• 대한간호
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.36-48
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• 1990

This study was attempted to provide us with basic information on how to improve understanding with patients for operation, and to offer then better nursing and treatment. This kind of study will help scientific application to nursing practice and operating room. The data was collected by interviewing 29 patients who underwent the elective surgery under the general anesthesia at Y hospital in Seoul. The interview ran from October 15 to December 15, 1989. The research instrument was a anxiety measurement device (SAAI) originally developed by Spielberger, et al and modified by Jung-Tack Kim. 1. Hypothesis Testing Hypothesis one was that there would be a difference in state anxiety level according to a time difference in watiting for operation. This hypothesis was rejected(state.anxiety level one hour before operation P>.05, r-.747, State anxiety level half an hour before operation P>.05, r-.1550, state anxiety level just before operation, P>.05, r=.1099). However, state anxiety, evel appeared to be associated with a longer watiting period, like one day before operation (P<.05, r-.4628). Hypothesis two was that there would be a difference according to state anxiety level of patients for operation. This was rejected. (Change of blood perssure in systolie P>.05 r=.1082, Change of blood pressure in diastolic P>.05, r=.088, Change of pulse rate, P>.05, r-1.909) 2. Examining trait anxiety and state anxiety levels, the average level of trait anxiety was 42.034, and the average level of state anxiety one day before operation was 43,000. The average level of state anxiety was averaged 42.356 in a waiting room for operation. 3. Examining the state anxiety level by time period, the one hour before was 42.379 the level half an hour before 42.276, and the level just before operation 42.414. The low level of state anxiety was due to the fact that premedication was not eliminated. 4. Age and time period like one day before operation was related to state anxiety level (F=5.271, P<.0.01) and blood pressure in waiting room for operation. That is, state anxiety level and blood pressure of patients one day before operation appeared high. Sex was relation to changes of blood pressure ; the blood pressure of male patients appeard higer than of female patients. A marital status was also related anxiety level one hour before operation the married patient for operation showed a higher state anxiety level than that of the unmarried patient for operation. Education was similarily related to trait anxiety level in which highly educated patients show lower levels of trait anxiety than poorly educated ones. Motive for hospitalization was related to state anxiety level for patient one hour before operation (F=6.464, P<.05) likewise, patients who are supposed to undergo operation hastily showed higher levels of anxiety than patients who expect elective surgeries.

• 한국보건간호학회지
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.74-100
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• 1989

