• Title/Summary/Keyword: Unconditional Mean

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Relationships Between Mother's Perfectionism and Child's Unconditional Self - Acceptance, Depression, and Anxiety (어머니의 완벽주의와 아동의 무조건적 자기수용 및 우울, 불안 간의 관계)

  • Kim, Sarah Hyoung Sun;Jo, Hanik
    • Korean Journal of Child Studies
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    • v.26 no.5
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    • pp.151-163
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    • 2005
  • This study investigated relationships between mother's perfectionism and child's unconditional selfacceptance, depression, and anxiety. Participants were 602 4th, 5th and 6th grade elementary school children(mean age=11) and their mothers. Children reported levels of unconditional self-acceptance, depression, and anxiety; mothers reported their own perfectionism. Mother's perfectionism was positively related to her child's depression and anxiety. The unconditional self-acceptance of the child was negatively related to child's depression and anxiety. Child's unconditional self-acceptance was found to have moderating effects on the relationship between mother's perfectionism and child's depression and anxiety. The findings of this study indicated that unconditional self-acceptance functions as a protective factor for children who might have such psychological problems as depression and anxiety.

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An Asymptotic Property of Multivariate Autoregressive Model with Multiple Unit Roots

  • Shin, Key-Il
    • Journal of the Korean Statistical Society
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    • v.23 no.1
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    • pp.167-178
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    • 1994
  • To estimate coefficient matrix in autoregressive model, usually ordinary least squares estimator or unconditional maximum likelihood estimator is used. It is unknown that for univariate AR(p) model, unconditional maximum likelihood estimator gives better power property that ordinary least squares estimator in testing for unit root with mean estimated. When autoregressive model contains multiple unit roots and unconditional likelihood function is used to estimate coefficient matrix, the seperation of nonstationary part and stationary part of the eigen-values in the estimated coefficient matrix in the limit is developed. This asymptotic property may give an idea to test for multiple unit roots.

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Robust design of liquid column vibration absorber in seismic vibration mitigation considering random system parameter

  • Debbarma, Rama;Chakraborty, Subrata
    • Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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    • v.53 no.6
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    • pp.1127-1141
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    • 2015
  • The optimum design of liquid column dampers in seismic vibration control considering system parameter uncertainty is usually performed by minimizing the unconditional response of a structure without any consideration to the variation of damper performance due to uncertainty. However, the system so designed may be sensitive to the variations of input system parameters due to uncertainty. The present study is concerned with robust design optimization (RDO) of liquid column vibration absorber (LCVA) considering random system parameters characterizing the primary structure and ground motion model. The RDO is obtained by minimizing the weighted sum of the mean value of the root mean square displacement of the primary structure as well as its standard deviation. A numerical study elucidates the importance of the RDO procedure for design of LCVA system by comparing the RDO results with the results obtained by the conventional stochastic structural optimization procedure and the unconditional response based optimization.

Efficiency Evaluation of the Unconditional Maximum Likelihood Estimator for Near-Field DOA Estimation

  • Arceo-Olague, J.G.;Covarrubias-Rosales, D.H.;Luna-Rivera, J.M.
    • ETRI Journal
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    • v.28 no.6
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    • pp.761-769
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    • 2006
  • In this paper, we address the problem of closely spaced source localization using sensor array processing. In particular, the performance efficiency (measured in terms of the root mean square error) of the unconditional maximum likelihood (UML) algorithm for estimating the direction of arrival (DOA) of near-field sources is evaluated. Four parameters are considered in this evaluation: angular separation among sources, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), number of snapshots, and number of sources (multiple sources). Simulations are conducted to illustrate the UML performance to compute the DOA of sources in the near-field. Finally, results are also presented that compare the performance of the UML DOA estimator with the existing multiple signal classification approach. The results show the capability of the UML estimator for estimating the DOA when the angular separation is taken into account as a critical parameter. These results are consistent in both low SNR and multiple-source scenarios.

