• Title/Summary/Keyword: US Consumers

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The Effects of MPPA (Mileages/Points to Purchase Amount) Ratio on Consumers' Preference (구매금액 대비 마일리지/포인트의 비율이 소비자 선호에 미치는 영향)

  • Park, Sang-June;Byun, Ji-Yeon
    • Proceedings of the Korean Operations and Management Science Society Conference
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    • 2008.10a
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    • pp.179-190
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    • 2008
  • Consumers earn a number of points for every purchase and then they can exchange a specified number of points for a desired reward in a typical loyalty program. The immediate payoff of their effort given as points is not the real reward they actually care about. It is merely an instrument (or medium) which has no value in itself. In a real world, consumers frequently choose the option with a bigger medium even though the economic value of the option is not changed by the medium. We call it 'medium effect'. In this study we explored if the size of medium affects on consumers' preferences. For this we controlled the reward options with three types of medium (small, medium, big) and measured the magnitude of preference difference among the three types of reward options. In addition, we manipulated comparability of reward options with wine and gas discount coupon. We confirmed that choosing one of two wines was easier than that of the two gas coupons. 164 respondents were allocated into three experimental groups and one control group. In three experimental groups, the ratios of the focused reward option's medium to the compared reward option's medium were different. For example, the focused reward option has 10 million points whereas the compared reward option has 10 million points for 1 million won purchase amount in the first group. Then each respondent was asked to choose one of two loyalty programs (focused program vs. compared program) in two different conditions (comparability between reward options: easiness vs. difficulty). To compare the medium effects among the experiment conditions we used chi-squares tests. The empirical results show the medium effect increases and then decreases as the ratio of reward mileages/points to purchase amount increases. Additionally, they let us know that comparability of alternatives affects on the medium effects depending on the ratio of reward mileages/points to purchase amount.

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The impact of the Formation Factor of Loyalty Of Mongolian Consumers Attitudes toward M-Commerce

  • Altanzul, Ganbaatar;Lee, Dong-Man
    • 한국정보컨버전스학회:학술대회논문집
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    • 2008.06a
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    • pp.135-140
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    • 2008
  • Recently in the Mongolian wireless marketplace, many E-commerce companies have been making considerable investments in the technological development of M-commerce, taking competitive advantage of new business possibilities offered by Internet-based wireless technologies. In the Mongolian wireless marketplace, this new mobile environment opens the door for new and exciting market opportunities in mobile services and applications. In the near future, these companies will be looking toward M-commerce services as a supplemental source of revenue in the mobile marketplace. This paper examines the roles of M-commerce in the consumers' in order to promote the consumers' loyalty in the booming M-commerce. This paper contains theory that focuses on the basic concepts of the M-commerce environment, its wireless network technologies, and its applications infrastructure. Upon searching for references to assist us in establishing a market hypothesis, we discovered that few comprehensive studies on consumer perspective and behavior related to M-commerce services actually exist in the literature. In the area of M-commerce, many companies neglect the consumer perspective, concentrating only on technological factors only when formulating their market strategies. And, due to technological blindness, many companies were not able to succeed in end-user E-commerce services. Given that fact, this paper formulates a consumer-centric research model. In order to prove the research model, we chose the survey method which allows for the collection of large amounts of data from a sizeable population in a highly economical way. Through the survey, this paper defines consumer's attitudes towards M-commerce services by identifying potential Business-to-Commerce(B2C) applications and its primary target groups in terms of gender and age, and by investigating whether consumers recognize the value proposition of M-commerce applications and services. As shown in the data analysis and results, this research concludes that M-commerce development in Mongolia is still at its infancy, and that the implementation of M-commerce depends not only on technological progress, but also on consumer attitudes and their willingness to adopt M-commerce services. As well, other complex cross-cultural factors-socially, economically, culturally, et cetera-enter strongly into the equation.

