• Proceedings of the SAREK Conference
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• 2006.11a
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• pp.56-56
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• 2006

• Proceedings of the SAREK Conference
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• 2005.06a
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• pp.9-9
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• 2005

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.1-8
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• 2009

This study was conducted at a Terminal, a Parking Lot, an Underground shopping center, a Funeral hall and a Hospital waiting room of Cheon An area in August 2008 to examine the concentration level of HCHO(formaldehyde). The concentration level of the remodeled sites were $39.4\;{\pm}\;12.0\;{\mu}g/m^3$ in the terminal, $32.7\;{\pm}\;7.3\;{\mu}g/m^3$ in the parking, and $97.8\;{\pm}\;29.4\;{\mu}g/m^3$ in the underground shopping center. The underground shopping center had the highest level and followed by the terminal and the parking. On the contrary, the site remodeling had the level of $17.7\;{\pm}\;12.4\;{\mu}g/m^3$ in the funeral hall and $17.9\;{\pm}\;0.6\;{\mu}g/m^3$ in the hospital waiting room. The funeral hall had highest level than that of the hospital waiting room. Both the remodeled sites and the not remodeled site had concentration level of HCHO below the standard level, but it was higher in the remodeled sites. There were no relations among the HCHO, the temperature and the humidity in facilities of Cheon An area.

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.102-108
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• 2000

Seasonal variation of $NO_2$ and $SO_2$ concentration was investigated at the underground shopping center in Chonan from October 1997 to August 1998. $NO_2$ and $SO_2$ was collected by personal air sampler at $0.4{\ell}/min$ and $0.5{\ell}/min$ respectively and analyzed using UV spectrophotometer at 550nm and 548nm individually. The results were as follows. 1. The concentration of $NO_2$ was 0.070 ppm in spring, 0.068 ppm in summer, 0.074 ppm in autumn and 0.085 ppm in winter. There was no significant difference. 2. The concentration of $SO_2$ was 0.0233 ppm in spring, 0.0216 ppm in summer, 0.0188 ppm in autumn and 0.0621 ppm in winter. There was significant difference (p<0.01). 3. The higher concentration of $NO_2$ and $SO_2$ gases were shown near the cafeteria (p<0.001, p<0.05). 4. The higher concentration of $NO_2$ was observed at indoor than the underground passage. There was significant difference between two values (p<0.01).

• Journal of Digital Contents Society
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.263-267
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• 2007

From our analysis of pedestrian walking behavior at the Daegeon underground shopping center, we think that the following changes might be necessary to improve sign placement and use. First, the discrepancy between the location of information signs and their rate of use should be reduced. Second, differences in information given by the signs that arise from problems with sign height and placement should be reduced. Third, signs should be distributed in such a way that they provide co-ordinated information about points and places. Fourth, the arrangement and placement of the signs should be considered from the view point of pedestrian walking behavior. Because there is difference in the number of installed signs and the rate of use of these signs, to increase the rate of information use it may be necessary to adjust the content and placement of the signs. Furthermore, analysis of subject walking paths shows that it is necessary for information to be offered about connections between spaces.

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.17-23
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• 1999

This study was performed to survey the $SO_2$ level at several underground spaces connected to 5 subway stations (City Hall, Nam, Seoul stations, Hye Hwa and Ulchiro 1 Ga) in Seoul. The period of survey was from July to November, 1997.The results of the study were as follows; 1. The mean concentration of $SO_2$ was $0.057{\pm}0.015ppm$ in all subway stations. The highest $SO_2$ level among the five stations was $0.067{\pm}0.011 ppm$ at City Hall (P<0.01), and the highest with $0.071{\pm}0.013ppm$ at November (P<0.01).2. In underground shopping centers, the mean concentration of $SO_2$ was $0.112{\pm}0.059ppm$. 3. The mean concentration of $SO_2$ at evening with 0.057 pp and morning with 0.053 ppm were significantly higher than at noon with 0.043 ppm(P<0.05). 4. The $SO_2$ level of floor at Kang Nam station with 0.044 ppm was significantly higher than that of platform with 0.37 ppm(P<0.01). 5. For the City Hall stations, the line #1 and line #2 subway spaces show significantly different level of $SO_2$, 0.042ppm and 0.033 ppm respectively (P<0.05).