Inspite of the lots of studies on the harmfulness of cigarette smoking to the body published by many researchers since 1950, cigarette smoking people are increasing in number especially, cigarette smoking by young and women causes a serious problem. Examining the physiological motives of youth shows that, impulse which the youth want to immitate the adults, alluring curiousity, and defiant physiology of escaping from the norm of traditional groups which has been banned are cooperated well compoundly. As the period of the youth is the one which they accumulate knowledge and charactor by learning as well as the period of growth mentally, and physically they should be rightly educated about smoking before they addicted to smoking and it is desirable for us to make the youth to understand how harmfully the smoking is to effect to their growth and mental soundness simply not as a social norm which they should not smoke. The main motive of this study on the attitude of smoking by the youth is to give basic materials related on this field. For this study, 647 questionnaires were used as studying material which were able to analyze among 720 questionnaires of 2 classes of each grade of 3 high schools among the high schools of boys, girls and co-educated in Seoul from Oct. 21, 1988 through Oct. 26, 1988. Study Instrument are graded in Likert's 5 point from 40 questions which are 20 questions m affirmations and 20 questions in negations after analyzing the factors on 60 simple sentence questions which the students showed in preliminary studies. And these are systemized to be measured from 1 point which means they think smoking IS very bad to 5points which means they think smoking is really good. In these collected materials, technical statistics of frequency. percentage, average, standard deviation are used for general character and smoking attitude, $X^2-test$ for examinning Independant variables of physical. emotional, ethical and other areas pearson's coefficient of correlation for related direction and degree" and step­regression analysis for the degree of relative contribution of all variables which effect smoking attitude. The results of this study are as follows; 1. The smoking attitude of high school boys and girls showed average of 1.78 in physical area, 2.63 in emotional area, 2.61 in ethical area, 2.29 in other area respectively in a negative attitude generally also the negative attitude are expressed most strongly in physical area. I've can also say by this results that smoking is harmful to their health and further more it can be judged that this proves the youth in the period of preparation be adults have a strong curiousity in the emotional, ethical and other areas. 2. The most influential variables in each field as related factors effecting smoking attitude of the student can be explained from 13.2 in physical area the lowest experienced variables to 25.2 in emotional area the highest of degree of smoking experience. The fact that the more the smoking experienced students are increasing in number the higher tendency which accept the' smoking tells as the importance of health education about the population of latest student's smoking as important variables shown equally in each area. Those of grade, age, numbers of smoking people in house are showed meaningful in pure interrelation. Those related to the acceptance of teacher's smoking, sex, mothors education are shown meaningful in opposite interrelations. This means that the' increasing number' of smoking people in grade age, the number of smoker in family have a affirmative attitude. And people who are not interested in teacher's smoking wants to quit it, and whose mother's education is higher have a negative attitude. 3. The most negatively answered questions of the smoking attitude In physical, emotional, ethical and other areas are as belows; Firstly too much smoking is harmful to our health is 1.12 point. Secondly smoking have a ill-effect on pregnancy and embryo is 1.13 point. Thirdly smoking is harmful· to our health is 1.27 point. Fourthly smoking in crowed area with the people such as In a bus or subway should be prohibited is 1.27point. Fifthly smoking can ruin lungs is 1.31 point. And the most affirmatively answered questions are also as below; Firstly we showed smoke depending on time and place is 3.96 points. Secondly smoking is just habit is 3.83 points. Thirdly smoking people seem to be unable and deplorable is 3.69 point. Fourthly smoking should be prohibited by law is 3.56 points. Fifthly high school student's smoking is immitation of adults is 3.52 points.

• 대한지리학회지
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• 제43권3호
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• pp.358-374
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• 2008

본 연구에서는 자녀의 연령대에 따라 남녀간 그리고 여성 집단간에 차별화된 도시기회 접근성 경험이 어떻게 나타나는가를 살펴보았다. 미국 Portland Metro의 개인통행자료를 이용해 시간지리학적 분석틀에 기초한 GIS-기반 지오컴퓨테이션을 통해 시 공간적 접근성을 측정하고, 접근성의 시 공간적 특성을 중심으로 젠더화된 접근성 경험 양상을 분석하였다. 주요 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 여성이 남성에 비해 시간제근무 비율이 훨씬 높아 시 공간 재량권이 많을 것으로 예상되지만, 실제로는 남성보다 접근성 수준이 높지 않았다. 이는 여성에게 또 다른 제약조건이 존재한다는 것을 의미하며, 젠더 불평등에 기인하는 것으로 해석할 수 있다. 둘째, 여성의 전근성 공간이 남성에 비해 훨씬 집에서 가까운 거리에서 주로 형성되는 패턴은, 모든 여성집단에서 보편적으로 나타나는 것이 아니라, 집약적 육아부담을 갖는 영 유아기 자녀를 둔 여성에게서 관찰되었다. 남성은 자녀 유무나 연령대에 상관없이 일정한 패턴을 유지하여 여성과 대조를 이루었다. 자녀가 없거나 초등학생 이상의 자녀를 둔 여성은 남성과 유사한 접근성의 시 공간 패턴을 보여, 시 공간적 구속성(spatial-temporal entrapment)으로 특징지을 수 있는 여성의 접근성 경험은 성별 즉 남녀(sex)의 문제라기보다는 젠더(gender) 즉 사회적 성 역할(gender roles)과 연관된 문제임을 알 수 있다 셋째, 직장과 자녀의 탁아/교육시설은 집과 더불어 접근성 공간을 결정짓는 중요한 공간적 축인데, 영 유아기 자녀를 둔 여성은 남성에 비해 훨씬 집에서 가까운 직장을 다니며 또 그보다 더 집에서 가까운 탁아시설을 주요 축으로 접근성 공간이 형성됨으로써 시 공간적 구속성이 극대화되어 나타나게 된다는 것을 알 수 있다.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제30권6호
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• pp.555-568
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• 2014

