• 인삼문화
• /
• 제4권
• /
• pp.1-12
• /
• 2022

Ginseng and ginseng products are distributed in approximately 190 countries around the world. The size of the ginseng market varies by country and there are no accurate statistics on production and distribution amounts per country. Therefore, it is difficult to make predictions about the global ginseng market. Governments and ginseng trading companies are in need of comprehensive data that shows the current status of the ginseng market to help them establish effective import, export, and sales and marketing policies. To addressthis need, this study examines the approximate size of the world ginseng market based on estimates of recent quantities of ginseng distributed in specific country as well as production by major ginseng producing countries. In 2018, global ginseng production was about 86,223 tons based on fresh ginseng. China produced 50,164 tons, South Korea 23,265 tons, Canada 11,367 tons, the US 1,285 tons, Japan 30 tons, and other countries a combined 112 tons. The value of global ginseng production is estimated to be approximately $5,900 million, with $2,870 million (48.6%) in China, $2,489 million (42.2%) in South Korea, $478 million (8.1%) in Canada, $54 million (0.9%) in the USA, $4 million (0.1%) in Japan, and $5 million (0.1%) in other countries. The value of ginseng products consumed for the last five yearsin South Korea was $1,162 million in 2014, $1,280 million in 2015, $1,548 million in 2016, $1,638 million in 2017, and $1,762 million in 2018, showing that the market has been increasing in recent years. In particular, the Korea Ginseng Corporation (KGC), the biggest global ginseng company in South Korea, recorded sales of $1,207 million in 2018. This represents about 69% of the South Korean ginseng market, and about 20% of global production. Since interest in alternative medicine and health food among consumers is increasing globally, the market for ginseng is expected to expand into the future.

• 지식경영연구
• /
• 제12권3호
• /
• pp.73-96
• /
• 2011

Recent market saturation makes the local retailers consider an attempt to innovate the market with the retailer's brand. This is the retailers' efforts to expand the market control through the enhancement of private brands. As the competition among manufacturers extends to the competition between manufacturers and retailers, the marketing knowledges of manufacturers need to be diversified to the ones that can be applied to the manufacturers and retailers due to their bilateral competition. This research concentrates on the customer acquisition strategy (attack strategy) and customer retention strategy (defense strategy) in the place of both sides of manufacturers and retailers. Also this research targets to develop the differential marketing strategies for target market's National Brand(NB)/Private Brand(PB) purchase by analyzing individual customer's purchase probability on repurchase and switch-purchase of NB and PB. This study is based on the data of frequently consumed product, tomato ketchup on scanner panel from the ERIM data of University of Chicago, USA. This study compares and analyzes the NB and PB repurchases and switch-purchase of 4 types. The comparisons provide the informations that which factors should be managed for the attack strategy, the defense strategy, and the differential marketing strategies both for manufacturers and retailers. This research is expected to contribute on cumulating the industrial knowledges of retailers' and manufacturers' survival strategy, expecially focusing on the effect of marketing factors and consumer-characteristic factors.

• 유통과학연구
• /
• 제11권4호
• /
• pp.5-11
• /
• 2013

Purpose - The aim of this work is to study the reorientation that the export industrial sectors in Costa Rica have experienced during the last 20 years. Research design, data, methodology - The study employs the Cluster Analysis with the export data (20 years of cut-off period) from Costa Rica to the U.S-market. To make the predictions, the technique of the time series was used, with official data (from 2001 to 2010) from the U.S. Department of Commerce and the U.S. International Trade Commission. Results - The Cluster Analysis, show how the economic sectors of traditional products exports of Costa Rica have progressively become in exporters of non-traditional products, meanwhile,the time series confirms that this trend will continue, at least during the next five years. Conclusions - The industry of traditional products exports of Costa Rica (dressmaking, vegetables, coffee, mate, species, etc.) will progressively become in exporters of non- traditional products with a high-tech component (i.e., mechanical equipment and devices, electronic devices and medical equipment),as a consequence of the Chinese (Costa Rica's main competitor) economy's presence in the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OCDE). This fact has enabled the potential improvement of Costa Rica's international competitiveness in the U.S. market.

