• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
• /
• 제9권E호
• /
• pp.397-400
• /
• 1993

The possible air pollution problems in a proposed underground highway are discussed using carbon monoxide (CO) as an indicator. Carbon monoxide concentrations in the underground highway depend on several factors, including the size of tunnel, the number of automobiles, the CO emission rate, and the tunnel ventilation rate. Using the estimated values, CO concentrations in the underground highway can be predicted. Without proper ventilation system, CO concentration in the underground highway can be dangerous level. However, the cost of operating the mandatory mechanical ventilation system may be tremendouslyy high and may be technically unrealistic to implement. If the underground highway is constructed with proper ventilation system, a continuous air pollution monitoring system with alarming function must be installed to alert personnel of serious air pollution built up in the underground highway. Traffic must be restricted, whenever the inside air pollution levels exceed agreed values. Short distances between evacuation exits are necessary for emergency situations or malfunction of ventilation system.

• 한국환경과학회지
• /
• 제3권4호
• /
• pp.381-391
• /
• 1994

This paper presents the disributions and variations of CO, $CO_2$, number of people and temperature in underground shopping center and subway of Seomyeon and Jagalchi in Pusan, Korea for two times during October and November in 1993, respectively. NDIR analyzer is used for the analysis of CO and $CO_2$. The temperature is obtained from a mercury therometer. The results o( observation and analysis show that the variation of $CO_2$ is strongly related to number of people and temperature. The correlation coefficients between temperature, COB and Number of people are higher than 0. at both of places. The pollution of CO2 of Seomyeon is higher than that of Jagachi in underground shopping center. However, CO is not correlated with the temperature and the Number of people. From the results, we found that the indoor air quality monitoring system is needed for the prevention of the underground air Pollution.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
• /
• 제27권3호
• /
• pp.505-516
• /
• 1994

For the purpose of preparing the fundamental data on air pollution in underground shopping center and also contributing to the health improvement of residents, the authors measured the level of $SO_2,\;NO_2,\;TSP,\;CO,\;CO_2$ and also some related factors as air temperature, air movement, relative humidity and mean radiation temperature at inside and outside of underground shopping center in Pusan from January to February and from July to August 1994. The results were as follows : 1. The mean concentration of CO within the underground shopping center was $3.1{\pm}1.3ppm$ in winter and $2.1{\pm}0.9ppm$ in summer. There was a negative correlation (p<0.01) between inner CO concentration and temperature in summer and no correlation between inner CO concentration and outer CO concentration in underground shopping center 2. The mean concentration of COE within the underground shopping center was $876{\pm}353ppm$ in winter and $757{\pm}125ppm$ in summer. There was a negative correlation (p<0.01) between inner $CO_2$ concentration and air movement in summer and positive correlation (p<0.05) between inner $CO_2$ concentration and outer $CO_2$ concentration in underground shopping center. 3. The mean concentration of $SO_2$ within a underground shopping center was $0.036{\pm}0.019ppm$ in winter and $0.040{\pm}0.013ppm$ in summer. There was a positive correlation(p<0.01) between inner $SO_2$ concentration and temperature in summer and positive correlation between inner $SO_2$ concentration and outer $SO_2$ concentration in summer and winter in underground shopping center. 4. The mean concentration of $NO_2$ within a underground shopping center was $0.052{\pm}0.038ppm$ in winter and $0.042{\pm}0.016ppm$ in summer. There was a no correlation between inner $SO_2$ concentration and thermal factors in summer and winter and low correlation between inner $SO_2$ concentration and outer $SO_2$ concentration in underground shopping center 5. The mean concentration of TSP within a underground shopping center was $430{\pm}214{\mu}g/m^3$ in winter, $366{\pm}73{\mu}g/m^3$ in summer, and very in excess of the atmospheric environmental quality standards of Korea ($150{\mu}g/m3{\downarrow}$). There was low correlation between inner TSP concentration and temperature in summer and high correlation between inner TSP concentration and outer TSP concentration in underground shopping center.