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A Study on the Successful Case of Brand Renewal through American National Brand 'C' Company's Marketing Strategy (미국(美國) 내셔널브랜드 C사(社)의 마케팅전략(戰略)을 통한 브랜드리뉴얼 성공사례(成功事例) 연구(硏究))

  • Koh, Hee-Sook
    • Journal of Fashion Business
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    • v.6 no.1
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    • pp.137-154
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    • 2002
  • It's not easy to renew old brand of over 50 years history to the tastes of new consumer of our time. Most of national brands that has a history of some 20 years in Korea have strove for continuation and growth of brand to no avails, which can be taken as a good example of current situation. For instance, C company, one of the National brand of US which has a history of 51 years, has made its position secure as a fashion group and based itself on a sound foundation by establishing new marketing strategy and completing successful brand renewal in the process of strategic M&A with Italian company. Those successful marketing strategies are as follows. 1) they regarded both market and consumer oriented marketing activity as company's highest priority strategy and put great emphasis upon concentration on target market and reestablishment of brand image of business casual wear. 2) Setting up and operating planning team composed of merchandizer alone in Milano, they set the direction of plan on the basis of concentrated research on potential item in market according to thorough market research done by buying office in Korea, branch office in Hong Kong and buyer in US prior to blueprint planning for season. 3) Great emphasis was placed on business which focused on intensive presentation of basic key item for apparel career women who are main consumer group in the midium-low prices market in US and on supplementation of size and color. they named this line 'collectibles' and helped their customer develop their own clothes plan without worrying about the change of color and fabric by supporting same fabric and color throughout the year and enabled them to add variation easily by supplementing new trend item. 4) Company set black as a main color that lots of apparel career women find easy to care and to express their own image and presented them with pebble which belongs to navy and beige and added fashion color such as wine and brown etc as season goes by. They constructed basic line in order for their customers to coordinate purchased item with new one or to add them to present collection, and to achieve efficient sale by setting up strategy which allows this cross coordination and changing pattern occasionally. 5) Though basic jacket for 99$, short slim skirt for 49$ are products within midium-low prices range, in the material planning stage aiming at production of item that has both resonable function appealing to consumer and is fashionable, synthetic material had to be used as a main source due to price competitiveness. Despite this situation, considering comfortable sense of fit and refined drape of silhouette that has no sign of cheap material, whole collectible line was divided into two items, which contributed to reduction of cost. In case of material that is composed of triacetate and polyester in 70 to 30 ratio, was used up to 4 million yard, which allowed drastic curtailment of cost accompanied by concentration. In case of 'collectibles' line, using Korean material mainly, C company chose to have their product sewed in Southeast Asian countries where transportation is well developed and both productivity and quality verified by operating global production system which aiming at cutdown of cost through outsourcing production from the country where labor cost is low and getting finished product. Polarization between present consumers telling us that consumers with the mind of middle classes in the past no longer exists between consumers who seek after only fine article of highest quality and wise consumers who are sensible enough to judge bubble on correlation between price and quality. To cope with this change in new consumer mind, apparel makes changing their policy so as to produce item that has reasonable quality and falls within affordable price range anywhere in the world. and they're striving to get out of difficult situation by operating global marketing strategy which stresses separation of planning, production and sale and sensibility of fashion shared worldwide. The marketing strategy of C company can be exemplified as a successful one.

An Exploratory Research for Development of Korean Protein Bar -Analysis on Labeling of Commercial Protein Bars in Korea and USA- (한국형 단백질 바 개발을 위한 탐색적 연구 -한국과 미국의 시판 단백질 바의 라벨 분석을 중심으로-)

  • Kim, Gyeongnam;Oh, Ji Eun;Cho, Mi Sook
    • The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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    • v.18 no.3
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    • pp.648-657
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    • 2018
  • The purpose of this study was to analyze the labeling of commercial protein bars in Korea and USA to develop Korean protein bars. Furthermore, we compared protein contents of products with daily protein intake, DRI, and AMDR. The protein bars were sampled in off- and on-line markets of both countries, with 17 in Korea and 113 in the US. As the results, since US products have bigger than one serving size than Korean ones, the intake of overall nutrients is higher, especially protein and sodium. Protein contents (per 100 g) of products in US were higher than those of Korea. The highest protein was soy protein isolate (SPI) in Korea and whey protein isolate (WPI) in the US. This is thought to be influenced by the preference and familiarity of food according to the country. In conclusion, since there are difference in eating habits, intake and preference of the protein source, it is necessary to develop suitable protein bars for Koreans. Therefore, this research provides the baseline of protein bars for consumers to choose products.