The construction equipment is one of the major sources for hazardous air pollutants in Korea, and the its management has been of great concern recently. The objective of this study was to estimate each contribution of emission of construction equipments according to their production year, electric power consumption and type. To achieve this goal, we developed pollutant emission factors for the machineries manufactured after 2009, which are excluded from the present framework of Korean air pollutants inventory, CAPSS. More than 800 data obtained from emission investigations were utilized for the estimation. Compared with the previous estimation, the scheme used this study was modified to incorporate new emission factors as well as to include the corresponding activity data. Such improvement allow us to gain more detailed emission informations which are better characterized by specifications of construction equipments. The total amount of pollutants emitted from construction equipments in 2011 were estimated as 126.8, 7.0, 58.3, and 17.0 kton for $NO_x$, PM, CO, and VOC, respectively. The estimation results indicate that the increase in the emission of equipments is significantly related to their age and power consumption. The emissions of the older ones manufactured from 1992~1996 were estimated to be the contribution ranged from 23.7% to 26.8%, whereas the newer ones (2009~2011) showed the attributions of 11.3~21.5%. In addition, the results show that the emission of each equipment was increased with the increase in the electric power consumption of engine, probably due to their average output power. Among the nine types of machinery compared, excavators and forklifts were investigated to contribute relatively higher emissions in the level of 39.8~44.0% and 32.0~34.2%, respectively.

• 분석과학
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.315-320
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• 1994

고성능 에너지 저장제로 사용되는 Li-GICs(Lithium-Graphite Intercalation Compounds)를 혼합 가압법에 의하여 Li의 함유량에 따라 합성하였다. 이들 합성된 화합물을 X-선 회절법, UV/VIS 분광학적 분석법 및 CHN 분석법을 이용하여 화합물의 특성을 알아 보았다. X-선 회절 분석 결과에 의하며 리튬의 함유량이 증가함에 따라 낮은 stage가 관찰되었으나, 이들 화합물이 혼재된 stage를 가지고 있음을 알 수 있었다. $Li_{40wt%}$의 경우 지배적으로 stage 1의 구조가 나타났지만 순수한 stage 1의 화합물은 얻을 수가 없었다. stage 1의 화합물이 가지는 $d_{001}$값은 약 $3.70{\AA}$을 나타내었다. 분광학적 분석결과에 의하면 각각의 화합물들은 뚜렷한 에너지 스펙트럼을 나타내었고, 이들 곡선으로부터 $R_{min}$에 최저값의 형성이 리튬의 함량이 증가함에 따라 높은 에너지쪽에서 형성되었음을 알 수 있다. 이러한 결과는 안정한 stage의 형성을 나타내 주고 있다. 원소분석기에 의한 결과를 이용하여 Li-GICs의 화학적인 구성과 관련하여 혼합된 상태를 알 수 있었으며, 혼합 가압법의 우수성을 알 수 있었다. 이들 결과로부터 $Li_{10wt%}$-GIC와 $Li_{20wt%}$-GIC의 경우는 2차 전지의 양극에서의 이용 가능성을 제시하여 주고 있다.