• 한국안전학회지
• /
• 제9권1호
• /
• pp.134-139
• /
• 1994

In order to assess the level of atmospheric pollution and to contribute the hearth improvement of residents in Taejon city, the authors were measured the concentration of air pollutants(CO, SO$_2$, NO$_2$, TSP, Pb, Cd, Cr) at three places of the control road in Taejon. The investigative research performed bimonthly from May 1993 to September 1993, and the places were the underground shopping stores of Taejon station, Dongyang department store and provincial goverment areas. The results of statistical analysis are as followings. \circled1CO :0.569~0.966ppm \circled2SO$_2$：0.084~0.170ppm \circled3NO$_2$:0.0045~0.022ppm \circled4TSP：249~299$\mu\textrm{g}$/㎥. \circled5Pb :0.366~1.157$\mu\textrm{g}$/㎥. \circled6Cd：0.016~0.025$\mu\textrm{g}$/㎥. \circled7 Cr : 0.198 ~0.290$\mu\textrm{g}$/㎥. The mean concentration of SO$_2$in Dongyang department store area was 0.17ppm, and it exceeded the ambient air quality standard by 0.02ppm. The concentration of TSP was higher than a standing rule of public hygiene, and it was very near to a standing rule of environmental preservation. The standing rule of indoor air pollution in underground shopping store have two different laws, the public hygiene and the environmental preservation. Therefore, it was difficult to judge what to do in such circumstance. In regarding to the laws, an environmental standard for air pollution in the underground space must unify into the standard of public hygiene.

• 한국철도학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국철도학회 2009년도 춘계학술대회 논문집
• /
• pp.919-929
• /
• 2009

2008, Seoulmetro transports an average of 3,952,000 passengers every day with a 0.8% increase of the daily ridership compared to last year.(Korean Economics '09.01.21) Seoul subway systems ridden by a considerable number of Seoul citizens place their top priority on swiftness, safety and clean underground air quality so as to meet the customer satisfaction. One of the most important problems is to eliminate minute dust(PM10) among the pollutants such as the gas attributable to air pollution and floating particulate matter defined by the ordinance of the Ministry of Environment. Seoulmetro install and operate many kinds of air filtration facilities, however we've launched a research on "Standardization Plan on Underground Air Filtration Facility" for the installation and improvement of optimum standardized air filtration system. As a preliminary study, we're going to consider ventilation system and air filter to supply filtered metropolitan outdoor air aimed at ensuring clean underground environment.

• 한국철도학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국철도학회 2005년도 춘계학술대회 논문집
• /
• pp.77-82
• /
• 2005

Recently, people's rising interests toward a 'well-being' lifestyle together with research contributions are accelerating the concerns regarding indoor air pollution making indoor air quality management an emerging environmental challenge of the era. The Ministry of Environment began to regulate the air quality of railway stations last year. The newly established 'Indoor Air Quality Act' covers 17 facilities whereas only underground subway stations and underground markets were regulated by previous 'Underground Air Quality Management Act' of 1996. In this study, we carried out the measurement of temperature, relative humidity, CO(carbon monooxide), $CO_2$(carbon dioxide), HCHO(formaldehyde), PM-10(particulate matters), and VOCs(volatile organic compounds) in underground subway stations. Based on the obtained results, we will suggest a way to improve the indoor air quality of the subway stations.