• 수산경영론집
• /
• 제36권1호
• /
• pp.51-79
• /
• 2005

The main propose of this study is to analyze of the Chinese Fisheries Products competitiveness in Korean Market. This study was using a model of working partnerships by James C. Anderson & James A. Narus(1990). That is, Support is found for a number of the hypothesized construct relations and in both manufacture firm and distributor firm model, for the respecification of cooperation as an antecedent rather than a consequence of trust. This study was able to apply this model's intention for the relationship between Chinese fisheries products exporter and Korean importer, because I thought that competitiveness of trade market was based on relationship between the two countries traders. The results of this study are summarized as follows. As the above result, the several hypothesized correlation among the factors were significant. These results was tried to apply the competitiveness degree index as main factors among the countries, The method of measuring competitiveness .degree index was [(outcome + influence + communication + coopration + trust + satisfaction) - conflict, In result, China was 21.5583, USA was 20.2667, East Asia was 18.79126, EU was 18.4723, Russia was 16.3858.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
• /
• 제8권2호
• /
• pp.725-735
• /
• 2021

This study investigates whether the Islamic Exchange-Traded Funds (ETFs) provide significant benefit to investors relative to conventional ETFs. Six pairs of Islamic and conventional ETFs with 10-year daily price data from 2010 to 2019 have been selected from major market indices like MSCI World Index, MSCI Emerging Markets, MyETF Dow Jones Islamic Market Malaysia, MSCI South East Asia and Wahed FTSE Shariah USA Index for this study. For ETFs that are launched after 2010, the price data from launch date to 2019 are used. Our results show: First, Islamic ETFs are more likely to trade at a premium rather than at a discount, implying the investors are willing to pay a premium. Second, it is also found that Islamic ETFs have a relatively shorter period of price deviation from the benchmark, implying more price stability. Third, conventional ETFs have higher return and lower tracking errors relative to Islamic ETFs. These new findings add to the stylized facts of Islamic ETFs in the extant literature for investors, plan sponsors and regulators as to the differences between the ETFs. As policy suggestion, asset management companies can design new investment products to bridge the gap between conventional and Islamic finance.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
• /
• 제12권4호
• /
• pp.281-287
• /
• 1997

We have reported a sensitive, specific and simple direct competitive ELISA method to detect aflatoxin in agricultural commodities. We evaluated the ELISA for practical use to detect aflatoxins contaminated in the domestic and foreign agricultural commodities. The detection limits of the direct ELISA for residual aflatoxins in rice, pine nuts, corns, almonds, bean nuts, and pistachio were 10 ppb and in peanuts and cashew nuts were 20 ppb, which were elucidated from the standard curves of ELISA for aflatoxin fortified into the agricultural commodities. Residue studies of naturally contaminated aflatoxins in the agricultural commodities were also carried out by using direct ELISA. As the results of the studies, it was revealed that there were no residues of aflatoxins in 20 rice samples produced in south Korea, 20 pine nut samples in south Korea (9 samples), USA (1 sample) and China (10 samples), each of 20 almond, pistachio and bean nut samples in USA. However, aflatoxin residues were detected in corn samples imported from north Korea (350∼585 ppb in 2 of 3 samples), from USA (109*326 ppb in 6 of 6 samples) and domestic corns (61-326 ppb in 7 of 17 samples). The toxins were contaminated in corn imported from USA for popcorn (17∼20 ppb, in 3 of 10 samples) whereas no residues were detected in corn from south Korea and China. In case of cashew nuts imported from India, 11.4∼23.1 ppb of aflatoxins were detected in 4 from 20 samples. Most of the contaminated foods were harvested before 1995. Thus, hygienic managements of the foods should be required during storage and circulation at market.

