• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.133-134
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• 1982

This experiment has been made to investigate the absorption of watersoluble zinc chloride by Pinus densiflora S. et Z. at different moisture content, under soaking process, to decide the optimum content condition for the maximum absorption of zinc chloride by the wood tested and to investigate the concentration of zinc chloride affecting each moisture content of wood. Material was cut in the Dept. of Forest, College of Agr. S.N.U. Suwon, Korea. Sample was divided into sap and heartwood group and cut $2{\times}2{\times}2\;cm$ in size, having exact three dimensions, using the part of D.B.H. The numbers of sample were 20 pieces for each moisture content condition for both sap and heartwood. Especially, the samples were protected from exposure to keep moisture content in green condition. The ranges of moisture content tested were as the table 3 and 4. The conclusions were as follows: 1. With 3% zinc chloride solution, the rate of absorption decreased with the time increased, if the air seasoned Korean red pine (Pinus densiflora S. et Z.) was treated in steeping process. Initial absorption for 30 minutes was more than 50% of total absorpon for 24 hours. 2. Rate of absorption was same under the green condition, while rate of absorption under the moisture content 7 to 30% varied. 3. Although it was not quite proportional change in the absorption with the difference of moisture content, the great change in the absorption occured by seasoning. With exception sap green condition, sapwood twice more permeable than the heartwood in the oven dried condition and it has been observed the nearly same amount of absorption at the moisture content of 7%, 10% and 15% respectively in heartwood. 4. It was better from water in wood from view-point of absorption of zinc chloride solution, but it was difficult practically to obtain the smallest moisture content, and then it was decided that values of allowable moisture content, on the basis of mean absorption, were 15% to 20% in the sapwood, and in the heartwood, 10% to 15%. The mean absorption for each moisture content in the sap and the heartwood were as following. 5. In general, the concentration of zinc chloride after steeping was nearly same between moisture content and sap and heartwood respectively.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Near Infrared Spectroscopy Conference
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• 2001.06a
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• pp.1523-1523
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• 2001

The wine industry requires practical methods for objectively measuring the composition of both red wine grapes on the vine to determine optimal harvest time; and of freshly harvested grapes for efficient allocation to vinery process streams for particular red wine products, and to determine payment of contract grapegrowers. To be practical for industry application these methods must be rapid, inexpensive and accurate. In most cases this restricts the analyses available to measurement of TSS (total soluble solids, predominantly sugars) by refractometry and pH by electropotentiometry. These two parameters, however, do not provide a comprehensive compositional characterization for the purpose of winemaking. The concentration of anthocyanin pigment in red wine grapes is an accepted indicator of potential wine quality and price. However, routine analysis for total anthocyanins is not considered as a practical option by the wider wine industry because of the high cost and slow turnaround time of this multi-step wet chemical laboratory analysis. Recent work by this ${group}^{l,2}$ has established the capability of near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy to provide rapid, accurate and simultaneous measurement of total anthocyanins, TSS and pH in red wine grapes. The analyses may be carried out equally well using either research grade scanning spectrometers or much simpler reduced spectral range portable diode-array based instrumentation. We have recently expanded on this work by collecting thousands of red wine grape samples in Australia. The sample set spans two vintages (1999 and 2000), five distinct geographical winegrowing regions and three main red wine grape varieties used in Australia (Cabernet Sauvignon, Shiraz and Merlot). Homogenized grape samples were scanned in diffuse reflectance mode on a FOSE NIR Systems6500 spectrometer and subject to laboratory analysis by the traditional methods for total anthocyanins, TSS and pH. We report here an analysis of the correlations between the NIR spectra and the laboratory data using standard chemometric algorithms within The Unscrambler software package. In particular, various subsets of the total data set are considered in turn to elucidate the effects of vintage, geographical area and grape variety on the measurement of grape composition by NIR spectroscopy. The relative ability of discrete calibrations to predict within and across these differences is considered. The results are then used to propose an optimal calibration strategy for red wine grape analysis.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.22 no.2 s.73
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• pp.131-143
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• 2004

