• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제44권3호
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• pp.496-505
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• 2020

Background: Panax ginseng is a marvelous herbal remedy for all ailments of body. That may be why it is called Panax, which means "cure for all". Melanin is a pigment that gives color to our skin; however, increased melanin production can lead to tumor formation. Human exposure to ultraviolet B radiation has increased extensively owing to the increased sunlight due to global warming. Consequently, a phenomenon called photoaging has been observed for all skin colors and types. As a result of this phenomenon, a set of enzymes called matrix metalloproteinases, which serve as degradation enzymes for extracellular matrix proteins, mainly collagen, is increased, causing depletion of collagen and resulting in early wrinkle formation. Methods: Therefore, in our study, we used the murine melanoma cell line B16/F10 to study the inhibition of melanogenesis by Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) extract in vitro and HRM-2 hairless mice exposed to artificial ultraviolet B to examine the efficacy of KRG in vivo. We prepared a 3% red ginseng extract cream and evaluated its effects on human skin. Results: Our results demonstrated that KRG induced potent suppression of tyrosinase activity and melanin production in B16/F10 cells; moreover, it reduced the transcription and translation of components involved in the melanin production pathway. In the in vivo experiments, KRG potently suppressed the expression of matrix metalloproteinases, reduced wrinkle formation, and inhibited collagen degradation. On human skin, ginseng cream increased skin resilience and skin moisture and enhanced skin tone. Conclusion: Therefore, we conclude that KRG is an excellent skin whitening and antiaging product.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.90-97
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• 2021

Ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation causes DNA base modifications. One of these changes leads to the generation of 8-oxoguanine (8-oxoG) due to oxidative stress. In human skin, this modification may induce sunburn, inflammation, and aging and may ultimately result in cancer. We investigated whether phloroglucinol (1,3,5-trihydroxybenzene), by enhancing the expression and activity of 8-oxoG DNA glycosylase 1 (Ogg1), had an effect on the capacity of UVB-exposed human HaCaT keratinocytes to repair oxidative DNA damage. Here, the effects of phloroglucinol were investigated using a luciferase activity assay, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reactions, western blot analysis, and a chromatin immunoprecipitation assay. Phloroglucinol restored Ogg1 activity and decreased the formation of 8-oxoG in UVB-exposed cells. Moreover, phloroglucinol increased Ogg1 transcription and protein expression, counteracting the UVB-induced reduction in Ogg1 levels. Phloroglucinol also enhanced the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) as well as Nrf2 binding to an antioxidant response element located in the Ogg1 gene promoter. UVB exposure inhibited the phosphorylation of protein kinase B (PKB or Akt) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk), two major enzymes involved in cell protection against oxidative stress, regulating the activity of Nrf2. Akt and Erk phosphorylation was restored by phloroglucinol in the UVB-exposed keratinocytes. These results indicated that phloroglucinol attenuated UVB-induced 8-oxoG formation in keratinocytes via an Akt/Erk-dependent, Nrf2/Ogg1-mediated signaling pathway.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.93-98
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• 2011

C57BL/6 마우스에서 자외선 B(UV-B) 조사에 의한 표피 멜라닌세포의 변화에 대한 헤모힘의 효과를 관찰하였다. 마우스에 UV-B를 매일 $80\;mJ{\cdot}cm^{-2}$ ($0.5\;mW{\cdot}sec^{-1}$)씩 7일간 조사하고 헤모힘을 UV 조사 전 또는 조사 후에 복강내주사, 경구투여 또는 피부에 도포하여 멜라닌세포 형성 억제효과 및 형성된 멜라닌세포에 대한 미백효과를 dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) 염색으로 관찰하였다. 마우스의 귀등쪽 표피를 분리하여 관찰한바, 정상대조군에서는 $mm^2$당 13~15개의 멜라닌세포가 관찰되었다. 멜라닌세포 형성 억제 실험에서는 평균치를 기준으로 복강내주사군에서 44.9%, 경구투여군에서는 35.6%의 억제효과를 보였고, 피부도포군에서는 30% 이상의 유의성 있는 억제 효과가 관찰되었다. 형성된 멜라닌세포의 감소 효과 실험에서는 평균치를 기준으로 복강내주사군의 경우 3주 및 6주에 각각 18.3%, 12.5%의 감소 효과가 관찰되었고, 경구투여군에서는 3주 및 6주에 각각 16.9%, 20.4%의 감소 효과가 관찰되었으며, 피부도포군의 경우 3주에 32.0%, 6주에 31.2%의 감소 효과를 보였다. 이상의 결과는 헤모힘이 UV에 의한 멜라닌세포 형성 억제제 및 미백제로서의 적용 가능성을 제시하였다. 구성 단미생약, 유효성분, 멜라닌세포 형성 억제 및 형성된 세포의 감소 촉진에 관여하는 작용 기전에 대한 추가 연구가 필요하다.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.487-492
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• 1998

