• 무역학회지
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• 제41권5호
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• pp.15-39
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• 2016

본 연구는 국제무역거래의 법적 뒷받침인 상관습법을 알아보고 어떻게 상관습법이 국제무역거래에서 영향력을 행사하는지를 알아보고자 하였다. 또한 상관습법은 크게 국제 협약, 모델법, 국제규칙으로 구분됨을 밝히고 국제물품매매계약의 대표적인 국제협약인 국제물품매매계약유엔협약(일명 'CISG')과 국제상사계약에 관한 UNIDROIT 원칙(일명 'PICC 원칙')을 적용 범위와 해석 원칙에 근거하여 살펴보았다. 논의 결과, 먼저 CISG는 국제물품매매계약의 통일과 조화를 위하여 기획된 제정법이며 PICC 원칙은 국제규칙에 불과한 것으로 파악되었다. 둘째, CISG와 PICC 원칙은 모두 양당사자의 의사 합의를 존중하였으며 합의에 의해 명시적으로 배제 가능하다. 셋째, CISG는 모든 나라가 가입이나 비준한 것은 아니기 때문에 CISG 적용상 지역적 불균형이 있다. 또한 CISG 체약국이더라도 각 국가의 국내법과 연결 정도에 따라 적용상의 차이가 있다. 지금 미국의 법에서는 약인이론, 사기방지법, 구두증거배제의 원칙이 있지만 CISG는 이런 규정이 없다. PICC 원칙은 계약에 준거법으로 활용되는 것이 아니라 계약의 준거법에 보충하거나 해석 시 고려되는 원칙에 불과하지만 향후에는 소송보다는 중재가 더욱 선호되는 것임을 감안하면 중재판정부에 의한 계약의 준거법 해석에 보완하는 역할로 더욱 힘을 발휘할 것으로 판단된다.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제51권
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• pp.101-131
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• 2011

The Governing Council of UNIDROIT at its 90th session adopted on 10 May 2011 the third edition of the Principles of International Commercial Contracts("UNIDROIT Principles 2010"). The UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts first published in 1994 and in a second edition in 2004, are taken by legislators worldwide as a model for contract law reform and increasingly used in international contracting and arbitration practice, as well as by the courts to interpret and supplement the applicable domestic law. The UNIDROIT Principles are particularly useful to parties when negotiating and drafting international contracts. The new edition of the Principles, UNIDROIT Principles 2010, prepared by a group of experts from all over the world including representatives of numerous international organizations and arbitration centers. The UNIDROIT Principles 2010 contain new provisions on restitution in case of failed contracts, illegality, conditions, and plurality of obligors and obligees, while with respect to the text of the 2004 edition the only significant changes made relate to the Comments to Article 1.4.

• 경영과정보연구
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• 제7권
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• pp.451-462
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• 2001

국제물품매매계약은 당사자간의 합의에 의해서 이루어진다. 그러나 국제간의 물품매매에 관련하여 모든 상황을 특정계약에 반영하는데는 한계가 있다. 따라서 특정계약에 대한 해석과 판단의 기준이 되는 하나의 보편적이며 합리성에 기초를 둔 준거법이 필요하게 된다. 이러한 준거법은 어느 특정국가의 사범으로 충분할 수도 있지만 국제거래가 안전하고 원활하게 실행되기 위해서는 그것이 세계 어느 나라에 있어서도 같은 내용의 통일적인 법에 의하여 규율되는 것이 바람직하다. 특히 경제적 합리성에 기초를 둔 거래법의 분야에서는 이론적으로 법의통일은 가능하며 실제적으로는 로마의 사법통일협회(UNIDROIT)나 국제연합 국제상거래위원회(UNIDROIT)에 의하여 지금까지 어느 정도 통일사법 제정의 필요성이 꾸준히 제기 되어 왔다. 이러한 목적을 수행하기 위하여 UNICITRAL(국제연합 국제상거래위원회)이 1980년에 발표한 국제물품매매계약에 관한 UN 조약-비엔나협약(CISG)은 국제간의 물품매매에 관한 계약법으로서 중요한 역할을 수행하고 있다. 비엔나협약(CISG)의 법리적인 근거는 "자주적인 준거법의 제정 및 그 적용상의 통일성"에 있다는 것이다. 또한 그 내용을 보면 첫째, 지역적 의미를 가지는 법률용어의 사용을 피하고 대신 격지간의 계약시 실제로 발생하는 현실적 사례의 관점에서 법안을 작성하고자 하였고 둘째, 그 내용을 달리하고 있는 각국의 사법을 통일하는 것에 의해 모든 사법적 법률관계에 같은 내용의 사법을 적용하는 방법, 즉 세계통일사법의 제정이라 하겠다. 본 연구는 비엔나협약(CISG)의 입법취지와 배경을 고찰하였으며 또한 통일사법으로서 협약상의 "일반원칙의 통용"을 계약성립(Formation of Contract)의 과정별로 정리하였다.

