• Geomechanics and Engineering
• /
• 제14권2호
• /
• pp.203-209
• /
• 2018

Reliable estimation of compressive as well as tensile in-situ stresses is critical in the design and analysis of underground structures and openings in rocks. Kaiser effect technique, which uses acoustic emission from rock specimens under cyclic load, is well established for the estimation of in-situ compressive stresses. This paper investigates the Kaiser effect on marble specimens under cyclic uniaxial compressive as well as cyclic uniaxial tensile conditions. The tensile behavior was studied by means of Brazilian tests. Each specimen was tested by applying the load in four loading cycles having magnitudes of 40%, 60%, 80% and 100% of the peak stress. The experimental results confirm the presence of Kaiser effect in marble specimens under both compressive and tensile loading conditions. Kaiser effect was found to be more dominant in the first two loading cycles and started disappearing as the applied stress approached the peak stress, where felicity effect became dominant instead. This behavior was observed to be consistent under both compressive and tensile loading conditions and can be applied for the estimation of in-situ rock stresses as a function of peak rock stress. At a micromechanical level, Kaiser effect is evident when the pre-existing stress is smaller than the crack damage stress and ambiguous when pre-existing stress exceeds the crack damage stress. Upon reaching the crack damage stress, the cracks begin to propagate and coalesce in an unstable manner. Hence acoustic emission observations through Kaiser effect analysis can help to estimate the crack damage stresses reliably thereby improving the efficiency of design parameters.

• 한국재료학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국재료학회 1994년도 춘계 학술발표 강연 및 논문 개요집
• /
• pp.2-7
• /
• 1994

The dynamic fatigue life equation is applied to uniaxial tensile test. The resultant equations far the surface energy and fracture toughness are calculated with the data from the tensile test and compared with the ones from ASTM E399 test. During the crack propagation under model loading, the material of the crack tip undergoes the process of the elastic-plastic deformation in the uniaxial tensile test. The surface energy per unit area is proportional to the ratio of plastic and elastic elongations. The calculated fracture toughness of the metals are very well coincident to the ASTM E399's test results.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
• /
• 제14권3호
• /
• pp.225-231
• /
• 2018

In this paper, in order to explain the splitting of cylindrical rock specimen under uniaxial loading, cracks in cylindrical rock specimen are divided into two kinds, the longitudinal crack and the slanting crack. Mechanical behavior of the rock is described by elastic-brittle-plastic model and splitting is assumed to suddenly occur when the uniaxial compressive strength is reached. Expression of the stresses induced by the longitudinal crack in direction perpendicular to the major axis of the crack is deduced by using the Maxwell model. Results show that the induced stress is tensile and can be greater than the tensile strength even before the uniaxial compressive strength is reached. By using the Inglis's formula and simplifying the cracks as slender ellipse, the above conclusions that drawn by using the Maxwell model are confirmed. Compared to shearing fracture, energy consumption of splitting seems to be less, and splitting is most likely to occur when the uniaxial loading is great and quick. Besides, explaining the rock core disking occurred under the fast axial unloading by using the Maxwell model may be helpful for understanding that rock core disking is fundamentally a tensile failure phenomenon.

• 한국콘크리트학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국콘크리트학회 2004년도 춘계 학술발표회 제16권1호
• /
• pp.18-21
• /
• 2004

This paper discusses how steel cord and PVA hybrid fibers enhance the performance of high performance fiber reinforced cementitious composites (HPRFCC) in terms of elastic limit, strain hardening response and post peak of the composites. The effect of microfiber(PVA) blending ratio is presented. For this purpose flexure, direct tension and split tension tests were conducted. It was found that HFRCC specimen shows multiple cracking in the area subjected to the greatest bending tensile stress. Uniaxial tensile test confirms the range of tensile strain capacity from 0.5 to $1.5\%$ when hybrid fiber is used. The cyclic loading test results identified a unique unloading and reloading response for this ductile composite. Cyclic loading in tension appears not to affect the tensile response of the material if the uniaxial compressive strength during loading is not exceeded.

• 한국소성가공학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국소성가공학회 1999년도 춘계학술대회논문집
• /
• pp.153.1-156
• /
• 1999

Based upon the experimental data from multi-stage tensile loading at angles to the rolling direction of steel sheets, anisotropic hardening rules are proposed. Experiments show that orthotropic anisotropy is maintained and the orientations of orthotropy axes are changed during tensile loading. A phenomenological model is proposed which includes the rotations of orthotropy axes, work hardening and kinematic hardening. Using the model, uniaxial tensile stress, R-value and tensile necking strain are predicted and compared with the experimental data.

• 한국군사과학기술학회지
• /
• 제16권6호
• /
• pp.857-866
• /
• 2013

This paper is concerned with the material properties of functional high explosive(FHX) simulant at various strain rates ranging from $10^{-4}/sec$ to $10^1/sec$. Material properties of FHX at high strain rates are important in prediction of deformation modes of FHX in a warhead which undergoes dynamic loading. Inert FHX stimulant which has analogous mechanical properties with FHX was utilized for material tests due to safety issues. Uniaxial tensile tests at quasi-static strain rates ranging from $10^{-4}/sec$ to $10^{-2}/sec$ and intermediate strain rates ranging from $10^{-1}/sec$ to $10^1/sec$ were conducted with JANNAF specimen using a tensile testing machine, INTRON 5583, and developed high speed material testing machine, respectively. Uniaxial compressive tests at quasi-static strain rates and intermediate strain rates were conducted with cylindrical specimen using a dynamic materials testing machine, INSTRON 8801. And cyclic compressive loading tests were performed with various strain rates and strains. Deformation behaviors were investigated using captured images obtained from a high-speed camera.