A Comparative Study on the Perception and Consumption Behaviors of Korean, Chinese, and US Consumers for Energy bars (한국, 중국, 미국 소비자들의 에너지 바에 대한 인식 및 소비 행동 비교 연구)

  • Oh, Ji Eun;Yoon, Hei-Ryeo
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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    • v.35 no.4
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    • pp.333-341
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    • 2020
  • This study evaluated the perception, consumption behavior, and optional attributes of Korean, Chinese, and U.S. consumers of energy bar products. Data were compared and analyzed by surveying 300 consumers in each country. Significant differences were observed in preference for energy bars according to their nationality, in the order China, the U.S., and Korea. Perception of taste, types and dietary suitability of the products ranked lower for Korean consumers, as compared to consumers of the United States and China. The order dietary fiber, protein, and calcium were the sought-after nutritional requirements of the products. The demand for protein was significantly higher in the U.S. Calcium demand was low in the United States and China, but was very high in Korea, which could be attributed to the low calcium intake of Koreans. Other optional attributes which were closely associated with the purchase and re-purchase decision, included price, taste and delivery period. All three factors were recognized as important options in Korea, whereas awareness of packaging/appearance and brand was not. The taste, nutrients and price in the U.S. ranked high as important optional attributes, while the packaging, external and expiration dates were recognized as low. Unlike Korea and the U.S., important optional attributes for Chinese consumers were determined in the order expiration date, taste, and nutrients, and showed low perception for packaging, appearance, weight, counts, and prices. Evaluating the preference for the main and secondary ingredients, Koreans preferred nuts over grains, Americans preferred dried fruits over nuts, and Chinese preferred nuts and grains; both Korean and American consumers had low preference for dried vegetables. The preference for chocolate was low in Korea and China, whereas preference for jelly was high in China as compared to Korea and the U.S. The intention of purchasing energy bars was significantly lower in Korea than in the U.S. and China. A variety of nutritious functional bars have recently been distributed and sold in Korea, but they are mostly produced in the U.S., which is the largest producer and consumer worldwide. Taken together, results of this study indicate that the demand for nutritional enhancement and preferred materials vary according to the nationality. Hence, it is necessary to develop products that reflect these criteria. Further research is required to analyze the relationship between preference and consumption behavior for each material product developed in the future.

If This Brand Were a Person, or Anthropomorphism of Brands Through Packaging Stories (가설품패시인(假设品牌是人), 혹통과고사포장장품패의인화(或通过故事包装将品牌拟人化))