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.15 no.3 s.56
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• pp.163-172
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• 2006

The underground space of the Banwoldang in Daegu is the private enterprise historical development project that Daegu City & The forth construction company of the Samsung, Kolon, Daewoo, Hwasung promote, and take a role as the underground bridgehead that links east and west of the Daegu as the lunction of the 2 subway line. Accordingly, the underground space of the Banwoldang in Daegu have a import significance in that not only the alternative of the solution about the simple commercial formation or the limited ground but also compose the important axis of the city develoment. But, When I see the variety of problems, especially see the negative import in Daegu, the solution of the problems is the large underlying cause that revitalize the city. Consequently, in the study I would like to analyze the characteristics of the large underground space and the directivity of the interior design, to assistant for the develement plan of the more safe, comfort underground space.

• International conference on construction engineering and project management
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• 2013.01a
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• pp.634-639
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• 2013

The aim of the study is to develop the 3D visualization of Building Information Model and integrated 4D model for optimization of resources in the construction project. This study discuss the process of methodology and creation of 4D model of the project and simulate it to monitor the workflow at the site. Different stages of the construction process and activities are generated by using Revit and MS Project. MS project has been used for creation of the schedules and these are linked with the Revit for 3D modeling. The time used as the fourth dimension and 4D model created by using Navisworks Time liner software. Narges shopping center is presented as a case study to realize the actual uses and benefits of Building Information Model (BIM). Narges shopping mall is located in Tehran, Iran. As a part of Hekmat master plan, Narges shopping center is an 11 stores building with a total area of 30000 Sq.m. This shopping and entertainment center is comprised of 150 retails and two multi-use public halls with a capacity of 400 persons each and underground parking with total 400 parking space. The main purpose of architecture was to create an urban public center along with its revolving, spiral like form and an ever changing continuous façade by means of different colors, materials, which is in harmony with the other building of the master plan. The approximate cost of the project is $17 million and duration of the project schedule is 30 months. The developed Building Information Model enabled us to identify the potential collisions or clashes between various structural and architectural systems. 4D model has been used for limiting the interaction between subcontractors installing the different systems so rework could be avoided and productivity maximized. It is also observed that the utility of BIM for construction stimulation and clash detection is the best suitable method. Clash detection before the implementation of work is highly recommended to avoid rework.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.323-332
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• 2013

Objectives: This study was conducted in order to investigate the diesel exhaust particle(DEP) concentrations in the thirteen parking lots of large shopping complex. Methods: The real-time black carbon(BC) concentration was determined using an Aethalometer, and elemental/organic carbon concentration was determined according to the method of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health(NIOSH) 5040. The particle number concentration(NC), lung deposited surface area concentration(LDSA) and geometric mean diameter(GMD) were determined using a DiSCmini aerosol monitor. Results: The average concentration of BC, EC, OC, NC, LDSA and GMD were $19.1{\mu}g/m^3$, $12.6{\mu}g/m^3$, $51.5{\mu}g/m^3$, $94,000particles/cm^{-3}$, $298{\mu}m^2/cm^{-3}$ and 57 nm in all parking lots, respectively, approximately 3-fold higher than those found in the urban outdoor. The average concentration of BC were $21.3{\mu}g/m^3$ in underground parking lots, 3-fold higher than above parking lots. Conclusions: Therefore, the parking lots at the large shopping complex can be considered a potentially dangerous environment with a high concentration of DEP nanoparticles.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.89-98
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• 2002

This study was taken in general hospital, hotel, shopping center, underground cafe, school, house, for the purpose of investigating the distribution of indoor radon concentration in urban area, by E-PERM which approved U.S. EPA, between August and November 1999. There are two sampling Places were exceed 148 ㏃/㎥(4 pCi/L; U.S EPA remedial level), difference mean is 24.0㏃/㎥ when compared with underground vs. aboveground indoor radon concentration in the same building and ratio is 1.6, so underground area is higher than aboveground (p<0.05). Influencing factors were examined. They related to the location of sampler(detector) open or near the door is lower radon concentration than inside portion, which explains probably open area has better ventilated air and dilutes indoor radon concentration. Temperature has a negative relationship (p<0.05) with indoor radon concentration and relative humidity has a positive (p<0.05) Simultaneously to investigate water radon concentration, collected piped-water and the results were very low, which is the same in piped-water concentration other countries. In conclusion, underground indoor radon concentration is higher than aboveground. Concentration was related to sampling spot, open portion is lower than inside. Higher the temperature, lower the indoor radon concentrations. On the other hand higher the relative humidity, higher the indoor radon concentrations. Indoor radon concentration is influenced by sampling point, temperature, relative humidity.