meaningful in that it laid the foundation for data-based rural area diagnosis and rural planning, by selecting the basic rural living service items, and constructing spatial data on the selected items.

• 동아시아경상학회지
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.15-28
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• 2021

Purpose -In the credit transaction, the issuing bank must examine the documents to pay the credit amount. In order to smoothly execute the credit transaction, document review is a key element, so the 5th revised credit unification rule specifically defines the document review procedure. Research design, data, and methodology - The document review procedure specified in the UCP Rules can be largely divided into the document review period and the rejection procedure for inconsistent documents. First of all, confusion was caused by the ambiguous regulation.. Result - With regard to the document review period, in the actual credit transaction, the issuing bank often negotiates with the issuing client about the waiver of the document inconsistency. Next, in the process of notifying the rejection of inconsistent documents, the issuing bank shall send the rejection notice. Conclusion - This study suggests that the requirement to list all inconsistencies makes it impossible for the issuing bank to further notify the refusal, thereby limiting the right to defend against inconsistencies not listed in the first refusal notice and consequently having the effect of matching them. In addition, the issuing bank's rejection notice is closely related to the beneficiary's exercise of the right to replenish documents.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제12권
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• pp.65-84
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• 1999

During the past few decades, we have witnessed three approaches to overcome the legal disparities between trading countries: - determining the individual governing law in accordance with the conflict of laws principle; - unifying and harmonizing private international law into uniform rules and substantive laws under the auspices of ICC, UNCITRAL, UNIDROIT and various NGOs ; and - drafting model laws like the UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Commerce and promoting member countries to enact them. Against this backdrop, the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG) and the process by which it was adopted, established the benchmark for the unification of commercial law. The CISG, completed in 1980, merged civil and common law concepts and came into force in 1988 after a certain number of countries endorsed the treaty. Besides the CISG, the U.N. Limitations Convention and the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Law, to name a few, have attempted to set cross-border legal norms and standards in the international business transactions. However, since the advent of computer-based commerce, there have emerged all-out efforts to establish uniform rules before national legal systems have been developed. As a consequence, the Model Law on Electronic Commerce has become a specimen legislation covering functional equivalents of paper-based writing and signature. For the credit enhancement exemplified by the Uniform Rules for Demand Guarantees (ICC Publication No.458), the UNCITRAL prepared the U.N. Convention on Independent Guarantees and Stand-by Letters of Credit, which was adopted by the U.N. General Assembly in 1995 but remains still not effective as only two countries have ratified this treaty so far. In this connection, two draft conventions underway at UNIDROIT and UNCITRAL deserve our attention as the probability of unification in the Korean Peninsula is mounting. They are to create security interests for commercial finance in moveable equipment and accounts receivable. The UCC-type security rights are regarded to be useful to enable the North Koreans with limited properties to borrow from the banks.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제13권
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• pp.193-213
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• 2000

The CISG has been legislated for playing roles as uniform rules which govern international sale of goods. The job of getting unification of the diverse domestic legal systems required almost half century of work. In the process of making the Convention some rules resulted from compromises of nation's relevant interests. The Convention, however, promoted both the legal certainty and harmonization in international trade in that the uniform rules suggest the appropriate resolution to the legal problems in the course of concluding a contract as well as in remedies for breach of contract. This paper focuses systematically on the scope of applicability of the CISG. The Convention deals with contracts for the international sale of goods. However, it does not apply to all kinds of the international sale of goods. The CISG confines the sphere of applicability to a certain type of sales. First of all, the CISG is limited to those contracts having been concluded between a particular group of persons, which is called a personal aspect of applicability. Secondly, the CISG covers a specific category of sales, which is called a material aspect of applicability. Thirdly, the CISG are concluded within a particular period of time, which is called a temporal aspect of applicability. Lastly, the CISG is limited to contracts falling within a given territorial sphere, which is called a territorial aspect of applicability.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제53권5호
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• pp.336-346
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• 2023

Purpose: The Korea Oral Biobank Network (KOBN) was established in 2021 as a branch of the Korea Biobank Network under the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to provide infrastructure for the collection, management, storage, and utilization of human bioresources from the oral cavity and associated clinical data for basic research and clinical studies. Methods: To address the need for the unification of the biobanking process, the KOBN organized the concept review for all the processes. Results: The KOBN established standard operating procedures for the collection, processing, and storage of oral samples. Conclusions: The importance of collecting high-quality bioresources to generate accurate and reproducible research results has always been emphasized. A standardized procedure is a basic prerequisite for implementing comprehensive quality management of biological resources and accurate data production.

• 근관절건강학회지
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.229-237
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• 2020

Purpose: This paper aims to clarify the concept of well-dying in the sociocultural context of Korea. Methods: Walker and Avant's method was chosen for the concept analysis. Through a literature review of 36 papers, the attributes and definition of well-dying were derived. Results: The literature revealed that in Korean society, well-dying is defined as the process of actively preparing for death throughout life. The attributes of the concept are a reflection on death, death acceptance, searching for meaning, transcendence, advance decision-making, and sharing values with family. The motivation for thinking about death, the hope of dying with dignity, and the Korean cultural view of death precede the concept, followed by dying with dignity, personal and family happiness, and improved quality of life and death. Conclusion: This study may lead to the unification of concept use based on mutual understanding, thus enabling effective communication in research, education, and clinical settings. This can be the rationale for the development of tools and educational programs as well as establishing policies related to well-dying in Korea.