• Journal of KIISE:Information Networking
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.222-230
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• 2009

A sensor network is an important element of the ubiquitous and it consists of sensor fields that contain sensor nodes and sink nodes that collect data from sensor nodes. Since each sensor node has limited resources, one of the important issues covered in the past sensor network studies has been maximizing the usage of limited energy to extend network lifetime. However, most studies have only considered fixed sink nodes, which created various problems for cases with multiple mobile sink nodes. Accordingly, while maintaining routes to mobile sink nodes, this study aims to deploy the hybrid communication mode that combines single and multi-hop modes for intra-cluster and inter-cluster transmission to resolve the problem of failed data transmission to mobile sink nodes caused by disconnected routes. Furthermore, a 2-level hierarchical routing protocol was used to reduce the number of sensor nodes participating in data transmission, and cross-shape trajectory forwarding was employed in packet transmission to provide an efficient data dissemination method.

• Information Systems Review
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.37-51
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• 2003

Mobile business noticed as a constructive alternative of e-commerce and e-business is being diversely considered as a new form or subset of e-business. In this study, mobile business is defined as a comprehensive alternative including e-business. The framework of the superset of e-business has two axes: connectivity and mobility. In addition, various cases based on the combination of the components are provided and explained. It is the main characteristic of this study that the element of off-line "mobility" is added to "connectivity" generally used while explaining e-commerce and e-business. For place (or location) is a prerequisite for the feature of mobility, we grope for why and how Location-Based Service (LBS) will take an important role in the development of new e-business models and services. As the real and full-scale beginning of IMT-2000 service and the rapid progress and diffusion of mobile communications services including wireless LAN require an immense and innovative way of thinking about e-commerce and e-business, the framework suggested in this study is considered to go far toward satisfying the new needs in this area.

• Journal of Korea Society of Industrial Information Systems
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.80-87
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• 2008

RFID systems are being studied and developed in the area of the industry and marketplace. Recently RFID systems are core element of the ubiquitous technologies in individual life and industry. However, RFID systems often cause some serious problems such as violation of privacy and information security because their contactless devices communicate each other by radio frequency In this paper, we propose multiple objects RFID tag scheme including tag structure and authentication protocol. The proposed RFID tag structure maintains several object IDs of different applications in a tag memory. The tag structure allows those applications to access object IDs simultaneously. The authentication protocol for multiple objects tag is designed ta overcome the problems of security and privacy. The protocol has robustness against various attacks in low cost RFID systems. We evaluate the efficiency of proposed scheme and compare security of our scheme with several traditional schemes.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.47-52
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• 2013

In Korea, the number of mining operations are getting smaller. But buried accidents are on the increase every year. For this reason, it is important to safety management in construction process, especially the worker's safety. In the field of construction needs utilization of integration system according to purpose of utilization, particularly in underground construction sites utilizing is emphasized even more. The current element technologies of location tracking, sensors and wireless communication possible to utilize but it is still difficult to utilization of integration system in construction field because a study is not complete on commercialization and availability. In this study, for real time 3-dimensional management of ubiquitous construction site in ground and underground, measure data using MEMS sensor, EDM and DGPS in 2 test site. Also results were analysed by MATLAB. As a result, error is verification less than 3 meter that possible to distinguish with the naked eye and construct direction of study based on result of former.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.25-30
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• 2022

Mackinawite (FeS), as a ubiquitous reduced iron mineral, is known as a key controller of redox reactions in anaerobic subsurface environment. The reaction of FeS with redox-sensitive toxic element such as arsenic is substantially affected by pH conditions of the given environments. In this study, the interaction of As(V) with FeS was studied under strict anaerobic conditions with various pH conditions. The pH-dependent arsenic removal tests were conducted under wide ranges of pH conditions and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) was applied to investigate the reaction mechanisms under pH 5, 7, and 9. The removal efficiency of FeS for As(V) showed the higher removal of As(V) under low pH conditions and its removal efficiency decreased with increasing pH, and no As(V) reduction was observed in 1 g/L FeS solution. However, XAS analysis indicated the reduction of As(V) to As(III) occurred during reaction between FeS and As(V). The reduced form of As(III) was particularly identified as an arsenic sulfide mineral (As₂S₃) in all pH conditions (pH 5, 7, and 9). As₂S₃ precipitation was more pronounced in pH 5 where the solubility of FeS is higher than in other pH conditions. The linear combination fitting results of XAS demonstrated that As(V) removal mechanism is concerted processes of As₂S₃ precipitation and surface complexation of both arsenic species.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.227-233
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• 2021

Benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon and ubiquitous environmental toxin with known harmful effects to human health. Abnormal phenotypes of keratinocytes are closely associated with their exposure to B[a]P. Resorcinol is a component of argan oil with reported anticancer activities, but its mechanism of action and potential effect on B[a]P damage to the skin is unknown. In this study, we investigated the effects of resorcinol on B[a]P-induced abnormal keratinocyte biology and its mechanisms of action in human epidermal keratinocyte cell line HaCaT. Resorcinol suppressed aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) activity as evidenced by the inhibition of B[a]P-induced xenobiotic response element (XRE)-reporter activation and cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1) expression. In addition, resorcinol attenuated B[a]P-induced nuclear translocation of AhR, and production of ROS and pro-inflammatory cytokines. We also found that resorcinol increased nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) activity. Antioxidant response element (ARE)-reporter activity and expression of ARE-dependent genes NAD(P)H dehydrogenase [quinone] 1 (NQO1), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) were increased by resorcinol. Consistently, resorcinol treatment induced nuclear localization of Nrf2 as seen by Western analysis. Knockdown of Nrf2 attenuated the resorcinol effects on ARE signaling, but knockdown of AhR did not affect resorcinol activation of Nrf2. This suggests that activation of antioxidant activity by resorcinol is not mediated by AhR. These results indicate that resorcinol is protective against effects of B[a]P exposure. The mechanism of action of resorcinol is inhibition of AhR and activation of Nrf2-mediated antioxidant signaling. Our findings suggest that resorcinol may have potential as a protective agent against B[a]P-containing pollutants.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.59-75
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• 2019

This study was carried out to explore the 4th Industrial Revolution technology from the perspective of the landscape industry to provide the basic data necessary to increase the virtuous circle value. The 4th Industrial Revolution, the characteristics of the landscape industry and urban regeneration were considered and the methodology was established and studied including the technical classification system suitable for systematic research, which was selected as a framework. First, the 4th Industrial Revolution technology based on digital data was selected, which could be utilized to increase the value of the virtuous circle for the landscape industry. From 'Element Technology Level', and 'Core Technology' such as the Internet of Things, Cloud Computing, Big Data, Artificial Intelligence, Robot, 'Peripheral Technology', Virtual or Augmented Reality, Drones, 3D 4D Printing, and 3D Scanning were highlighted as the 4th Industrial Revolution technology. It has been shown that it is possible to increase the value of the virtuous circle when applied at the 'Trend Level', in particular to the landscape industry. The 'System Level' was analyzed as a general-purpose technology, and based on the platform, the level of element technology(computers, and smart devices) was systematically interconnected, and illuminated with the 4th Industrial Revolution technology based on digital data. The application of the 'Trend Level' specific to the landscape industry has been shown to be an effective technology for increasing the virtuous circle values. It is possible to realize all synergistic effects and implementation of the proposed method at the trend level applying the element technology level. Smart gardens, smart parks, etc. have been analyzed to the level they should pursue. It was judged that Smart City, Smart Home, Smart Farm, and Precision Agriculture, Smart Tourism, and Smart Health Care could be highly linked through the collaboration among technologies in adjacent areas at the Trend Level. Additionally, various utilization measures of related technology applied at the Trend Level were highlighted in the process of urban regeneration, public service space creation, maintenance, and public service. In other words, with the realization of ubiquitous computing, Hyper-Connectivity, Hyper-Reality, Hyper-Intelligence, and Hyper-Convergence were proposed, reflecting the basic characteristics of digital technology in the landscape industry can be achieved. It was analyzed that the landscaping industry was effectively accommodating and coordinating with the needs of new characters, education and consulting, as well as existing tasks, even when participating in urban regeneration projects. In particular, it has been shown that the overall landscapig area is effective in increasing the virtuous circle value when it systems the related technology at the trend level by linking maintenance with strategic bridgehead. This is because the industrial structure is effective in distributing data and information produced from various channels. Subsequent research, such as demonstrating the fusion of the 4th Industrial Revolution technology based on the use of digital data in creation, maintenance, and service of actual landscape space is necessary.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.325-331
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• 2016

