• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.87-96
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• 2020

This study examined the hygiene management of ultrasound probes by examining the cleaning tools for hygiene management of ultrasound probes, the presence or absence of wearing glove as a personal protective equipment, and the awareness of ultrasound probe hygiene. Parts 154 questionnaire about people working in the ultrasound room were surveyed and analyzed. The single gel removal tool of the ultrasound probe was most frequently used with a 48.7% cotton towel, and for double gel removal tools, the first gel removal tool was 42.4% cotton towel and the second gel removal tool was used with 57.6% wet tissue. Antimicrobial wipes were the most commonly used drug and instrument used in ultrasound hygiene management at 58.4%. According to the survey of the presence or absence of wearing glove during ultrasound examination, 46.8% were found to be unworn. When examining the intracavity ultrasound, 30.9% of those who do not wear glove and 61.0% of hygiene awareness of ultrasound probes are 'normal'. According to age, ultrasound probe gel removal tool was not significant difference(p>0.05). According to the working organization and the working department, it was significant difference to wearing gloves during ultrasound examination(p<0.05). Therefore, in order to properly sanitize the ultrasound probe, it is considered that a guideline for hygiene management of the ultrasound probe that fits the situation in Korea is necessary, and it is considered that thorough hygiene management training for inspector is necessary for efficient hygiene management of the ultrasound probe.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.75-82
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• 2006

Purpose: This study conducted the following experiment to examine transdermal permeation effects or 500 KHz ultrasound with lidocaine HCl. Methods; First, to experiment skin permeation enhancement effects of 500 KHz ultrasound frequency, it produced apparatus and transducer of 500 KHz ultrasound and Franz diffusion cell for skim permenation experiment suitable to purposes of the experiment. Transdermal permeation experiment applied Lidocaine HCL gel to skin of hairless mouse depending on ultrasound frequency and duty cycle and analyzed permeation ratio with HPLC. Results: As a result of fixing lidocaine HCl gel at the same intensity with pulsed mode and continuous mode and comparing transdermal permeation ratio by frequency, transdermal permeation ratio was increased at 500 KHz ultrasound and remarkably increased at continuous ultrasound. It was found that 1 MHz and 500 KHz ultrasound in transdermal permeation experiment enhanced transdermal permeation of lidocaine HCl. In particular, transdermal permeation of 500 KHz using lidocaine HCl gel was highest. Conclusion: However, researches considering various frequencies, intensities and application hours in low frequency areas including 500 KHz ultrasound are needed to increase deep permeation or drugs.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.43 no.5
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• pp.359-365
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• 2020

This study aimed to investigate the causes of bacterial growth to prevent infection caused by ultrasound gel and gel containers in contact with patients during ultrasonography. To investigate bacterial contamination during manufacturing or storage, we cultured ultrasound gels originally supplied from three manufacturers. To analyze bacterial growth according to the lapse of time and frequency of use of the ultrasound gel container, the gel and container were cultured at regular intervals every week for 4 weeks. In addition, to determine the source of infection, the examiner's hand was inspected with hand plate and the degree of bacterial contamination was measured before the test. As a result of the study, bacteria were not detected in the gel provided at the initial supply, and in the gel and gel container used repeatedly for 4 weeks, the same bacteria residing on the skin were identified in the examiner's hand, such as Staphylococcus epidermidis, Micrococcus luteus, Leuconostoc mesenteroid spp cremoris, Kocuria rhizophila, and etc. Separated strains were classified as those of the low- or non-pathogenicity; however, most of these strains may render fatal consequences to patients of lower level of immunity due to acquired tolerance to antibiotics. At week 1, when the number of tests was the highest, 44 colonies were identified, and at week 4, when the number of tests was the lowest, 4 colonies were identified. As r=0.994, it was found that the number of colonies increased as the number of tests increased. In conclusion, it was confirmed that the cause of the infection was not the ultrasound gel, but the examiner's hand. The ultrasound gel or gel container may be contaminated by skin flora of examiner's hands, which can cause opportunistic infection in patients with low immunity. The ultrasound gel or gel container may be contaminated by skin flora of examiner's hands, which can cause opportunistic infection in patients with low immunity. Therefore, it was confirmed that thorough hand disinfection was necessary to block healthcare-associated infections.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Clinical Electrophysiology
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.49-61
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• 2006

