• 한방비만학회지
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.59-73
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• 2006

Objectives: This study was conducted to investigate the effects of Uncoupling protein (UCP) polymorphisms on weight loss. We analyzed associations between polymorphisms of UCP-2, 3 and changes in percentage of obesity phenotypes (Body mass index and percent body fat) after treatment. Materials and Methods: A total of 207 Korean women (BMI over 25) were recruited from the obesity clinic in Kirin Oriental Medical Hospital (Seoul, Korea). All patients were treated with a very low calorie diet and oriental medical therapy for one month. The effect of UCP polymorphisms on changes in obesity-phenotypes were analyzed. For the genotyping of a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs), genomic DNA from each subject was extracted from whole blood and genotyped using the TaqMan Method. Associations between changes in percentage of obesity phenotypes (BMI and percent body fat) and UCP polymorphisms were analyzed using age-adjusted general linear model. Results and Conclusions: In this study, AG, GG type of UCP-2 -866A>G, CC, CT type of UCP-2 +4787C>T, CG, GG type of UCP-3 +2564C>G, AG, GG type of UCP-3 +3106A>G, and TC, CC type of UCP-3 +4589T>C played a role as a resistance gene to weight loss.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.210-216
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• 2011

Capsaicin is a pungent component of red pepper, which is widely consumed as food adjuncts. The present study was performed to investigate anti-obesity effects of capsaicin in diet-induced obese rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (n=14) were fed with a high-fat diet (Control) or high-fat diet containing 0.016% capsaicin (w/w) (Capsaicin) for 8 weeks. The final body weight and the mass of white adipose tissue were significantly lower in capsaicin supplemented group compared to control. Dietary capsaicin ameliorated lipid profiles with decrease in the plasma concentrations of triglycerides and total cholesterol, and decrease in the levels of total lipids and triglycerides in the liver. Activity of glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH), an indicator of triglyceride biosynthesis in white adipose tissue, decreased by 35% in the group supplemented with capsaicin. However, consumption of capsaicin increased the expression of uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) in white adipose tissue, which is related to energy consumption. Our data suggests that capsaicin may reduce body weight and fat accumulation in high fat diet-induced obese rats. These effects may be mediated, at least partially, by the upregulation of UCP2 gene expression and its ability to inhibit GPDH activity.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제17권8호
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• pp.1062-1068
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• 2004

Leptin has a major role in the regulation of food intake and energy homeostasis. In addition, leptin participates in many physiological functions including regulation of lipid metabolism. Bovine recombinant leptin protein was produced in E. coli cells in order to understand function of leptin in the regulation of lipid metabolism. The leptin expression vector was constructed in pGEX-4T-3 vector and transformed into E. coli BL21 cells. Expression of the GST-leptin fusion protein was induced with IPTG. The fusion protein was purified using glutathione sepharose 4B batch method, and the recombinant leptin was eluted after thrombin protease digestion. The effect of leptin on glucose transport was examined in the differentiated adipocytes of 3T3-L1 cells. Leptin had no effect on basal and insulin-stimulated glucose transport in 3T3-L1 cells (p>0.05). Effect of recombinant leptin on glucose and acetate transport was examined in adipose tissues of Korean cattle (Hanwoo). Insulin stimulated glucose transport in both intramuscular and subcutaneous adipose tissues (p<0.05), but leptin did not affect glucose transport in both adipose tissues (p>0.05). Insulin stimulated acetate transport in bovine adipose tissues (p<0.05), but leptin did not affect acetate transport (p>0.05). Northern and RT-PCR analyses showed that mRNA levels of uncoupling protein-2 were increased by leptin treatment in 3T3-L1 cells without statistical difference (p>0.05). In conclusion, bovine recombinant leptin did not affect glucose and acetate transport in both 3T3-L1 adipocytes and bovine adipose tissues, while it stimulates UCP-2 mRNA expression in 3T3-L1 cells.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제35권9호
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• pp.903-911
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• 2002

The effects of dietary levan, high-molecular-weight $\beta$-2,6-linked fructose polymer, on adiposity, serum leptin and UCP expression in rats fed high fat diet were studied. The adipose tissue hormone, leptin has been proposed to be involved in the regulation of food intake and energy expenditure. Uncoupling protein (UCP), a mitochondrial protein that uncouples the respiratory chain from oxidative phosphorylation, generates heat instead of ATP, thereby increase energy expenditure. To determine whether the dietary levan may have the anti-obesity effect, 4 wk old Sprague Dawley male rats fed high fat diet for 6 wks to induce obesity, and subsequently fed one of three diets for further 6 wks: 1) high fat (40% of calories) diet without levan 2) with 3% (w/w) levan 3) with 5% levan. For the comparison, control group fed AIN-76A diet. Visceral and peritoneal fat masses were lower in high fat diet with levan groups compared to high fat diet group. The effect of levan was dose-dependent. Adipocyte size was significantly reduced in the levan diet groups compared to the no levan diet group. Serum cholesterol level was not affected by levan containing diet, while the serum HDL cholesterol level was higher in leven diet groups. In addition, serum triglyceride level was markedly reduced by levan containing diet, thus lower than that of control group. Serum leptin was reduced by levan containing diet and lower in 5% levan group compared to 3% levan group (p < 0.001), as a result, serum leptin and insulin levels of 5% levan group were reduced to level of control group. Futhermore, the serum leptin level reflected the adiposity. The expression of UCP 1, and UCP 2 in brown adipose tissue was up-regulated by levan containing diet. In conclusions, levan containing diet reduced adiposity and serum triglyceride but increased UCP expression in the obese rats fed high fat diet. (Korean J Nutrition 35(9) : 903~911, 2002)