• 대한지리학회지
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• 제50권1호
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• pp.23-36
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• 2015

본 연구는 계절변화를 표현하기 위해 실생활에서 흔히 사용되는 기후 절기의 기온 변화 패턴을 파악하고 실제 기상 현상과의 부합도를 분석하고자 하였다. 전국 61개 관측소 자료를 통한 분석 결과, 관측지점 평균 기온이 증가할수록 연중 기온변화 파형의 정점에 해당하는 극서기중심이 7월 21일에서 8월 5일, 즉 절기적으로 입추 쪽으로 이동하였다. 주요 기후 절기인 대서, 상강, 대설, 대한을 중심으로 살펴 본 절기부합도는 전체적으로 낮을 뿐만 아니라 지역적 차이도 뚜렷하게 나타났다. 대부분 관측소에서 각 절기에 해당하는 기상 현상은 현저히 늦게 나타났는데, 각 절기일 기준 1주 이내로 관측된 경우는 전체의 7.7~40.4%에 머물렀다. 대서, 상강, 대설의 절기부합도는 동서 방향으로 차이를 보였고, 절기부합도가 비교적 높게 나타난 대한에는 동서 간의 차이보다는 남북 방향의 위도 조건이 절기부합도 변화 패턴에 영향을 주었다. 절기별 기온변화 경향과 속도가 지역적으로 균일하지 않다는 점을 고려한다면, 개별 절기의 배열과 각 절기 간 시간 간격에 대한 조정을 고려함으로써 24절기의 현실적 유용성을 제고할 수 있을 것으로 본다.

• 대한전자공학회논문지SD
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• 제47권4호
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• pp.41-49
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• 2010

본 논문은 다중 언폴딩 기법을 이용한 고속 SHA-1 해쉬 알고리즘 구현 방법을 제시하였다. 제안된 SHA-1 해쉬 구조는 알고리즘의 반복적인 단계 연산을 언폴딩한 후 연산의 순서를 재 배열하고, 임계경로에 포함된 연산의 일부를 이전 단계에서 선행연산하여 임계경로의 길이를 줄였다. 제안된 SHA-1 해쉬 구조는 최대 118 MHz의 동작주파수에서 5.9 Gbps 처리량을 나타낸다. 이는 기존의 SHA-1 보다 전송량이 26% 증가하였고, 회로 크기가 32% 감소하는 결과를 얻었다. 또한 이 논문에서는 여러 개의 SHA-1 모듈을 시스템 레벨에서 병렬로 연결하여 여러 개의 SHA-1을 다중 처리하여 고속화를 할 수 있는 모델을 제안했다. 이 모델은 하나의 SHA-1을 사용하는 것보다 빠르게 데이터를 처리할 수 있고 입력되는 데이터의 최소한의 지연으로 처리 가능하다. 제안된 모델은 입력되는 데이터가 지연 없이 처리 되도록 하기 위해 필요로 하는 SHA-1의 FPGA 수를 구할 수도 있다. 고속화된 SHA-1은 압축된 메시지에 유용하게 사용될 수 있고 모바일 통신이나 인터넷 서비스 등의 강한 보안에 널리 이용가능하다.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.671-676
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• 2014

Objective: The objective of this study was to establish a program model for use in wide-spread cervical cancer screening. :Methods: Cervical cancer screening was conducted in Zhongshan city in Guangdong province, China through a coordinated network of multiple institutes and hospitals. A total of 43,567 women, 35 to 59 years of age, were screened during regular gynecological examinations using the liquid-based ThinPrep cytology test (TCT). Patients who tested positive were recalled for further treatment. Results: The TCT-positive rate was 3.17%, and 63.4% of these patients returned for follow-up. Pathology results were positive for 30.5% of the recalled women. Women who were younger than 50 years of age, urban dwelling, low-income, had a history of cervical disease, began having sex before 20 years of age, or had sex during menstruation, were at elevated risk for a positive TCT test. The recall rate was lower in women older than 50 years of age, urban dwelling, poorly educated, and who began having sex early. Ahigher recall rate was found in women 35 years of age and younger, urban dwelling, women who first had sex after 24 years of age, and women who had sex during menstruation. The positive pathology rate was higher in urban women 50 years of age and younger and women who tested positive for human papillomavirus. Conclusion: An effective model for large-scale cervical cancer screening was successfully established. These results suggest that improvements are needed in basic education regarding cervical cancer screening for young and poorly educated women. Improved outreach for follow-up is also necessary to effectively control cervical cancer.