Given a path represented by a sequence of link numbers in a graph, the vine is differentiated from the loop in a sense that any link number can be visited in the path no more than once, while more than once in the loop. The vine provides a proper idea on complicated travel patterns such as U-turn and P-turn witnessed near intersections in urban transportation networks. Application of the link label method(LLM) to the shortest Path algorithms(SPA) enables to take into account these vine travel features. This study aims at expanding the LLM to a K-th path search algorithm (KPSA), which adopts the node-based-label correcting method to find a group of K number of paths. The paths including the vine type of travels are conceptualized as drivers reasonable route choice behaviors(RRCB) based on non-repetition of the same link in the paths, and the link-label-based MPSA is proposed on the basis of the RRCB. The small-scaled network test shows that the algorithm sequence works correctly producing multiple paths satisfying the RRCB. The large-scaled network study detects the solution degeneration (SD) problem in case the number of paths (K) is not sufficient enough, and the (K-1) dimension algorithm is developed to prevent the SD from the 1st path of each link, so that it may be applied as reasonable alternative route information tool, an important requirement of which is if it can generate small number of distinct alternative paths.

• ALGAE
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.293-301
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• 2004

A chain-forming toxic din flagellate, Gymnodinium catenatum (Graham) was known as a paralytic toxin-producer among Gymnodinoid group. In the study, the effects of water temperature, salinity and irradiance on the growth of G. catenatum isolated from Yeosuhae Bay, Korea were investigated. Water temperature range in which G. catenatum showed specific growth rate higher than 0.3 day$^{-1}$ were above about 18${^{\circ}C}$. However, salinity did not have such an effect on growth of G. catenatum. The maximum growth rate (0.5 day$^{-1}$) was obtained at 25${^{\circ}C}$ and 30 psu. The specific growth rate (u) expressed as a polynomial equation as functions of temperature (T; ${^{\circ}C}$) and salinity (S; psu) was $\mu$ = 0.005·T$^2$ - 0.0001164 T$^3$ - 0.063-S + 0.005-S$^2$ - 0.00007608-S$^3$ - 0.003-T-S + 0.00005308-T$^2$-S. Thus, in aspects of water temperature and salinity, the species may be expected to survive in most Korean coastal waters from early summer to autumn. The irradiance-growth curve was described as = 0.16 (I - 10.4)/(1 + 21.8) at 18${^{\circ}C}$ and 30 psu, indicating a half-saturation (Ks) photon flux density (PFD) of 42.6$\mu$mol m$^{-2}s^{-1}$ and compensation PFD (I$_0$) of 10.4$\mu$mol m$^{-2}s^{-1}$. These characteristic responses to irradiance suggest that G. catenatum can reside at the sub-surface.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.395-406
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• 1997