This study conducted the following experiment to examine and compare transdermal permeation effects according to parameters of ultrasound and physiochemical characteristics of meloxicam. Permeation by ultrasound among these experimental drugs was relatively higher and it was involved in COX-2 inhibition unlike other drugs. Recently use of oral agents has been rapidly increased, but it was not generalized to transdermal agent and this study selected meloxicam that transdermal permeation research using ultrasound was not performed and conducted transdermal permeation experiment with skin of hairless mouse and analyzed permeation with HPLC. It made gel first and analyzed permeation depending on frequency and intensity of ultrasound of meloxicam with the same experimental procedures as the above experiment. The results of this study can be summarized as follows. Transdermal permeation by ultrasound frequency was higher in 1.0 MHz and it was higher as intensity increased. In comparison by parameters of ultrasound, there was similar permeation in $1.0\;W/cm^2$ of continuous mode and $3.0\;W/cm^2$ of pulsed mode and it was effective to high intensity for using pulsed mode. It was found that duty cycle of ultrasound affected transdermal permeation in meloxicam gel used in this experiment and transdermal permeation was higher in used ultrasound as phonophoresis than non-ultrasound for anti-inflammatory effects.

• The Journal of the Society of Korean Medicine Diagnostics
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.203-214
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• 2011

Objectives: The objective of the current study is to determine whether an ultrasound device system is adequate for measuring distance from the abdominal surface of Sangwan (CV13) to peritoneum in front of anterior surface of liver. Methods: We recruited 3 healthy young male subjects and 2 sonographers. The each sonographer measured vertical shortest distance from the abdominal surface of Sangwan (CV13) to peritoneum in front of anterior surface of liver with a ultrasound device with three methods of 3.5 MHz convex probe and gel, 9 MHz linear probe and gel, and 9 MHz linear probe and solid gel pad, three times in random order. Because the total variation could be divided into repeatability, reproducibility and subject-to-subject variation in Gage R&R method, we compared the sources of variation associated with the measurement system with an analysis of variance model. Results & Conclusions: Number of distinct categories is calculated on the basis of standard deviation of subject-to-subject divided by standard deviation of total Gage R&R. If the number of categories is five or more, the measurement system may be acceptable for the analysis of the process. The number of distinct categories of the ultrasound device system for measuring distance from the abdominal surface of Sangwan (CV13) to peritoneum in front of anterior surface of liver were 9.20 (9 MHz linear probe and gel), 14.70 (9 MHz linear probe and solid gel pad). So we concluded that repeatabilities and reproducibilities of the ultrasound device system for measuring distance from the abdominal surface of Sangwan (CV13) to peritoneum in front of anterior surface of liver with the methods of 9 MHz linear probe and gel, and 9 MHz linear probe and solid gel pad were acceptable.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.412-417
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• 2006

Triamcinolone acetonide (TA) is a corticosteroid that is used in the systemic and topical treatment of many inflammatory diseases. In this study, a phonophoretic drug delivery system was designed to enhance the TA permeability and the influence of ultrasound was examined. In order to establish the transdermal delivery system for TA, a hydrophilic carbopol gel containing TA was prepared after adopting phonophoresis. A permeation study through mouse skin was performed at $37^{\circ}C$ using a Franz diffusion cell, and the ultrasound treatment was carried out for 10 h. The level of TA permeation through the skin was evaluated under various ultrasound conditions including the frequency (1.0, 3.0 MHz), intensity (1.0, $2.5W/cm^2 $), and duty cycle (continuous, pulse mode) using a 0.5% TA gel. The highest permeation was observed under the ultrasound treatment conditions of low frequency, high intensity, and in continuous mode.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.241-247
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• 2018

The purpose of this study was to compare the ultrasound gel container washing methods for the sterilization of contaminants and to find the useful methods for the prevention of infection caused by the ultrasonic gel containers. In this experiment, a 250 mL ultrasonic gel container was used, and the ultrasonic gel used was a non-sterile gel (ECO GEL 99, SeungWon Medical, Korea). In order to evaluate the degree of contamination, new 250 mL 15 containers were divided into 5 groups to perform five types of washing by no treatment, washing with water, washing with soap, washing with bottle cleaner and high disinfection level washing. After the washing process, filled the gel container with gel and after 2 weeks, the number of colonies in the gel container was sampled repeatedly twice in the same ultrasonic laboratory and compared before and after washing. As a result of among the five cleaning methods used in this study, 87.2% and 88.9% of the soapy water washing (p = 0.028) and high level washing (p = 0.027) showed significant bacterial reduction rates, respectively. Our findings conclusively an ultrasonic gel container cleaning method for removing contaminants has been found to be an effective sterilization method at a low cost with a soapy water cleaning method. Therefore, it is expected that it will be helpful to prevent the infection caused by the ultrasonic gel container by suggesting the sterilization cleaning method that is practically useful in this study.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.43 no.5
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• pp.367-374
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• 2020

