• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.612-620
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• 2006

Purpose. Smoking is the leading cause of death and smoking initiation rarely occurs after adolescence. Thus research on adolescent smoking is crucial. A consistent definition of smoking is important because inconsistent definitions make comparisons across studies an arduous task. Thus, the aim of the study was to suggest future research directions for smoking definitions after examining pitfalls in the literature. Methods. In this study the literature on adolescent smoking in the U.S. and South Korea was examined, and three types of smoking definitions were identified. Limitations in the studies are identified and future research directions are suggested. Results. In the U.S. literature, smoking definitions can be categorized into three groups: definitions based on stage models, smoking trajectories, and definitions derived from specific data. In the South Korean literature, various levels of smoking have not been differentiated. Conclusions. While the literature does not provide a definitive answer regarding the definition of smoking, it suggests three issues to consider for future research. First, multiple measures of smoking are more desirable than a one-time measure. Second, theory- or trajectory-based smoking definitions are more desirable than definitions derived from available data. Finally, regularity and amount of cigarette use should be incorporated in defining smoking behavior.

• Journal of Arbitration Studies
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.77-95
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• 2015

CISG provides a uniform framework for contracts of sale of goods between parties whose places of business are in different States. In 2004 South Korea became the 63th State around world to adopt CISG. Starting next year CISG goes into effect as the law that governs the contracts for international sale of goods, in respect of which CISG displaces the existing domestic civil and commercial codes of Korea. By its provision Article 1(a), CISG applies directly between Contracting States without reference to private international law. As South Korea's biggest trade partners including China, the U.S. and Japan are also parties to CISG, the number of such direct applications continuously increases. Now it is estimated, though roughly, that CISG governs about two-thirds of Korea's import and export trade of goods. The private survey of the author shows that up to now in South Korea there are 39 court cases decided by the first instance courts, 29 cases by the appellate court and six cases by the Supreme Court of South Korea. In nearly all these cases, CISG applied directly. Furthermore, currently CISG is, in several respects, influencing upon the revision of Korean civil code which is designed to modernize it: The revised draft published in 2013 adopts the rules on the revocation of offers provided in articles 15 and 16, the rule on the termination of offers provided in article 17 and the rule on the time that an acceptance takes its effect provided in article 18 of CISG. More importantly, in accordance with the rules taken by CISG, the revision draft no longer requires the existence of fault or negligence on behalf of the breaching party in order for the aggrieved party to void the contract, and the revised draft denies the right of avoidance for trivial, not fundamental, breaches of contract.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Aviation and Aeronautics
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.55-62
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• 2001

A safe and secure civil aviation system is a critical component of the nation's overall security, physical infrastructure, and economic foundation. Although it is not fully known at this time what actually occurred or which of the weaknesses in the nation's aviation security apparatus contributed to the terrible events of 11 September in the U.S.A., it is clear that serious weaknesses exist in our aviation security system including regulation system. Actually, defectiveness of regulations structure and contents concerned in aviation security were discussed in various studies. On this study, we have identified defectiveness in aviation security regulation system by the comparative study between 14 CFR and Korean regulations. Finally, we are to provide some suggestions and alternatives to improve aviation security regulation system in this country.

• Journal of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.52 no.5
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• pp.1097-1108
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• 2015

In this paper, we investigate p-biharmonic maps u : (M, g) $\rightarrow$ (N, h) from a Riemannian manifold into a Riemannian manifold with non-positive sectional curvature. We obtain that if ${\int}_M|{\tau}(u)|^{{\alpha}+p}dv_g$ < ${\infty}$ and ${\int}_M|d(u)|^2dv_g$ < ${\infty}$, then u is harmonic, where ${\alpha}{\geq}0$ is a nonnegative constant and $p{\geq}2$. We also obtain that any weakly convex p-biharmonic hypersurfaces in space formN(c) with $c{\leq}0$ is minimal. These results give affirmative partial answer to Conjecture 2 (generalized Chen's conjecture for p-biharmonic submanifolds).

• JSTS:Journal of Semiconductor Technology and Science
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.377-387
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• 2012

An intrinsic small signal equivalent circuit model of Cylindrical/Surrounded gate MOSFET is proposed. Admittance parameters of the device are extracted from circuit analysis and intrinsic circuit elements are presented in terms of real and imaginary parts of the admittance parameters. S parameters are then evaluated and justified with the simulated data extracted from 3D device simulation.