• 통상정보연구
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.453-479
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• 2012

국제상거래의 증가는 분쟁의 증가로 나타나 소송이나 중재로 명확히 반영되고 있다. 국제상거래의 중요성에도 불구하고, 최근까지 어떻게 법이 실제 무역관행과 상호작용하는지 잘 알지 못하고 있다. 전 세계에 걸쳐 소송과 중재법정은 국제물품매매계약에서 CISG를 준거법으로 적용하고 있지만, 해결되지 않는 문제점에 대한 국제 판례가 축적되고 있다. 이런 점에서 국제 판례법에 대한 유니렉스(UNILEX) 데이터베이스는 대표적인 사례라 할 수 있다. 오늘날 확실히 CISG가 국제상사계약에서 중요한 역할을 담당하고 있지만, CISG가 경성법(hard law)으로서의 특징 때문에 갖는 한계로 준거법 적용에 따른 문제가 있다. 이에 비하여 UPICC는 국제협약이나 법률이 아닌 국제상거래일반의 법의 리스테이트먼트(restatement)이다. 즉 연성법(soft law)으로서 UPICC는 CISG보다도 유연하고 포괄적이다. 따라서 본 연구는 UPICC 2010년 개정에 착안하여 2012년 8월 현재까지 유니렉스(UNILEX)에 포함된 CISG와 UPICC의 적용사례 통계를 비교 분석하여 UPICC가 CISG의 한계를 보완하는 기능을 담당할 수 있음은 물론이고, 더 나아가 국제상거래의 준거법으로서 적용에도 유용성이 있음을 밝혀 UPICC의 국제상거래에서의 적용을 촉진하고자 한다.

• 무역학회지
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• 제45권1호
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• pp.221-239
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• 2020

Among various export contracts, the contents of contracts are very important. Various companies make use of this method. [Which method are you talking about?] However, the Korean law system has an insufficient understanding of the international legal system. This paper looks into the conditions related to contracts in relation to the legal system. This paper analyzes not only the Korean civil law system about illegality of contracts but also makes a comparison with other international systems, such as the UNIDROIT Principles. Especially, the Korean civil law system about the illegality of contracts is comparable with the UNIDROIT Principles system about illegality of contracts. The purpose of this paper is to examine the revitalization of Illegality of Contract. This paper also deals with improvement of International Commercial Activation. Thus, this paper will offer directions to International Trade Practitioners. There is disagreement regarding methods of action related to international trade practice. Especially, this study is good for commercial parties, especially overseas sales people.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제12권
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• pp.85-106
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• 1999

To the extent that CISG and UNIDROIT Principles address the same issues, the rules laid down in the latter are normally taken either literally or at least in substance from the corresponding provisions of the former. Nevertheless, we may find cases where the latter depart from the former. The purpose of this paper is comparison of the two instruments, especially in part of contract formation. The result of this paper shows the fact that in the chapter of UNIDROIT Principles on formation provisions are included on the manner in which requirements that an offer and an acceptance must meet are more comprehensive, and in result a contract may be concluded more easily.

• 한국항만경제학회지
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.219-238
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• 2005

The purpose of this study is to analyze the concept, requirement and the effect of Force majeure and Hardship under the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contract. Under the UNIDROIT Principles Non-performance by a party is excused if that party proves that the non-performance was due to an impediment beyond its control and that it could not reasonably be expected to have taken the impediment into account at the time of the conclusion of the contract or to have avoided or overcome it or its consequence. There is hardship where the occurrence of events fundamentally alters the equilibrium of the contracts and the events occur or become known to the disadvantaged party after the conclusion of the contract; the events could not reasonably have been taken ito account by the disadvantaged party at the time of the conclusion of the contract; the events are beyond the control of the disadvantaged party; and the risk of the events was not assumed by the disadvantaged party.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제12권
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• pp.227-252
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• 1999