The experiment was conducted to determine the effects of enhanced UV-B on growth and differential responses among cultivars in soybean. The soybean cultivars subjected to enhanced UV-B irradiation at daily dose of 11.32 kJ $m^{-2}(UV-B_{BE})$ revealed that the growth was significantly depressed. Plant height, leaf number, leaf area and dry weight were inhibited by UV-B irradiation showing differential responses among cultivars used. Danyeubkong seems to be less sensitive to the enhanced W-B irradiation, while Keunolkong more sensitive. Reduction of chlorophyll content was also found significantly greater to Keunolkong. Specific leaf weight an index of leaf thickness, and flavonoid content known as UV-absorbing compounds were significantly Increased in Danyeubkong by UV-B, but those In the other cultivars were not significantly affected. The results indicated that there are cultivar diferences in tile growth and phisiological responses to the enhanced UV-B irradiation and specific leaf weight and UV-absorbing compounds in the leaves were highly related to the sensitivity of soybean by UV-B irradiation.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제34권6호
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• pp.439-445
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• 2008

The feasibility study for the application of the removal and mineralization of Rhodamine B (RhB) was performed in a batch electrochemical reactor. The electro/UV process was consisted of DSA (dimensionally stable anode) electrode and UV-C or ozone lamp. The experimental results showed that RhB removal by the ozone lamp was higher than that of the UV-C lamp. Optimum current of the electro/UV process was 1 A. The electrochemical, UV and electro/UV process could completely degrade RhB, while a prolonged treatment was necessary to reach a high level RhB mineralization. It was observed that RhB removal in electro/UV process is similar to the sum of the UV and electrolytic decolorization. However, it was found that the COD of RhB could be degraded more efficiently by the electro/UV process (90.2 %) than the sum of the two individual oxidation processes [UV (19.7%) and electrolytic process (50.8%)]. A synergetic effect was demonstrated between the UV and electrolysis.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제44권1호
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• pp.9-18
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• 2016

본 연구에서는 인도네시아산 주요 조림 4수종 목재의 기후열화에 대한 내구성을 평가하기 위하여 재색변화를 조사하였다. 자외선, 촉진내후시험 및 야외노출 등의 세 가지 조건에서 실험하였고 색차계를 이용하여 재색변화($L^*a^*b^*$)와 색변화량(${\Delta}E*ab$)을 측정하였다. 그 결과, 공시수종 목재 모두 자외선 조사에 의해 목재의 색이 뚜렷하게 변화되었다. 자외선 노출조건에서 명도는 거의 변화가 없었고, 4수종 목재 모두 적색화 및 황색화가 진행되었다. 촉진내후시험 조건에서 공시목재 모두 백색화가 진행되었고, 녹색화 및 청색화가 진행되었다. 야외폭로 조건에서 Albizia재와 Gmelina재는 백색도가 감소하였고, Mangium재와 Mindi재는 백색도가 오히려 상승하였으며, 4수종 모두 녹색화 및 청색화가 진행되었다. 색변화량은 자외선노출 조건에서 Albizia재와 Gmelina재가 컸고 Mangium재와 Mindi재는 다소 작았다. 또한, 목재의 색변화는 자외선과 더불어 수분의 존재상태에 크게 의존하는 것으로 생각되었다. 결론적으로, 자외선 조사는 목재의 색상을 뚜렷하게 하여 목재의 가치를 향상시킬 수 있는 하나의 방법으로 생각되었다.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.495-501
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• 2018

Ultraviolet B (UVB) exposure is a risk factor for skin damage resulting in oxidative stress, inflammation, and cell death. The purpose of this study was to investigate the physicochemical properties of Platycodon grandiflorum (PG) to improve its biological activities using a three-step steaming process. We investigated the protective effects of PG and steamed PG extracts on human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) against UVB radiation-induced oxidative stress and inflammation as well as the underlying mechanisms. The antioxidant potential of the PG extracts was evaluated by measuring the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) scavenging activity. ABTS and DPPH were shown by the 0, 30, and 70% ethanol extracts of 2S-PG and 3S-PG ($IC_{50}$, 28~45 and $27{\sim}30{\mu}g/mL$, respectively). Treatment of UVB-irradiated cells with steamed PG ($25{\sim}400{\mu}g/mL$) did not affect their viability. The streamed PG extract suppressed UVB-induced generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In addition, streamed PG extract reduced cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) protein expression in UVB-irradiated HDF, regulating nuclear factor $(NF)-{\kappa}B$ expression. These findings suggest that steamed PG extract may be potentially effective against inflammation associated with UVB-induced oxidation stress.