• Asian Journal of Innovation and Policy
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.195-211
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• 2021

This paper measures the economic impacts of the U.S. port investment strategies coping with the Panama Canal expansion. Using secondary import data, negative and positive estimates of the impacts were presented in this study. Reduced port activities into the West Coast Customs Districts negatively affect transportation and warehousing industries, among other effects. Still, they have simultaneous positive effects in other states from increased imports resulting from modal shifts and changes in the entry port located in the South and East coasts. This study applied the supply-driven National Interstate Economic Model that measures all interstate trade among the U.S. states to divert foreign imports from 15 Pacific Rim countries. For this purpose, the following assumption was adopted: larger ships using the canal will lead to a redirection of seaborne trade among U.S. (and other) ports and result in secondary effects, e.g., using different freight modes and regional growth spillovers. This study also accounted for the entry point change and significant port investments for foreign trade under alternative scenarios. The choice of ports for international trade depends on decisions about how to minimize multimodal delivery costs. The total direct reduction of transportation and warehousing activities associated with foreign imports in the West Coast ports was estimated at $3.3 billion, leading to total negative effects of $5.8 billion. Total positive impacts from the shift of transportation modes with the choice of an entry port and new warehousing activities for foreign imports in the selected 12 states varied. As expected, states that involved an entry port had the most prominent benefits, but Texas, New York, and New Jersey may be benefited through all the port enhancement projects in the U.S. Also, except for Transportation and Postal, and Warehousing industries, Construction is another dominant positive affected industry of the Canal expansion in the U.S.

• Journal of Internet Computing and Services
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.83-89
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• 2021

The RMF (Cyber Security Risk Management Framework) is a more strengthened U.S. defense cybersecurity framework that is currently used throughout the U.S. federal government beyond the defense sector. In the past decade, the proportion of cyber warfare in non-regular warfare encountered by the United States, especially cyberattacks caused by China and North Korea, has been increasing. In the end, the U.S. is newly establishing an RMF system to prepare a more strengthened cybersecurity policy at the pan-government level, and the U.S. Department of Defense aims to expand the U.S. defense RMF evaluation policy beyond the federal government level. The South Korean military has already applied RMF at the request of the U.S. that notified the policy to apply RMF when obtaining F-35A. The application of RMF by the Korean military is no longer inevitable. Now is the time for the Korean military to seriously think about what to prepare for the early establishment of a successful Korean RMF system.

• Proceedings of the Korean Geotechical Society Conference
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• 2010.09c
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• pp.117-124
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• 2010

In the field of soil and groundwater remediation, sustainability was merged into remediation process and green remediation was initiated within the concept of sustainable development. Green remediation was defined and has been already applied to the remediation fields in U.S. In the case of Europe, green remediation has been evaluated for the application of green technology in the remediation industry and they especially defined sustainable remediation following idea of sustainable development. Although green and sustainable remediation is global trends, there are only a few cases about application of green remediation in South Korea. It is needed to develop soil and groundwater remediation technology towards green remediation, considering "Green Growth" as policy direction in South Korea.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Navigation and Port Research Conference
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• v.1
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• pp.525-528
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• 2006

South Korea has about 80 permanent GPS stations, being used for a variety of applications such as DGPS, RTK, survey and geodesy. Some of them are installed in or near the coastal area for the purpose of maritime navigation. But, until recently, none of them are used for tide gauge benchmark monitoring. In order to monitor the absolute sea level changes, it is necessary to monitor the land uplift or subsidence occurring at tide gauge sites. It is a common practice to use GPS stations installed at tide gauges to determine absolute sea level. This collaborative efforts coordinated by IGS are called TIGA Pilot Project. Many countries including U.S., Canada, European Union nations, Australia and Japan are participating in TIGA, but South Korea is not a member yet. Recently, we established continuously operating GPS stations at tide gauges located in Incheon and Jeju to monitor the movement of tide gauges sites. This paper will introduce goals and progress of the efforts.

• International Journal of Costume and Fashion
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.19-37
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• 2015

Expanding upon Zhang and Kim's (2013) study involving Chinese consumers, this study investigated key factors that influence U.S. consumers' attitude towards purchasing luxury fashion goods and purchase intent and examined what similarities and differences exist between the two consumer groups in relation to the key factors. A total of 414 respondents completed the online survey questionnaire. Structural Equation Modeling was utilized to analyze data. Brand consciousness, materialism, fashion innovativeness, and fashion involvement were significant factors that affect U.S. consumers' attitude towards luxury fashion goods. Overall, the findings of the current study were greatly inconsistent with Zhang and Kim's Chinese study. The inconsistency provides vital implications to luxury fashion retailers by showing that one size does not fit all and one strategy does not fit all markets.