• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.113-120
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• 2019

Mannosylerythritol lipids (MELs) are glycolipids and have several pharmacological efficacies. MELs also show skin-moisturizing efficacy through a yet-unknown underlying mechanism. Aquaporin-3 (AQP3) is a membrane protein that contributes to the water homeostasis of the epidermis, and decreased AQP3 expression following ultraviolet (UV)-irradiation of the skin is associated with reduced skin moisture. No previous study has examined whether the skin-moisturizing effect of MELs might act through the modulation of AQP3 expression. Here, we report for the first time that MELs ameliorate the UVA-induced downregulation of AQP3 in cultured human epidermal keratinocytes (HaCaT keratinocytes). Our results revealed that UVA irradiation decreases AQP3 expression at the protein and messenger RNA (mRNA) levels, but that MEL treatment significantly ameliorated these effects. Our mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitor analysis revealed that phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), but not extracellular signal-regulated kinase or p38, mediates UVA-induced AQP3 downregulation, and that MEL treatment significantly suppressed the UVA-induced phosphorylation of JNK. To explore a possible mechanism, we tested whether MELs could regulate the expression of peroxidase proliferator-activated receptor gamma ($PPAR-{\gamma}$), which acts as a potent transcription factor for AQP3 expression. Interestingly, UVA irradiation significantly inhibited the mRNA expression of $PPAR-{\gamma}$ in HaCaT keratinocytes, whereas a JNK inhibitor and MELs significantly rescued this effect. Taken together, these findings suggest that MELs ameliorate UVA-induced AQP3 downregulation in HaCaT keratinocytes by suppressing JNK activation to block the decrease of $PPAR-{\gamma}$. Collectively, our findings suggest that MELs can be used as a potential ingredient that modulates AQP3 expression to improve skin moisturization following UVA irradiation-induced damage.

• Journal of Photoscience
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.49-50
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• 2002

N-Nitrosoproline(NPRO) is endogenously formed from proline and nitrite. NPRO has been reported to be nonmutagenic and noncarcinogenic. In this study, we have detected the direct mutagenicity of NPRO with UVA and UVB towards S. typhimurium. Formation of 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG), a mutagenic lesion, was observed in calf thymus DNA treated with NPRO plus simulated sunlight. Furthermore, the treatment with NPRO and sunlight induced single strand breaks in the superhelical replicative form of phage M13mp2 DNA. An analysis using scavengers suggested that both reactive oxygen species and NO radical mediate the strand breaks. The formation of nitric oxide was observed in NPRO solution irradiated with UVA. The co-mutagenic and co-toxic actions of NPRO and sunlight merit attention as possible mechanisms increasing the carcinogenic risk from UVA irradiation.

• Journal of Photoscience
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.500-502
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• 2002

In vitro and in vivo studies have reported the induction of matrix metaloproteinase (MMP)-1 in the fibroblasts by ultraviolet (UV) A irradiation. We constructed the skin equivalent model using HaCaT cells as keratinocytes and human neonatal dennal fibroblasts as fibroblasts in the present study. The induction of MMP-l in the fibroblasts was confirmed immunohistochemically 6 hours after UVA irradiation using this model. This model was simply composed of human keratinocytes and fibroblasts. To our knowledge, there have been a few papers concerning the skin equivalent model in the field of photobiology. The effect of UVA exposure to fibroblasts through keratinocytes was examined using this model. The cross-talk can be examined between keratinocytes and fibroblasts. This model can be a useful tool in the field of photobiology.

• Molecular & Cellular Toxicology
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.150-156
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• 2008

The photoprotective effects of minerals from Korean indigenous ores, consisting mainly of sericite, on UVA-irradiated human dermal fibroblast (HDF) were examined. Zymographic analysis showed that the treatment of the minerals significantly reduced the UVA-enhanced MMP-1 activity and mRNA level. The minerals also showed strong inhibitory effect on MMP-2 activity and mRNA expression. Moreover, the minerals were better than polyphenol in reducing MMP-1 and MMP-2 expressions. Notably, the minerals significantly enhanced collagen biosynthesis in the HDF. Inhibition of the elastase activity and protection against the oxidatively damaged HDF cell were also found in the presence of the minerals. Taken together, the ore minerals may be used as the potent photo-protective and anti-skin-aging ingredients which can prevent skin cell damage by UVA.