  • Kniazeva, Maria;Belk, Russell W.
    • Journal of Global Scholars of Marketing Science
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    • v.20 no.3
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    • pp.231-238
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    • 2010
  • The anthropomorphism of brands, defined as seeing human beings in brands (Puzakova, Kwak, and Rosereto, 2008) is the focus of this study. Specifically, the research objective is to understand the ways in which brands are rendered humanlike. By analyzing consumer readings of stories found on food product packages we intend to show how marketers and consumers humanize a spectrum of brands and create meanings. Our research question considers the possibility that a single brand may host multiple or single meanings, associations, and personalities for different consumers. We start by highlighting the theoretical and practical significance of our research, explain why we turn our attention to packages as vehicles of brand meaning transfer, then describe our qualitative methodology, discuss findings, and conclude with a discussion of managerial implications and directions for future studies. The study was designed to directly expose consumers to potential vehicles of brand meaning transfer and then engage these consumers in free verbal reflections on their perceived meanings. Specifically, we asked participants to read non-nutritional stories on selected branded food packages, in order to elicit data about received meanings. Packaging has yet to receive due attention in consumer research (Hine, 1995). Until now, attention has focused solely on its utilitarian function and has generated a body of research that has explored the impact of nutritional information and claims on consumer perceptions of products (e.g., Loureiro, McCluskey and Mittelhammer, 2002; Mazis and Raymond, 1997; Nayga, Lipinski and Savur, 1998; Wansik, 2003). An exception is a recent study that turns its attention to non-nutritional packaging narratives and treats them as cultural productions and vehicles for mythologizing the brand (Kniazeva and Belk, 2007). The next step in this stream of research is to explore how such mythologizing activity affects brand personality perception and how these perceptions relate to consumers. These are the questions that our study aimed to address. We used in-depth interviews to help overcome the limitations of quantitative studies. Our convenience sample was formed with the objective of providing demographic and psychographic diversity in order to elicit variations in consumer reflections to food packaging stories. Our informants represent middle-class residents of the US and do not exhibit extreme alternative lifestyles described by Thompson as "cultural creatives" (2004). Nine people were individually interviewed on their food consumption preferences and behavior. Participants were asked to have a look at the twelve displayed food product packages and read all the textual information on the package, after which we continued with questions that focused on the consumer interpretations of the reading material (Scott and Batra, 2003). On average, each participant reflected on 4-5 packages. Our in-depth interviews lasted one to one and a half hours each. The interviews were tape recorded and transcribed, providing 140 pages of text. The products came from local grocery stores on the West Coast of the US and represented a basic range of food product categories, including snacks, canned foods, cereals, baby foods, and tea. The data were analyzed using procedures for developing grounded theory delineated by Strauss and Corbin (1998). As a result, our study does not support the notion of one brand/one personality as assumed by prior work. Thus, we reveal multiple brand personalities peacefully cohabiting in the same brand as seen by different consumers, despite marketer attempts to create more singular brand personalities. We extend Fournier's (1998) proposition, that one's life projects shape the intensity and nature of brand relationships. We find that these life projects also affect perceived brand personifications and meanings. While Fournier provides a conceptual framework that links together consumers’ life themes (Mick and Buhl, 1992) and relational roles assigned to anthropomorphized brands, we find that consumer life projects mold both the ways in which brands are rendered humanlike and the ways in which brands connect to consumers' existential concerns. We find two modes through which brands are anthropomorphized by our participants. First, brand personalities are created by seeing them through perceived demographic, psychographic, and social characteristics that are to some degree shared by consumers. Second, brands in our study further relate to consumers' existential concerns by either being blended with consumer personalities in order to connect to them (the brand as a friend, a family member, a next door neighbor) or by distancing themselves from the brand personalities and estranging them (the brand as a used car salesman, a "bunch of executives.") By focusing on food product packages, we illuminate a very specific, widely-used, but little-researched vehicle of marketing communication: brand storytelling. Recent work that has approached packages as mythmakers, finds it increasingly challenging for marketers to produce textual stories that link the personalities of products to the personalities of those consuming them, and suggests that "a multiplicity of building material for creating desired consumer myths is what a postmodern consumer arguably needs" (Kniazeva and Belk, 2007). Used as vehicles for storytelling, food packages can exploit both rational and emotional approaches, offering consumers either a "lecture" or "drama" (Randazzo, 2006), myths (Kniazeva and Belk, 2007; Holt, 2004; Thompson, 2004), or meanings (McCracken, 2005) as necessary building blocks for anthropomorphizing their brands. The craft of giving birth to brand personalities is in the hands of writers/marketers and in the minds of readers/consumers who individually and sometimes idiosyncratically put a meaningful human face on a brand.

The Combination of Product Attributes in Luxury Fashion Brands (패션 명품 브랜드의 제품 속성 조합)

  • Kang, Bo-Kyung;Hwang, Jin-Sook
    • Journal of the Korea Fashion and Costume Design Association
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    • v.13 no.2
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    • pp.89-101
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    • 2011
  • The economy blocking and price competitiveness caused by globalization has generated an on-going controversy of global sourcing among high-priced luxury brands. The consumers in the global market purchase luxury goods based on both craftsmanship and the reputation of luxury brands. Factors such as the origin, brand and pricing can affect the intention of consumers to buy luxury goods. This study analyzed the optimum brand combination using conjoint analysis. The analysis was based on the selection of origin, brand name and price as extrinsic factors among attributes of customer choice. These factors were subdivided into Italian and Chinese origins, Gucci, Prada, and Miu Miu in terms of brand names, and 450,000, 750,000, and 1,500,000 Won in terms of price levels. The result showed that origin was considered the most important factor followed by brand name and pricing. This tendency tells us that customers consider origin, brand name and price in that order when purchasing luxury brands. In regards to each factor, respondents preferred Italian to Chinese origins, the Gucci to Miu Miu brand name, and 750,000 to 450,000 won for price level. Generally, women in their 20s and 30s preferred products from advanced nations at a medium-level price.