• 인터넷정보학회논문지
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.117-135
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• 2007

본 연구는 1) 고등교육기관에 있는 장애 학습자와 그들의 웹 기반 교수자(web-based instructional personnel: WBI 교수자)의 웹 접근성에 관한 인식도를 알아보고, 장애 학습자들을 위한 접근 가능한 WBI를 설계 개발하기 위해 WBI 교수자들에 의해 실제로 사용되고 있는 효과적인 WBI 교수설계전략들은 무엇인지를 밝혀내는 데 그 목적이 있다. 본 연구를 위해 미국 중서부 지역 소재 대학에 재학(직) 중인 16명의 장애 학습자와 WBI 교수자들이 개별 인터뷰에 참여하였다. 연구 결과, 장애 학습자나 WBI 교수자들은 웹 접근성에 대해 거의 알지 못하고, 이를 위한 준비도 되어 있지 않았다. 그러나 웹 접근성을 제공하는 것은 장애 학습자에 대한 기회의 평등과 삶의 질을 보장하는 것이며, 이는 혁신적인 기술에 의해 상당부분 해소될 수 있다는 강한 신념을 가지고 있었고, 웹 접근성 규준이나 지침을 통과하였다 하더라도 이는 웹 접근성을 보장하기 위한 최종 단계가 아닌 시작에 불과하다고 인식했다 WBI 교수자들은 또한 장애 학습자를 포함, 보다 다양한 학습자들의 요구를 수용하기 위해서는 다양한 교수방법 등이 제공되어야 하며, 비록 웹 접근성과 이를 구현하기 위한 구체적인 방안에 대해서는 잘 모르지만 접근 가능한 WBI를 설계 개발하기 위해서는 적절한 WBI 교수설계전략이 사용되어야 한다고 주장했다. 마지막으로. 접근 가능한 WBI를 만들기 위해 WBI 교수자들에 의해 사용된 몇 가지 효과적인 교수설계전략들이 기술되었다.

• 한국프랜차이즈경영연구
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.1-11
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• 2021

Purpose: The franchise system started by Singer Sewing Machine in the US is acting as a national economic growth engine in terms of job creation and economic growth. In China, the franchise system was introduced in the mid-1980s. And since joining the WTO, it has grown by 5-6% every year. However, compared to the growth rate of franchises, studies on shared growth between the chain headquarters and franchisees were insufficient. Accordingly, recent studies related to shared growth between the chain headquarters and franchisees have been active in China. The purpose of this study is to examine the knowledge transfer system between the knowledge creation, knowledge sharing, and the use of knowledge by franchise chain headquarters in China. In addition, the relationship between franchise satisfaction and performance is identified. Research design, data, and methodology: The data were collected from franchise stores in Sichuan, China, and were conducted with the help of ○○ Incubation, a Sichuan Province-certified incubator. From November 2020 to January 2021, 350 copies of the questionnaire were distributed in China, and 264 copies were returned. Of these, 44 copies with insincere answers and response errors were excluded, and 222 copies were used for analysis. The data were analyzed with SPSS 22.0 and AMOS 22.0 statistical packages. Result: The results of this study are as follows. First, knowledge creation has been shown to have a statistically significant impact on knowledge sharing and knowledge utilization. In particular, the effectiveness of knowledge creation was higher in knowledge sharing than in knowledge utilization. And we can see that knowledge sharing also has a statistically significant e ffect on knowledge utilization. Second, knowledge sharing was not significant for transaction satisfaction and business performance, and knowledge utilization was significant for transaction satisfaction and business performance. These results can be said to mean less interdependence of the Chinese franchise system. Finally, transaction satisfaction was statistically significant to business performance. The purpose of this study was to examine the importance of knowledge management to secure long-term competitive advantage for Chinese franchises. This study shows that knowledge sharing is important for long-term franchise growth. And we can see that there is a lack of knowledge sharing methods in the case of franchises in China. I n addition, it was found that the growth of Chinese franchises requires systematization of communication, information sharing measures and timing, help from chain headquarters, and mutual responsibility awareness.