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Considering of the Rainfall Effect in Missing Traffic Volume Data Imputation Method (누락교통량자료 보정방법에서 강우의 영향 고려)

  • Kim, Min-Heon;Oh, Ju-Sam
    • The Journal of The Korea Institute of Intelligent Transport Systems
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    • v.14 no.2
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    • pp.1-13
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    • 2015
  • Traffic volume data is basic information that is used in a wide variety of fields. Existing missing traffic volume data imputation method did not take the effect on the rainfall. This research analyzed considering of the rainfall effect in missing traffic volume data imputation method. In order to consider the effect of rainfall, established the following assumption. When missing of traffic volume data generated in rainy days it would be more accurate to use only the traffic volume data of the past rainy days. To confirm this assumption, compared for accuracy of imputed results at three kinds of imputation method(Unconditional Mean, Auto Regression, Expectation-Maximization Algorithm). The analysis results, the case on consideration of the rainfall effect was more low error occurred.

Modeling of Partially Premixed Turbulent Combustion by Zone-Conditioned Conditional Moment Closure (Zone-conditioned CMC 모델을 이용한 부분예혼합 난류연소 모델링)

  • Lee, Eun-Ju;Kim, Seung H.;Huh, Kang Y.
    • 한국연소학회:학술대회논문집
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    • 2002.06a
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    • pp.41-45
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    • 2002
  • The zone-conditioned CMC equations are derived by taking an unconditional average of the generic conservation equations multiplied by delta and Heaviside functions in terms of mixture fraction and reaction progress variable. The resulting equations are essentially in the same form as the single zone CMC equations except for separate flow fields for burned and unburned gas. The zone-conditioned two-fluid equations are applied to a stagnating turbulent premixed flame brush of Cheng and Shepherd[5l. It is shown that the flame stretch factor is of crucial importance to accurately reproduce the measured mean reaction progress variable and conditional velocities. Further work is in progress for the relationship between surface and volume averages and extension to partially premixed combustion on the basis of a triple flame structure, e. g. in a lifted turbulent diffusion flame.

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Numerical Study on Turbulent Nonpremixed Pilot Stabilized Flame using the Transported Probability Density Function Model (수송확률밀도함수 모델을 이용한 난류비예혼합 파일럿 안정화 화염장 해석)

  • Lee, Jeong-Won;Kim, Yong-Mo
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Combustion
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    • v.15 no.4
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    • pp.15-21
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    • 2010
  • The transported probability density function(PDF) model has been applied to simulate the turbulent nonpremixed piloted jet flame. To realistically account for the mixture fraction PDF informations on the turbulent non-premixed jet flame, the present Lagrangian PDF transport approach is based on the joint velocity-composition-turbulence frequency PDF formulation. The fluctuating velocity of stochastic fields is modeled by simplified Langevin model(SLM), turbulence frequency of stochastic fields is modeled by Jayesh-Pope model and effects of molecular diffusion are represented by the interaction by exchange with the mean (IEM) mixing model. To validate the present approach, the numerical results obtained by the joint velocity-composition-turbulence frequency PDF model are compared with experimental data in terms of the unconditional and conditional means of mixture fraction, temperature and species and PDFs.

Potential Risk Factors for Breast Cancer in Pakistani Women

  • Bano, Raisa;Ismail, Muhammad;Nadeem, Aamer;Khan, Mohammad Haroon;Rashid, Hamid
    • Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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    • v.17 no.9
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    • pp.4307-4312
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    • 2016
  • Background: Breast cancer is the most common female malignancy worldwide and its incidence is on the rise in Pakistan. The aim of this case-control study was to quantify the association of various risk factors with breast cancer risk among Pakistani women. Materials and Methods: A total of 2,246 women were studied, including 1,238 women with histologically confirmed breast cancer patients and age matched control subjects (N=1008) without breast cancer and other chronic diseases. Subjects were interviewed using a specifically designed questionnaire. Unconditional logistic regression was applied. Subsequent disease-specific mortality was also measured. Results: In this study, majority of the breast cancer patients (69.59%) were in age ranges of 40s and 50s. BMI greater than 25kg/m2 (OR=1.57; 95%CI, 1.26-1.90 and OR=1.60; 95%CI, 1.26-2.03), marital status of unmarried (OR=2.03; 95%CI, 1.69-2.44), lack of breast feeding, smoking (current or ever), lack of physical activity and post-menopausal status were found to have significant positive associations with breast cancer. It was also observed that increased parity reduced the disease risk. A larger number of cases (58.1%) had their right breast affected while 22.8% had other complications as well. Conclusions: This exploratory analysis indicated a number of risk factors to be associated with increased risk of breast cancer. It was also observed that mean age at diagnosis is a decade earlier than in western countries. It is hoped that our findings will facilitate establishment of adequate evidence-based awareness and preventive measures for Pakistani women.