• International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics Korean Journal of Geophysical Research
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.31-46
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• 1993

대기 가열율과 복사속의 연직 분포를 계산하기 위하여 two-stream/delta-Eddington 근사법을 이용한 복사전달모형이 개발되었다. 이 모형의 결과를 ICRCCM의 결과와 비교하므로써 모형의 완성도를 평가하였다. 이 모형은 정확성 뿐 아니라 경제적인 면에서도 태양복사를 계산하는데 적합한 것으로 증명되었다. 대기 꼭대기에서의 복사속과 지표에서의 복사속 간의 관계를 비교하므로써 자외선 B 영역(UV-B; 280-320nm)의 특징들이 검토되었다. 이 영역에서는 강한 오존 흡수가 있어 UV-B의 관계가 2차 함수로 나타난다. 또한, 성층권 오존 감소와 화산 폭발로 기인한 성층권 에어로졸 안개가 UV-B 복사에 미치는 영향을 다양한 태양의 천정각에서 조사했다. 태양의 천정각이 증가함에 따라 지표 UV-B도 증가하였다. 성층권 에어로졸은 후방 산란을 통해 행성 반사도를 증가시켰다. 행성 반사도는 에어로졸 효과로 인해 태양의 천정각이 증가함에 따라 증가한다. 그러나, 행성 반사도의 변화가 태양의 천정각 변화에 따라 민감하게 나타나지는 않는다. 이것은 태양의 천정각이 클 때 에어로졸의 산란 효과가 상대적으로 긴 복사 경로에서 포화되었기 때문일 것이다. 끝으로, 화산 폭발에서 비롯된 성층권 에어로졸이 지표 UV-B 복사 강도에 미치는 지역적 영향이 추정되었다. 고위도에서는 에어로졸의 광자 포획(photon trap)이나 일몰 효과로 복사 강도가 증가하는 반면 저위도에서는 감소한다. 고위도에서 에어로졸의 산란과 오존 흡수는 지표 UV-B 복사의 최대 증가는 봄 기간 중에 양 반구 모두 중위도에서 나타난다.

• Journal of Photoscience
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.162-165
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• 2002

Rice is widely cultivated in various regions throughout Asia. Over a five-year period, we investigated the effects of supplemental UVB radiation on the growth and yield of Japanese rice cultivars in the field. The findings of that study indicated that supplemental UVB radiation has inhibitory effects on the growth and grain development. Furthermore, we investigated the sensitivity to UVB radiation of rice cultivars of 5 Asian rice ecotypes, and found that rice cultivars vary widely in UVB sensitivity. The aim of our study is improving UVB resistance in plants by bioengineering or breeding programs. In order to make it, there is need to find the molecular origin of the sensitivity to UVB. Cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer (CPD) is major UV-induced DNA lesions. Plants possess two mechanisms to cope with such DNA damage. The first is the accumulation of UV-absorbing compounds. Our previous data showed that the steady-state CPD levels in leaves of rice grown under chronic radiation in any culture were not so greatly influenced by the increased UV-absorbing compounds content, although there was a significant positive correlation between the CPD levels induced by challenge UVB exposure and the UV-absorbing compounds content. The other is the repair of DNA damage. Photorepair is the major pathway in plants for repairing CPD. We found that the sensitivity to UVB could seriously correlate with the low ability in CPD photorepair in rice plants. These results suggest that photo lyase might be an excellent candidate for restoration by way of selective breeding or engineering in rice.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.357-366
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• 2015

Isorhamnetin (3-methylquercetin) is a flavonoid derived from the fruits of certain medicinal plants. This study investigated the photoprotective properties of isorhamnetin against cell damage and apoptosis resulting from excessive ultraviolet (UV) B exposure in human HaCaT keratinocytes. Isorhamnetin eliminated UVB-induced intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and attenuated the oxidative modification of DNA, lipids, and proteins in response to UVB radiation. Moreover, isorhamnetin repressed UVB-facilitated programmed cell death in the keratinocytes, as evidenced by a reduction in apoptotic body formation, and nuclear fragmentation. Additionally, isorhamnetin suppressed the ability of UVB light to trigger mitochondrial dysfunction. Taken together, these results indicate that isorhamnetin has the potential to protect human keratinocytes against UVB-induced cell damage and death.