The purpose of this study is to understand the infection prevention system and infection management perception of Ultrasound diagnostic room in medical institutions by sonographer's in general practitioner, semi and general hospitals. As a research method, a statistical analysis was conducted by surveying a total of 20 items in four category to determine the infection perception of sonographer's according to gender, age, working institution, and working period. As a result of infection awareness, males were in the ultrasound gel management category, women were in the transducer management category, all age groups were in the transducer management system category, and the General Practitioner, semi and general hospitals. were in the transducer management system category, and general hospitals showed a high degree of infection awareness in the category of disinfection and sterilization, and in the category of transducer management in the entire working period. In the results of the analysis of the correlation between the sub-factors of the perception of infection control in the Ultrasound diagnostic room the degree of correlation between each category showed a middle degree correlation(r>0.5) and a significant difference by category(p<.01). In conclusion, the prevention of infection in the ultrasound diagnostic room, which sonographer's firms think, was found to be the most efficient ultrasound diagnostic room infection control to implement transducer and gel management in accordance with the principles of disinfection and sterilization.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.149-158
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• 2007

To investigate the permeability of lidocaine, percutaneous absorption studies were performed using excised hairless mouse skin and the penetration of lidocaine via the skin was determined. To increase the skin permeation of lidocine, the effects of $Labrasol^{(R)}$, $Labrafil^{(R)}$, $Labrafac^{(R)}$ and $Transcutol^{(R)}$ were investigated. The skin permeation of lidocaine was increased when $Labrasol^{(R)}$ and $Transcutol^{(R)}$ were used as permeation enhancer. To evaluate the influence of ultrasound, various factors such as application modes (continuous mode and pulsed mode), frequency (1.0 and 3.0 MHz) and intensity (1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 w/$cm^2$) were investigated with lidocaine hydrogel. The pronounced effect of ultrasound on the skin permeation of lidocaine was observed at all ultrasound energy levels. The influence of frequency having an effect on skin permeation rate was higher in the case of using 1 MHz, 2.0 w/$cm^2$ and continuous treatment. As the intensity of ultrasound increased, the permeation of lidocaine was accelerated. The in vivo anesthetic effects were evaluated by two aspects as mechanical threshold and electrical threshold. Six healthy volunteers consented to the randomized, double-blind, and cross-over designed study in each group. In each subject, 3 groups were adapted such as K group (ultrasound with gel base only), L group (lidocaine gel) and B group (ultrasound with lidocaine gel). In conclusion, lidocaine was potent anesthetic which could be block pain threshold effectively. And ultrasound could accelerate the skin penetration of lidocaine. The phonophoretic delivery system could be a good candidate for lidocaine as a local anaesthetic to improve the skin permeation and in vivo anaesthetic effect.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.147-162
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• 2002

Transdermal permeation enhancer has been used to increased skin absorption. External control of drug release and skin absorption can also be achieved by iontophoresis or phonophoresis. However, because several problems with iontophoresis are that it has a risk to skin damage because of the change of pH and the increase of current density in applying it and that it can be applied only in the form of water solution, This study is to enhance drug permeation via skin following application of ultrasound. For this goal, in gel containing piroxicam, the degree of skin permeation in vitro and anti-inflammatory effect in in vivo were investigated. Permeation study using hairless mouse skin was performed at 37 $^{\circ}C$ using buffer saline as the receptor solution. The amount of piroxicam were quantified using a HPLC system consisting of solvent delivery system. Following adoption of ultrasound 1 MHZ, it showed relatively high permeation rate where it was compared with non treated by ultrasound. The influence of duty cycle having an effect on skin permeation rate was slight higher in the case of using pulsed mode. Skin permeation increase attended by intensity of ultrasound, the permeation of trice was accelerated at 2.0 W/$cm^{2}$ than 1.0 W/$cm^{2}$. The skin permeation of piroxicam was substantially influenced by ultrasound. Anti-inflammatory effects were determined using carrageenan-induced paw swelling method in SD rat. Paw swelling tests showed that pulsed phonophoresis group was more effective than control group and only gel application group. The conclusion of phonophoresis was found to improve significantly the skin permeation in vitro and the anti-inflammatory effect in vivo.