• 한국대기환경학회지
• /
• 제5권1호
• /
• pp.22-32
• /
• 1989

In order to assess the level of atmospheric pollution and to contribute the health improve ment of residents in Pusan, the authors measured the $CO, SO_2, NO_2, TSP, Noise, Pb, Cd, Cr and V$ level at 3 place by time from Jan. 1988 to Feb. 1988. THe places were Kukje, Daehyeon, Pujeon underground commercial floor. The results were as follows; 1. The range of concentration of air pollutants (1) CO : 0.5 - 3.0 ppm (2) $SO_2$ : 0.012 - 0.360 ppm (3) $NO_2$ : 0.018 - 0.089 ppm (4) TSP : 30 - 330 $\mug/m^3$ (5) Pb : 0.219 - 3.116 $\mug/m^3$ (6) Cd : 0.000 - 0.070 $\mug/m^3$ (7) Cr : 0.378 - 4.098 $\mug/m^3$ (8) V : 0.000 - 1.010 $\mug/m^3$ (9) Noise : 47 - 77 dB(A) 2. The level of all air pollutants were higher in the afternoon or night than in the morning. 3. The mean concentration of $SO_2$ in all places exceede the ambient air quality standard of $SO_2$,.

• 환경위생공학
• /
• 제17권1호
• /
• pp.20-27
• /
• 2002

This study has researched the indoor air Pollution in the school classrooms. It focused on the school classrooms in which the students take part in many loaming activities for a long time, not focused on the offices or underground facilities that have occupied the interest so far. First, I investigated the origination sources of indoor air pollution which influences on our health, and researched the data on the consequences of it on the human body. Second, I measured the indoor air Pollution level of the classrooms in which the students take part in activities. I selected CO, $CO_2,{\;}SO_2,{\;}NO_2$and $PM_{10}$ as the research items. Each two schools were chosen in the elementary schools, middle schools and high schools as the ones for measurement. And I distinguished the boys' schools from the girls' schools in the middle and high schools. CO, $SO_2{\;}and{\;}NO_2$were comparatively low comparing with the recommendation of the Ministry of Environment. But, $CO_2{\;}and{\;}PM_{10}$ exceeded the standard concentration in most schools and there was a difference between boys'classrooms and girls'classrooms about them. Also, it was different by the number of members a classrooms. Third, I made a questionnaire on the on the indoor air pollution. The questionnaire showed that many students feel the indoor air pollution directly and they are under the influence of it.

• 대한전기학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 대한전기학회 2007년도 심포지엄 논문집 정보 및 제어부문
• /
• pp.439-441
• /
• 2007

The seoul metropolitan subway has installed 8 lines and about 500 stations to transport 5 million passengers everyday. The underground air pollution level in the subway stations is very severe status, which is very harmful to the commutators and its personals. Although subway roles as such a massive and huge transportation system, the subway doesn't adapt yet any real-time air monitoring system. They have only some hand-held type detector equipments for monitoring air pollution. Therefore subway passengers are exposed to the harmful air pollution environment. The most harmful environmental parameters among the air pollution are known as the dust and sound noise dB level in the subway station. Because the dust is consisted of very small particles, we can't see them easily in dark condition on the platform, but it is very harmful. The monitoring system for air pollution is developed using embedded system attached with 6 different environmental sensors. This system monitors air pollution of dust sound noise, gas, temperature, humidity, inflammable gas, toxic gas in the subway ?station. The sensor unit of the ARM-CPU board and sensor transmits real time environmental data to the main server using Zigbee wireless communication module and TCP/IP network. The main control server receives and displays the real-time environmental data, and it send alarms to the personals when high level value.

• 한국주거학회논문집
• /
• 제9권1호
• /
• pp.143-152
• /
• 1998

This study aims to suggest ventilation design data for Public Entertainment Facilities in relation to Indoor Air Quality. The concentration of indoor air pollution such as CO, CO2, RH, Radon, HCHO, TSP was investigate, and the reguired ventilation rate of Public Rooms was calculated. As resuits of this study, the following conclusion could be obtained. Field measurement of P.E.F reveals that the concentration of CO2 was mist polluted and higher than IAQ standard, while that of other pollutats did not exceed the standard. In underground the concentration of CO2 increased 1130ppm(2 persons) 2170ppm(4 persons) 1970ppm(6 persons). The CO2 pollution was serions problem in underground more than second floor, in only exhaust ventilation system more than exhaust and supply system.