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A Comparative Study of Korean and the US College Female Students′ Clothing Buying Behavior

  • Hwang, Choon-Sup;Kim, Sun-Ah
    • International Journal of Costume and Fashion
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    • v.4
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    • pp.47-61
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    • 2004
  • This study analyzed the buying patterns of American and Korean female college students in terms of criteria for clothing selection; store preferences; criteria for store selection; fashion information sources; expressions of customer dissatisfaction; purchasing frequency and motivations for purchasing clothes. The study was implemented through self-administered questionnaires which were back translated for validity. The samples consisted of 730 female college students majoring in the fields related to clothing and textiles: 310 U.S. and 412 Korean students. Likert scales were used for most measures with 1=never or very unimportant and 5=always or very important. Data were analyzed by factor analysis, analysis of covariance, Duncans multiple comparison, and t-test. Results are as follows: 1) Design factor was the most important criteria in clothing selection with no differences between country groups. There were, however, significant differences for psychological exhibition factors, practical and economic factors. 2) Both groups preferred specialty and department stores, with department stores more popular in Korea. 3) Merchandise was the most important store selection criterion and fashion magazines and self-experience were rated as the most important information sources for the both groups. 4) Korean group expressed their dissatisfaction with and observable problem with a product before purchase more often than U.S. group, but the U.S. group was more vocal about color loss or shrinkage after care procedures. 5) Some clear differences between the two countries emerged. Marketers targeting American consumers should pay more attention to practicality and service; to Korean consumers more symbolic meaning of products.

A Study of the Arbitration Procedures for Disputes Regarding Automobiles (자동차분쟁에 있어서 중재절차에 관한 고찰)

  • Kim, Yong Kil
    • Journal of Arbitration Studies
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    • v.30 no.4
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    • pp.71-94
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    • 2020
  • When a dispute or conflict occurs, standard methods for resolving them include resolution by trial or resolutions outside of courts. An alternative dispute resolution method called ADR that aims at remedying disputes instead of filing lawsuits is used commonly throughout the world, including the US and China. ADR, which is a remedy method outside of courts, includes negotiation, arbitration, or mediation between the concerned parties, and the arbitration system has several advantages. The Lemon Law is a consumer protection law of the United States that was enacted in 1975. This law prescribes that when specified quality standards are not met repeatedly due to defects in vehicles or electronic products, the manufacturer must provide exchanges or refunds to consumers. Korea also enacted a newly revised automobile management act, the Korea "Lemon Law," on January 1, 2019, which allows consumers to receive exchanges or refunds from the manufacturer if the same malfunction repeatedly occurs after purchasing a new automobile. There have recently been many cases of large fires occurring while driving import vehicles, causing huge public rage; therefore, interest is being focused on the revised automobile management act. Part 5-2 of the automobile management act was newly added to implement automobile exchange or refund arbitration systems. It is desirable to utilize the arbitration system to smoothly resolve automobile-related disputes that have recently increased significantly, and it is thus being used frequently for practical purposes.

Analysis of Global Trends in the Cross-border Transfer of Personal Data and Its Implications for Korea (개인정보 국외이전 관련 규범 국제 동향 분석 및 한국에의 시사점)

  • Bomin-Ko
    • Korea Trade Review
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    • v.46 no.6
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    • pp.239-255
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    • 2021
  • To review the theoretical background of regulatory approaches to cross-border transfer of personal data, this paper divides major digital trade participating countries into four types according to the OECD - non-regulatory, post-intervention, pre-supervision, and national control. It then analyzes the US, Japan, the EU, and China respectively that belong to each type. South Korea, which is currently about to pass the amendment by the National Assembly, has identified that it is in the middle of post-intervention and pre-supervision, and needs to evolve into pre-supervision norms like the EU while it has to participate more actively in the process of establishing international digital trade rules. Korea first needs to sign digital trade agreements and promote mutual certification projects more actively from the standpoint of a medium-sized open country with growing digital companies and digitally-open consumers. Second, the government should fully consider the interests of not only companies but also various trade stakeholders including domestic consumers, when drafting and implementing trade policies. To this end, 'a single window approach' is needed not only at the Ministry of Trade, Industry, and Energy, but also at the level of the entire government which require an integrated form of digital trade policy governance.