• Natural Product Sciences
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.161-167
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• 2022

Obesity is a complex metabolic disorder that increases the risk for type 2 diabetes, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and atherosclerosis. In this study, we evaluated the anti-obesity effects of Nelumbo nucifera leaf (NL) extract in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and obese db/db mice. NL extract among various parts (leaf, seed, and root) of N. nucifera most effectively reduced adipogenesis via inhibiting CCAAT enhancer binding protein α (C/EBPα) and peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ (PPARγ) expression in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. The addition of NL extract enhanced the protein expression of uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) as compared to untreated 3T3-L1 adipocytes. The oral administration of NL extract (100 mg/kg BW) significantly reduced food efficacy ratio, body weight, and face or total cholesterol level in obese db /db mice. Also, administration of NL extract significantly decreased adipocyte size and C/EBPα or PPARγ expression in the adipose tissues as compared with control (obese db/db mice). Therefore, our results suggest that NL extract among various parts of N. nucifera could be used as a functional food ingredient for the prevention and treatment of metabolic diseases including obesity and diabetes.

• Nutritional Sciences
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• 제6권3호
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• pp.148-154
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• 2003

Although various raw plant materials have been demonstrated to exert anti-obesity effects to a greater or lesser extent in both humans and animals when they are used to supplement the diet, it has not been shown extensively that they influence adipocyte cell differentiation involving lipid metabolic gene expressions. Using a well-established 3T3-L1 preadipocyte differentiation system, we decided to look into molecular and cellular event occurring during adipocyte differentiation when raw plant materials aye included in the process, in an effort to demonstrate the potential use of a screening system to define the functions of traditionally well-known materials. To these ends, the effects of ethanol (EtOH) or EtOH/distilled water (DW) extracts of Wax Gourd were examined using cytochemical and molecular analyses to determine whether components of the extracts modulate adipocyte differentiation of 3T3-Ll preadipocytes in vitro. The cytochemical results demonstrated that EtOH or EtOH/DW extracts did not affect lipid accumulation and cell proliferation, although the degree of lipid accumulation was influenced slightly depending on the extract. EtOH extract was highly effective in apoptotic induction during differentiation of 3T3-Ll preadipocytes (p<0.05). Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis of lipoprotein lipase (LPL), Uncoupling protein (Ucp) 2, 3 and 4 also showed that while LPL expression was not influenced, Ucp2, 3 and 4 were up regulated in the EtOH extract-treated group and down regulated in the EtOH/DW extract-treated group. These changes in gene expressions suggest that the components in different fractions of Wax Gourd extracts may modulate lipid metabolism by either direct or indirect action. Taking these results together, it was concluded that molecular and cellular analyses of adipocyte differentiation involving lipid metabolic genes should facilitate understanding of cellular events occurring during adipocyte differentiation. Furthermore, the experimental scheme and analytical methods used in this study should provide a screening system for the functional study of raw plant materials in obesity research.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.463-470
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• 2011

The objective of this study was to examine the effects of a fruit diet and exercise on body composition and hematological parameters in female collegians according to their uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) genotypes. Nine subjects were recruited from the SahmYook University. 4 subjects carried the ID genotype, 5 the DD genotype, and none of the subjects carried the II genotype. After 10 days of the program, BMI were significantly decreased (p<0.05) in the ID genotype and the DD genotype. Mean total energy intake from fruit diet was 888.1 kcal. Fat mass and % body fat were significantly decreased (p<0.05) in subjects with the ID genotype. Hemoglobin level was significantly increased (p<0.05) in subjects with the DD genotype. This study provided evidence that fruit diet and exercise could decrease the BMI in subjects with the ID and DD genotypes and increase the hemoglobin level in those with the DD genotype.