• 대한화장품학회지
• /
• 제29권2호
• /
• pp.79-104
• /
• 2003

Introducing to the market place, safe and effective product is an important responsibility of clinical investigators as well as regulatory agencies in all developed countries. Products claiming to improve skin wrinkles are no exceptions. To date, Renova(R) (all-trans retinoic acid), Avage(R) (tazarotene), and Botox(R) (botulinum toxin) are the only agents FDA approved to ameliorate wrinkles associated with photoaged skin in the USA. For all three, clinical evaluation of wrinkle severity was the primary endpoint required for the approval process. No sophisticated instrument measurements of wrinkles were required, nor used in the pivotal studies. The Division of Dermatologic & Dental Products of the US FDA (Director, Jonathan Wilkin, MD) is not against the use of mechanical instruments in assessing wrinkle severity. Its position on this issue however, remains that any such device must be grounded in patients' or product users' perspective, which means that the evaluation instrument must be clinically relevant and clinically perceptible. Sophisticated devices that can detect minimal improvement, but imperceptible to the users are considered useless in the eyes of the US FDA. Two instruments that have been tried in some antiwrinkle studies in the USA are silicone replicas and Primos. Despite their sophistications, they have clear limitations; thus have never replaced clinical evaluations in these studies. At most, they have served as secondary measures to provide corroborative data on the clinical efficacy of antiwrinkle products. For the foreseeable future, at least in the USA, careful clinical assessment of wrinkles will continue to serve as the critical benchmark to determine whether an antiwrinkle product has enough efficacy to benefit its users. We must not lose sight of the fact that sophisticated devices are only to serve in generating supportive evidence, and not the primary evidence, in any clinical studies.

• 한국게임학회 논문지
• /
• 제17권4호
• /
• pp.91-100
• /
• 2017

게임 플레이어 캐릭터는 사건의 중심에 있으며 몰입에 지대한 영향을 미친다. 미국과 일본 게임 시장의 소비자를 이해하기 위해 플레이어 캐릭터 기초 특성인 나이와 성별을 비교분석할 필요가 있다. RPG와 어드벤처 장르에서 미국과 일본의 15년간 게임어워드 수상작을 연구대상으로 선정하여 나이와 성별을 분류하고 비교분석하였다. 일본 게임은 나이와 성별을 명시한 설정된 캐릭터 비율이 94.3%, 88.6%로 압도적으로 높았으나 미국 게임은 나이를 명시하지 않고 설정된 캐릭터가 가장 높았다. 본 연구는 미국과 일본 게임의 플레이어 캐릭터 나이와 성별에 설정에 차이가 있다는 점을 인식하게 하고 플레이어 캐릭터 설정의 가이드라인이 되어 게임 디자인 발전에 기여하고자 한다.

• 한국항공우주학회지
• /
• 제45권12호
• /
• pp.1069-1075
• /
• 2017

최근 우주 기술이 발달함에 따라 전 세계적으로 위성 시장, 특히 소형 위성 시장이 크게 성장하고 있다. 이러한 위성 시장의 성장세 속에서 발사체 시장 역시 성장세를 보이고 있으며 이에 따라 저비용 발사에 대한 수요가 점점 증가하고 있다. 저비용 발사를 위한 방안에는 저비용 추진제를 사용하는 엔진 개발, 제품 생산 및 운송비용 절감 등 다양한 방법이 존재하지만, 발사 비용을 가장 크게 줄이는 방법은 바로 사용한 발사체를 다시 사용하는 것이다. 재사용 발사체의 시작은 유인 우주선으로 유명한 미국의 Space Shuttle이라 할 수 있다. 하지만 Space Shuttle의 경우 재사용이라고 불리기는 하지만 재사용 할 수 있는 부분이 한정되어 있고, 발사 효율이 떨어져 재사용 발사체 임에도 불구하고 상당히 고비용이었다. 최근에는 미국의 SpaceX와 Blue Origin을 중심으로 상업적 목적의 재사용 발사체가 개발 되고 있고 재착륙 시험에 성공하였다. 뿐만 아니라, SpaceX의 경우 이전 재착륙을 성공한 1단 발사체를 정비하여 다시 발사하는데 까지 성공하기도 하였다. 이러한 추세에 따라 유럽, 인도와 같은 국가에서도 현재 재사용 발사체 연구에 심혈을 기울이고 있다. 그리고 Blue Origin을 포함한 미국의 Virgin Galactic, XCOR 등은 민간 유인 우주여행과 같은 재사용 기술을 이용한 상품화도 시도하고 있다. 재사용 기술이 확립되면 세계 발사체 시장의 판도가 바뀔 수 있기에 재사용 기술 동향의 정기적인 확인은 필수적이라 할 수 있다.

• 기술혁신학회지
• /
• 제4권3호
• /
• pp.323-341
• /
• 2001

In this paper, we analyse the competitiveness of Korean If sector with international trade data. We focus on importance of emerging Chinese IT sector. It is specifically summarized as follows. First, China as competitor in US market reveals relative disadvantage than Korea. Next, Korea has lost competitiveness in China. To make a international comparison we work hard In set up trade data of specific country.