• 대한예방의학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한예방의학회 1999년도 제51차 추계 학술대회 연제집
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• pp.308-309
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• 1999

• Journal of Photoscience
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.485-487
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• 2002

Cells receive signals for survival as well as death, and the balance between the two ultimately determines the fate of the cells. UV-triggered apoptotic signaling has been well documented, whereas UV-induced survival effects have received little attention. We have reported previously that UVB irradiation prevented apoptosis, which was partly dependent on activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-kinase)/ Akt pathway. In this study, anti-apoptotic effects of UV with different wavelength ranges, UVA, UVB and UVC, were examined. NIH3T3 cells showed apoptotic cell death by detachment from the extracellular matrix under serum-free conditions, which was prevented by all wavelengths. However, the effect of UVA was less than those of UVB and UVC. Reduction of mitochondrial transmembrane potential and activation of caspase-9 and -3 were suppressed by all three wavelengths of UV, showing wavelength-dependent effects as mentioned above. The PI3-kinase inhibitor wortmannin partially inhibittrl the UVB and UVC-induced suppression of apoptosis, but not the inhibitoty effect of UVA. The Akt phosphotylation by UVB and UVC was completely inhibittrl by addition of wortmannin, but that by UVA was not P38 MAP kinase inhibitor SB203580 partially inhibited the UVB and UVC-induced suppression of apoptosis and Akt phosphotylation, and completely inhibited UVA-induced those. These results suggested the existence of two different survival pathways leading to suppression of apoptosis, one for UVA that is independent of the PI3-kinase/Akt pathway and dependent on p38 MAP kinase, and the other for UVB and UVC that is dependent on both pathways.

• 대한화장품학회지
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• 제48권2호
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• pp.157-167
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• 2022

본 연구에서는 7 개의 아미노산으로 이루어진 헵타펩타이드의 섬유아세포 활성 증가 및 광노화 조건에서의 세포 손상 억제 효과를 확인하였다. 실험 결과 헵타펩타이드 처리 시 섬유아세포 증식 및 세포외기질(extracellular matrix, ECM) 구성 인자의 발현이 증가되었다. 그리고 자외선 A (ultraviolet A, UVA) 조사에 의해 유도된 광노화조건에서 감소된 세포 생존율이 헵타펩타이드에 의해 증가되었고, UVA 조사에 의해 유도된 세포 사멸, 기질금속단백질분해효소-1(matrix metalloproteinases-1, MMP-1) 발현 및 세포 내 활성산소종(reactive oxygen species, ROS) 수준이 헵타펩타이드에 의해 감소되었다. UVA 조사 시 나타나는 transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)/smad 기전 억제와 그에 따른 ECM 구성 인자 발현 감소 또한 헵타펩타이드에 의해 회복되었다. 또 다른 광노화 유도 조건으로 heat shock을 주었고 헵타펩타이드를 전 처리 하였을 때 heat shock에 의한 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) 인산화 및 MMP-1 발현이 억제됨을 확인할 수 있었다. 이 결과를 종합해 볼 때, 본 연구의 헵타펩타이드는 섬유아세포의 활성을 촉진하며, 광노화 유도 모델로 사용된 UVA 조사 및 heat shock 조건에서도 세포 내 ROS 억제 효과를 보여 세포 손상에 대한 회복 및 보호 효과를 나타내는 것으로 보인다. 이러한 진피 보호 효과를 갖는 헵타펩타이드는 향 후 신규 화장품 소재로 응용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.43-48
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• 2017

With ultraviolet and visible light exposure, some pharmaceutical substances applied systemically or topically may cause phototoxic skin irritation. The major factor in phototoxicity is the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as singlet oxygen and superoxide anion that cause oxidative damage to DNA, lipids and proteins. Thus, measuring the generation of ROS can predict the phototoxic potential of a given substance indirectly. For this reason, a standard ROS assay (ROS assay) was developed and validated and provides an alternative method for phototoxicity evaluation. However, negative substances are over-predicted by the assay. Except for ultraviolet A (UVA), other UV ranges are not a major factor in causing phototoxicity and may lead to incorrect labeling of some non-phototoxic substances as being phototoxic in the ROS assay when using a solar simulator. A UVA stimulator is also widely used to evaluate phototoxicity in various test substances. Consequently, we identified the applicability of a UVA simulator to the ROS assay for photoreactivity. In this study, we tested 60 pharmaceutical substances including 50 phototoxins and 10 non-phototoxins to predict their phototoxic potential via the ROS assay with a UVA simulator. Following the ROS protocol, all test substances were dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide or sodium phosphate buffer. The final concentration of the test solutions in the reaction mixture was 20 to $200{\mu}M$. The exposure was with $2.0{\sim}2.2mW/cm^2$ irradiance and optimization for a relevant dose of UVA was performed. The generation of ROS was compared before and after UVA exposure and was measured by a microplate spectrophotometer. Sensitivity and specificity values were 85.7% and 100.0% respectively, and the accuracy was 88.1%. From this analysis, the ROS assay with a UVA simulator is suitable for testing the photoreactivity and estimating the phototoxic potential of various test pharmaceutical substances.