In this Article the writer introduces the origin and preparation of "the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts". In May 1994 the Governing Council of the UNIDROIT gave its formal imprimatur to the UNIDROIT Principles and recommended their widest possible distribution in practice. After brief discussion of the establishment procedure of the UNIDROIT Principles the writer discusses the legal nature of the Principles as an international restatement of contract law. The UNIDROIT Principles has more flexibility than international convention. But it has deficit in the sense of legal stability. Also the scope of application of the Principles was discussed. It can be applied only to the international commercial contracts. It includes two basic principles in it's application, i. e. "commercial contracts" and "international contracts". For the rest of the Article the writer concentrates on the contents of the Principles and the basic ideas underlying the Principles from the point of view of the comparision between the UNIDROIT Principles and "the UN Convention on the International Sale of Goods" (CISG). The UNIDROIT Principles are only restatements and the CISG is an international convention. The application of the CISG is obligatory due to its nature as an international convention. In the contrary the possibility of the application of the UNIDROIT Principles is more flexible. The UNIDROIT Principles is a more comprehensive instrument than CISG. Therefore it can be applied to all kinds of international commercial contracts. In the contrary the CISG can be applied only to international sales contract. Since CISG only deals with contracts for the sale of goods, and the scope of the UNIDROIT Principles is much wider, no overlap can occur where contracts other than sales contracts are concerned. Rather the UNIDROIT Principles can supplement the CISG and the CISG also can be criteria in interpreting the UNIDROIT Principles. As the conclusion the writer summarizes the meanings of the UNIDROIT Principles and presupposed the futur perspectives of the Principles.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제46권
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• pp.61-104
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• 2010

The purpose of this work aims to analyse the principles of good faith under international transaction with CLOUT and UNILEX cases. Article 7(1) CISG sets the stage for the interpretation by promoting a uniform approach using good faith and the international charter of the convention. In other words, article 7(1) defines the purpose and the principle of interpretation and is applied to the Convention as a whole. As such, it also includes article 7(2), which goes beyond the big picture and settles the problems of gap filling. It is also important to understanding that the mandate of the CISG is to look for a solution, which is not only restricted to interpretation but extends to solving a problem. The problem in this work is to find out how gap filling is achieved and, because of the autonomous mandate of interpretation, to explain and understand its relationship with domestic law. The solution to the interpretation of article 7(2) must be found within the four corners of the CISG. To restate, article 7(2) describes two situations where gap filling is needed. First, if the matter is governed by the Convention but not expressly settled, then a gap must be filled in conformity with general principles on which it is based. Second, if the matter is not covered then the gap must be filled taking domestic law into consideration. There are two reasons why a matter may not be covered by the Convention. First and most obviously, it has been specifically exclude from the sphere of Application by the CISG itself, such as validity in article 4. Second, changes in business methods will lead to gaps. The United Nations has established a service known as CLOUT. This contains abstracts of hundreds of selected decisions of both courts and arbitration tribunals. And UNILEX is cosponsored by the Italian Centre for Comparative and Foreign Law Studies and UNIDROIT Contract Principles. The cases are in abstract format, but, when available, the full text of the case in the original language is also supplied.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제57권
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• pp.3-34
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• 2013

In the international sales contract, long-term contracts often face hardship in fulfilling the original contract terms by relevant parties due to rapid change and uncertainty of political and economic circumstance. In this case, party who faces hardship of fulfillment terminates contract or demands adaptation to contract condition but if opponent doesn't accept this, it proceeds to commercial dispute needing legal interpretation. Generally it is wise to set forth governing law in contract between parties in the case of international contract, for legal stability. One of universal governing law which relevant parties select by agreement to solve economical hardship of fulfillment is PICC. PICC defines the hardship in detail for renegotiation on following hardship of fulfillment unexpected. In the case of failing renegotiation, Court(arbitral tribunal) conducts termination to contract or adaptation to contract condition through arbitration or mediation. In conclusion, when signing international long-term contract, it is desirous to handle dispute effectively by inserting provisions which can deal with economical hardship in contract or defining PICC as governing law in the case of hardship incurred. It is because it is realistic to handle dispute smoothly to the extent that both parties can be satisfied in the case of hardship incurred, though international contract should be fulfilled.