In driving at evening or night, we are not able to recognize the speed bump and so stop suddenly. It could result in accidents. And also, we have a restriction of street light installation in farm road because it could be harmful to the crops and driver could not recognize the walking people. It needs to develop the speed bump with light and streetlight to be non harmful to the crops. So, we develop both the speed bump and streetlight with LED which could be non harmful to the crops and be increased recognition of walking people in farm road. For LED lighting power, we use the solar cells, and piezoelectric elements. It has automatic on/off according to power saving rates without illumination sensor. Minimization of circuit elements and design of minimum resisters and low power LED was used for power saving in assuring 3-days.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.189-201
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• 1999

Lead (Pb) is ubiquitous in the urban environment and is a well-known toxic element. It may cause adverse health effects on hematopoietic system, peripheral and central nervous systems, kidney functions, and others. In recent decades, lead concentration in blood has been widely used one of indicators for lead exposure and risk evaluation. In this study, we determined the blood-lead levels in general populations of Korea, and investigated the relationship among blood-lead levels, sociobehavioral factors, and lead concentrations in the contacted environments such as ambient air, drinking water, and foods. The study subjects consisted of volunteers who had lived in the residential or industrial area in Korea. Information about gender, age, living area, occupation, smoking, heat system, and dietary habits, etc was collected using a self-reported questionnaires. The lead concentrations of environments were collected by literature search to the study area. Participated subjects in industrial area were 726 and their blood-lead levels were 8.58 $\mu\textrm{g}$/dl for males and 6.26 $\mu\textrm{g}$/dl for female in average. The other subjects in residential area were 317 and their blood-lead levels were 4.58 $\mu\textrm{g}$/dl for males and 3.49 $\mu\textrm{g}$/dl for female in average. The distribution of blood-lead level in the industrial subjects was well fitted to the log -normal distribution and that in the residential subjects was well fitted to the normal distribution. Blood-lead levels in both area were affected by gender, smoking habit, age and residence duration except age in industrial area and residence duration in residential area. It was identified that 30% of blood-lead level was contributed from the inhalation of ambient air in the industrial area, and 8.4% of blood-lead level was from that in the residential area. from this study, it would be suggested for the health risk assessment and management of lead pollution concerns in urban, industrial and rural areas.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea CI
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.15-21
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• 2010

This paper proposes the multimedia fingerprinting code insertion algorithm when video content is distributed in P2P environment, and designs the collusion codebook SRP(Small RISC Processor) embedded system for the collusion attack prevention. In the implemented system, it is detecting the fingerprinting code inserted in the video content of the client user in which it requests an upload to the web server and in which if it is certified content then transmitted to the streaming server then the implemented system allowed to distribute in P2P network. On the contrary, if it detects the collusion code, than the implemented system blocks to transmit the video content to the streaming server and discontinues to distribute in P2P network. And also it traces the colluders who generate the collusion code and participates in the collusion attack. The collusion code of the averaging attack is generated with 10% of BIBD code v. Based on the generated collusion code, the codebook is designed. As a result, when the insert quantity of the fingerprinting code is 0.15% upper in bitplane 0~3 of the Y(luminance) element of I-frame at the video compression of ASF for a streaming service and MP4 for an offline offer of video content, the correlation coefficient of the inserted original code and the detected code is above 0.15. At the correlation coefficient is above 0.1 then the detection ratio of the collusion code is 38%, and is above 0.2 then the trace ratio of the colluder is 20%.