• 공업화학
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.165-172
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• 2015

쿼세틴과 쿼세틴의 배당체인 루틴은 천연 항산화제로 잘 알려진 플라보노이드이다. 본 연구에서는 플라보노이드(쿼세틴과 루틴)를 담지한 양이온 리포좀을 제조하여 세포 및 피부 투과성과 자외선(UVA)에 대한 HaCaT 세포 보호 효과를 평가하였다. 빈 양이온 리포좀의 입자 크기는 100~130 nm이며, 입자 표면 전위는 + 33.05 mV를 나타내었다. 포집효율은 루틴을 담지한 리포좀과 양이온 리포좀이 쿼세틴을 담지한 경우보다 높았다. 세포 내 이입율 비교결과, 양이온 리포좀이 일반 리포좀에 비해 약 5배 정도 높음을 확인했다. In vitro 상에서, 쿼세틴과 루틴이 용해된 PBS (phosphate-buffered saline) 수용액, 동량의 쿼세틴과 루틴을 담지한 리포좀과 양이온 리포좀의 피부투과율을 비교하였다. 양이온 리포좀에 담지하였을 경우 가장 높은 피부투과율을 보였다. 플라보노이드를 담지한 양이온 리포좀의 자외선(UVA $25J/cm^2$)에 대한 HaCaT 세포 보호 효과를 측정한 결과, 자외선만 조사한 군에 비해 플라보노이드 담지 양이온 리포좀을 처리한 군에서 높은 세포 보호 효과를 보였다. 결과적으로, 양이온 리포좀은 플라보노이드를 피부 속으로 전달하는데 있어서 매우 유용한 피부 전달 시스템임을 확인하였다. 따라서, 세포 보호 및 피부 흡수 증진 효과를 가지는 양이온 리포좀은 항노화 및 항산화 화장품 제형으로써 활용 가능성이 있음을 시사한다.

• 한국방재학회 논문집
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.107-112
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• 2011

본 연구는 CPC 시스템 내에서 $Tio_2$ 슬러리와 UVA 광촉매 반응을 이용한 내분비계장애물질의 하나인 Bisphenol A(BPA)의 분해와 무기화에 대한 연구이다. 실험 영향인자로는 초기농도, 촉매량, UVA 램프 파워, 온도를 고려하였고, 초기농도는 5, 10, 20 mg/L, 촉매량은 0.1, 0.5, 1.0 g/L, UV 램프는 40, 80, 120 W, 온도는 10, 20, 30 로 조절하여 실험하였다. 초기농도 가 5 mg/L일 때 BPA는 반응시간 10분에서 80%이상이 분해되었고, 1시간 이후 10 mg/L에서는 97%, 20 mg/L에서는 49%가 분해되었다. $Tio_2$ 주입량이 0.1, 0.5 g/L일 때 BPA 분해는 비슷한 경향을 보였으며, 1시간 이후 약 70%가 분해되었으며, 1 g/L에서는 30분 이후에는 80%이상이 분해되었다. 이것은 촉매량이 증가할수록 오염물질과 반응하는 활성점이 증가하여, 광촉 매 반응 또한 증가하기 때문이라 판단된다. UV 램프가 120W일 때 반응시간 10분에서 BPA는 약 60% 이상 급격히 분해 되었다. 온도에 따른 분해정도를 알아보기 위해 온도를 조절하며 수행하였고, 온도에 따른 영향은 크지 않았다. 10 에서는 1시간 이후 46% 분해되었으며, 20에서 67%, 30에서는 69% 분해되었다.