Reproductive Factor and Food Intake Pattern Influencing on the Breast Cancer Risk in Daegu${\cdot}$Gyungbuk Area, Korea (대구${\cdot}$경북지역 유방암 위험에 영향 미치는 생식적 요인 및 식품섭취 패턴)

  • Lee, Eun-Ju;Suh, Su-Won;Lee, Won-Kee;Lee, Hye-Sung
    • Journal of Nutrition and Health
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    • v.40 no.4
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    • pp.334-346
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    • 2007
  • The present study examined the reproductive factors and food intake pattern which influence on the breast cancer risk in Daegu${\cdot}$Gyungbuk area. The case subjects were 103 patients newly diagnosed as breast cancer at Kyungpook National University Hospital. The control subjects were 159 healthy women selected by frequency matching of age and menopausal status in the same community. The survey was conducted by individual interviews using questionnaires which include general and reproductive characteristics, dietary habits, and food frequency. The odds ratios were calculated by using unconditional logistic regression after adjusting for confounding variables. The mean age of the subjects was 50 yrs, and mean body mass index was significantly high in the patient group than in the control. The patient group had a significantly higher familial history of breast cancer and a significantly shorter breast-feeding period compared to the control group. It has been found no significant relationship between extrinsic hormone use such as oral contraceptives or estrogen replacement therapy and breast cancer risk. In regard of food habits, a high preference for the cooking method of steaming rather than frying, panbroiling or roasting was significantly associated with lower relative risk of breast cancer. The higher intake frequencies of fruits for all subjects, and seaweeds only for postmenopausal subjects were related with a significantly lower relative risk of breast cancer. The results of the study suggest that the possible risk factors for the breast cancer occurrence include high BMI, family history, less breast feeding experience, preference for the cooking method of frying, and less consumption of fruits and seaweeds. This study provides an useful data for nutrition education to prevent breast cancer for the residents in Daegu${\cdot}$Gyungbuk area.

Analysis of Relative Risk of Stroke by Nutrient Intake Levels - Case-Control Study in Daegu.Gyeongbuk Area, Korea - (영양소 섭취 수준에 따른 뇌졸중 위험도 분석 - 대구.경북지역 환자-대조군 연구 -)

  • Sung, Su-Jung;Jung, Doo-Gyo;Lee, Won-Kee;Kim, Yoo-Jung;Lee, Hye-Sung
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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    • v.38 no.8
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    • pp.1050-1061
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    • 2009
  • The present study was performed to evaluate energy and nutrients intakes of stroke patients in Daegu Gyeongbuk region, and to analyze the relative risk of stroke related to the intake levels of energy and nutrients. The case subjects (n=100) were selected from newly diagnosed stroke patients at Kyungpook National University Hospital. The control subjects (n=150) were selected from community residents who did not have stroke history and were sex and age-matched with the case subjects. The survey was conducted by individual interviews by trained dietitians using semiquantitative food frequency questionnaires. The odds ratios were calculated by using unconditional logistic regression. In male subjects, patient group had significantly higher consumption than the control group in mean daily intakes of energy, all energy yielding nutrients, vitamin $B_1$, $B_6$, niacin, folic acid, vitamin E, phosphorus, potassium, zinc and dietary fiber, and also in the ratio of energy intake from protein and fat. In women subjects, the patient group consumed significantly lower intakes than the control group in fat, vitamin C, folic acid, vitamin E, iron, but vice versa in carbohydrate energy ratio. As for men, the increased intakes of energy, protein, carbohydrate vitamin $B_1$, E and niacin, zinc, total fatty acids, monoand poly-unsaturated, n-6 fatty acids significantly raised the relative risk of stroke. As for women, the increased intakes of fat, vitamin A, $B_2$, $B_6$, niacin, vitamin C and E, iron, sodium, potassium, selenium, mono-, poly-unsaturated, n-6 fatty acids, cholesterol, taurine and dietary fiber significantly lowered the relative risk of stroke. The results of the study demonstrated that the effect of several nutrient intake levels, such as niacin, vitamin E and fatty acids, on the relative risk of stroke was inconsistent between sex. The reason for this sex difference needs to be elucidated in a larger scale study.