• 한국해양공학회지
• /
• 제26권6호
• /
• pp.19-26
• /
• 2012

Recently the world has been suffering from difficulties related to the demand and supply of energy due to the democratic movements sweeping across the Middle East. Consequently, many have turned their attention to never-developed extreme regions such as the polar lands or deep sea, which contain many underground resources. This research investigated the strength and initial elastic modulus values of eternally frozen ground through a uniaxial compression test and indirect tensile test using frozen artificial soil specimens. To ensure accurate test results, a sandymud mixture of standard Jumunjin sand and kaolinite (20% in weight) was used for the specimens in these laboratory tests. Specimen were prepared by varying the water content ratio (7%, 15%, and 20%). Then, the variation in the strength value, depending on the water content, was observed. This research also established three kinds of environments under freezing temperatures of $-5^{\circ}C$, $-10^{\circ}C$, and $-15^{\circ}C$. Then, the variation in the strength value was observed, depending on the freezing environment. In addition, the tests divided the loading rate into 6 phases and observed the variation in the stress-strain ratio, depending on the loading rate. The test data showed that a lower freezing temperature resulted in a larger strength value. An increase in the ice content in the specimen with the increase in the water content ratio influenced the strength value of the specimen. A faster load rate had a greater influence on the uniaxial compression and indirect tensile strengths of a frozen specimen and produced a different strength engineering property through the initial tangential modulus of elasticity. Finally, the long-term strength under a constant water content ratio and freezing temperature was checked by producing stress-strain ratio curves depending on the loading rate.

• 한국신뢰성학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국신뢰성학회 2000년도 춘계학술대회 발표논문집
• /
• pp.213-222
• /
• 2000

In present study, a stochastic model is developed for the low cycle fatigue life prediction and reliability assessment of 316L stainless steel under variable multiaxial loading. In the proposed model, fatigue phenomenon is considered as a Markov process, and damage vector and reliability are defined on every plane. Any low cycle fatigue damage evaluating method can be included in the proposed model. The model enables calculation of statistical reliability and crack initiation direction under variable multiaxial loading, which are generally not available. In present study, a critical plane method proposed by Kandil et al., maximum tensile strain range, and von Mises equivalent strain range are used to calculate fatigue damage. When the critical plane method is chosen, the effect of multiple critical planes is also included in the proposed model. Maximum tensile strain and von Mises strain methods are used for the demonstration of the generality of the proposed model. The material properties and the stochastic model parameters are obtained from uniaxial tests only. The stochastic model made of the parameters obtained from the uniaxial tests is applied to the life prediction and reliability assessment of 316L stainless steel under variable multiaxial loading. The predicted results show good accordance with experimental results.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
• /
• 제29권6호
• /
• pp.627-643
• /
• 2022

Water-rock interactions have a significant influence on the mechanical behavior of rocks. In this study, uniaxial compression and tension tests on different water-treated sandstone samples were conducted. Acoustic emission (AE) monitoring and micro-pore structure detection were carried out. Water-rock interactions and their effects on rock mechanical behavior were discussed. The results indicate that water content significantly weakens rock mechanical strength. The sensitivity of the mechanical parameters to water treatment, from high to low, are Poisson ratio (𝜇), uniaxial tensile strength (UTS), uniaxial compressive strength (UCS), elastic modulus (E), and peak strain (𝜀). After water treatment, AE activities and the shear crack percentage are reduced, the angles between macro fractures and loading direction are minimized, the dynamic phenomenon during loading is weakened, and the failure mode changes from a mixed tensile-shear type to a tensile one. Due to the softening, lubrication, and water wedge effects in water-rock interactions, water content increases pore size, promotes crack development, and weakens micro-pore structures. Further damage of rocks in fractured and caved zones due to the water-rock interactions leads to an extra load on the adjoining coal and rock masses, which will increase the risk of dynamic disasters.

• 한국방재학회 논문집
• /
• 제6권1호
• /
• pp.39-48
• /
• 2006

본 시험은 다양한 sine파형을 가진 인장 및 압축 하중 하에서 아스팔트 혼합물의 모듀율값 을 비교평가하기 위하여 수행되었다. 즉, 휴식시간을 가진 반복 인장 haversine 하중, 휴식시간을 가진 반복 압축 haversine 하중, 주기적 인장하중, 주기적 압축하중, 그리고 주기적 인장-압축 반복하중이라는 총 5개의 하중형태가 32, 50, 68, 86, $104^{\circ}F$ (0, 10, 20, 30, $40^{\circ}C$) 라는 5개의 온도하에서 평가되었다. 시험결과, 휴식시간을 가진 반복 haversine 하중으로 인한 아스팔트 콘크리트의 인장 및 압축 모듀율 값은 저온에서 유사한 값을 나타내었지만, 고온에서는 상이한 값을 보였다. 특히, 고온에서 압축 모듀율 값은 인장 모듀율 값보다 높은 수치를 보였다. 또한, 저온에서 일축 직접인장 시험으로부터 구한 모듀율 값은 간접 인장시험으로부터 구한 모듀율 값보다 높은 값을 나타내었다. 그러나, 고온에서는 서로 유사한 값을 보였다. 일반적으로, 휴식시간을 갖는 반복 haversine 하중을 이용하여 얻은 모듀율 값은 주기적 sine파형을 가진 하중으로부터 구한 모듀율 값보다 항상 낮은 값을 나타내었으며 그 두 가지 하중으로부터 구한 모듀율 값의 차이는 온도가 감소함에 따라 더욱 증가되었다.