• 한방비만학회지
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.28-43
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• 2012

Objectives: The aim of the study was to investigate the efficacy of Boiogito for obesity. We examined the efficacy of Boiogito for obese patients and we expected the reaction of Boiogito would vary according to the single nucleotide polymorphism(SNPs). Methods: 111 subjects(body mass index${\geq}25m/kg^2$) were recruited and randomized to receive Boiogito(n=55) or Placebo(n=56) for 8weeks. Anthropometric factors, serum lipid profile, glucose, blood pressure(BP), pulse rate, resting metabolic rate and Korean version of obesity-related quality of life(KOQOL) scale measured at baseline and 8weeks. SNPs(${\beta}3$-adrenergic receptor(ADRB3), G protein ${\beta}3$(GNB3), peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma 2 gene(PPAR-${\gamma}2$), uncoupling protein(UCP2)) were conducted at baseline. Adverse reactions and safety outcome variables were also checked during trials. Results: Both groups showed significant improvement on obesity after treatment. Boiogito group decreased triglyceride than did control group and improved KOQOL. Boiogito showed a significant higher efficacy in C/T and T/T genotype of GNB3 gene / in Trp64 and Arg64 genotype of ADRB3 gene / in D/D genotype of UCP2 gene / in Pro/Pro genotype of PPAR-${\gamma}$ gene. Conclusions: Boiogito promoted obesity indexes without severe adverse reactions and proved its safety. Pharmacogenetical studies of Boiogito on obesity could be a effective method for the individualized treatment and prevention of obesity.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제42권1호
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• pp.1-7
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• 2013

본 연구에서는 3T3-L1 전지방세포를 이용하여 발효 삼정환의 지방 분화 억제 효과를 확인하고자 하였다. 삼정환을 5가지 주요 유산균으로 각각 발효시킨 후, Oil Red O 염색법으로 지방세포 분화 억제 여부를 알아보고, 이의 기전을 알기 위해서 지방생성에 핵심적인 역할을 하는 transcription factor 및 지질 조절 효소의 유전자 발현량을 비교하여 보았다. Oil Red O 염색 분석에서는 Lactobacillus plantarum, Enterococcus faecium으로 발효한 삼정환에서 지방구 수의 감소를 확인할 수 있었다. 또한 transcription factor로 $C/EPB{\alpha}$, $PPAR{\gamma}$, UCP-2 및 콜레스테롤 조절과 관련된 효소인 HMG-CoA reductase의 4가지 유전자 발현 정도를 분석하였는데, 발효시키지 않은 삼정환의 경우 농도가 $100{\mu}L/mL$ 이상일 때 네 가지 항목에서 억제 효과를 나타냈으며, 발효시켰을 때는 유산균의 종류에 따라 효과 억제효과가 있었는데, Lactobacillus plantarum으로 발효한 삼정환이 효과가 가장 좋은 것으로 나타났다. Lactobacillus plantarum으로 발효한 삼정환은 동일 농도의 발효하지 않은 삼정환과 비교했을 때, Oil Red O 실험에서 염색된 지방구 수가 더욱 감소하였으며, $PPAR{\gamma}$, UCP-2, HMG-CoA reductase의 경우 농도가 $200{\mu}L/mL$일 때 각각 35%, 57%, 54%로 5가지 발효 삼정환 중 가장 높은 억제율을 나타내었다. 이에 지방분화 억제 효과를 가진 삼정환을 발효시키면 그 효과가 더욱 증가하는 것으로 나타났는데, 특히 Lactobacillus plantarum으로 발효한 삼정환은 $PPAR{\gamma}$, UCP-2, HMG-CoA reductase의 유전자 발현조절을 통해 지방 분화를 억제시키는 것으로 밝혀져 발효 삼정환은 항비만 혹은 항고지혈증 약물로 개발 가능성이 있는 것으로 사료된다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제37권7호
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• pp.533-539
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• 2004

It has been reported that CLA decreases fat deposition in vivo and in vitro experiments. Among CLA isomers, c9t11 and t10c12 have been shown to exert active biological activities. For example, t10c12 reduces body weight and increases lean body mass, whereas, c9t11 has little effect on body fattness. However, the underlying molecular mechanism for the anti-obesity action of CLA isomers are not well understood. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of t10c12 and c9t11 on lipid accumulation, cell proliferation, cell death and the expression levels of Ucp genes which are proposed as targets for anti-obesity in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Isomers of CLA at 50$\mu$M were added into preadipocyte differentiation medium for 3, 6 and 9days. Control cells received only the vehicle in the differentiation medium. Cytochemical analyses for lipid accumulation, cell proliferation and apotosis were carried out to compare lipidogenesis and cellular activity. RT-PCR analysis of GAPDH, Ucp 2,3 and 4 were also performed to find any modulatory effects of CLA isomers on the metabolic genes. Lipid accumulation indicated by Oil Red-O staining was inhibited in CLA isomers as compared to the control. T10c12 isomer showed less lipidogenesis than c9t11 did. A decrease occurred in CLA isomers as shown by BrdU incorporation. Apotosis has occured at higher level in t10c12 when compared to that of t9c11. Ucp 2, 3 and 4 genes were also upregulated in CLA isomers. T10c12 showed higher level of Ucp gene expressions than the c9t11 did. The biological activities of CLA isomers were also found to be different during differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes, suggesting that different isomers may be active in certain stage of lipidogenesis. The results indicate that both c9t11 and t10c12 CLA isomers decrease lipidogenesis, inhibit cell proliferation, increase cell death and upregulate in Ucp gene expressions during 3T3-L1 preadipocyte differentiation. T10c12 isomer was more effective than c9t11 in overall anti-obesity activity.