Some RE (Zr, Nb, REE) ore deposits are located in the middle part of the Korean peninsula. Geotectonically, the RE ore deposits situated on the Kyemyeongsan Formation of northern margin of the Okcheon geosynclinal belt and in the transitional zone between Kyeonggi massif and Okcheon belt. The rare metal deposits distributed in Kyemyeongsan Formation which consists of schist and alkaline granite. The alkali granite has suffered extensive post-magmatic metasomatism and hydrothermal processes. The ore contains mainly Ce-La, Ta-Nb, Y, Y-Nb, Ti-Nb-(U), Nd-Th group minerals. Fergusonite, one of Nb-Y rich REE minerals belonging to the A-B oxides, is most common mineral in the rare metal deposits. The fergusonite bearing rocks may be devided into four types by occurrence features and mineral association, that is, zircon type, allanite vein, feldspar type, and fluorite type. Fergusonites show wide variations in optical properties, due to part of differences in their chemical composition (depending on the types), but also the degree of crystalinity of the individual specimens. Fergusonite metamicts enclosed in biotite are generally surrounded by well developed pleochroic haloes. Usually, fergusonite is accompanied with zircon and other REE-bearing minerals. Petrographical and chemical data are presented for fergusonites which collected different types. $Nb_2O_3$ and $Y_2O_3$ contents range from 48.51 to 53.01 wt.% and 29.18 to 42.02 wt.% respectively. Also, $ThO_2$, (1.83~6.93), $UO_2$, (0.17~2.84), ${\sum}RE_2O_3$ (except to Y) (1.11~8.73), and $TiO_2$, (0.19~1.19 wt.%) contents show variational compositions according to fergusonite types. The ${\sum}RE_2O_3$ of fergusonites are positive relation with $Y_2O_3$ and negative relaton with $ThO_2$ and $({\sum}{RE_2O_3}-{Y_2O_3})$. The $Nb_2O_3$ is sightly negative relation with $Ta_2O_3$. Back-scattered electron microscope images (BEI) of fergusonite show the mineral composition and textural feature is very complicated. The variation of Nb, Th and REE content of fergusonite and the modes of occurrence of mineral, suggests that REE may have been mobilized during the circulation of hydrothermal fluids related to contact metamorphism (metasomatism). The chemical variation of the fergusonites with occurrences and mineral association can be related to metasomatism of alkaline fluid was probably the dominant ore-forming process in Chungju district.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.183-190
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• 1994

To assess the effects of plant stress by light, temperature, NaCl and soil moisture on photosynthetic activity, the fluorescence method was used for Chinese cabbage(Brassica perkinensis Rupr.), strawberry(Fragaria grandiflora Ehrh.) and citrus tree(Citrus unshiu Marc.). With decreasing the light intensity, Fv/Fm ratios of intact leaves of Chinese cabbage and strawberry increased significantly, indicating lower photochemical efficiency in PS II system, resulting in an inverse relationship with the photosynthetic activity. Chinese cabbage and strawberry that were grown at higher temperature had higher Fv/Fm ratios and photosynthetic activities, while those given high concentration of NaCl and having low soil moisture had lower values. Chinese cabbage more resistant to salt stress and requiring more water had a greater Fv/Fm ratio than strawberry. In citrus tree, Fv/Fm ratio was lower in the non-irrigated group than the irrigated one. From these results, the fluorescence method was found to be a useful tool which can be used to assess the degree of in vivo stress induced by various environmental factors.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.74-84
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• 2020

This study was conducted to discover the meaning and the essential structure of the experiences of nursing students' introductory clinical practice. The participants were eight nursing students who had carried out the introductory clinical practice at a hospital. The data was collected from July 15 2019 to July 31, 2019 through focus group discussions and in-depth individual interviews using non-structured questionnaires. The data was analyzed by Colaizzi's phenomenological analysis methodology. The introductory clinical practice experienced by nursing students was categorized as followed: 'Feel worried and concern about expectations at the same time', 'Hospital experience as reality', 'Becoming accustomed to complexed emotion's, 'The first step of becoming a nurse', and 'Preparation for the future'. The five categories were expanded in the same context according to time. The essential structure of the clinical introductory practice experiences of the nursing students revealed by the study is that they begin to practice feeling worried and concerned about expectations, and concern about experience and adaption to various situations, emotions and preparation for the future. Based on the results obtained from this study, it is necessary to develop a realistic and effective education program before starting clinical practice.

• Journal of Korean Traditional Oncology
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.119-134
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• 2006

Shiquandabutang is very famous prescription for tonifying vital energy. We examined the anti-metatstastic effect of Shiquandabutang with in vitro invasion assay model. We performed the following experiments and the results are listed below:Cell viability assay was carried to determine the dose of Shiquandabutang. At lower dose under 200 ${\mu}g/m{\ell}$ (89.6%) viability was very high. But, viability downed as dose grows. At the dose of 600 ${\mu}g/m{\ell}$ (54.2%) viability was almost half of that of control. And at high dose of 1000 ${\mu}g/m{\ell}$ (15.8%) viability was very pure. In BrdU incorporation assay, Shiquandabutang treated groups showed the decreased DNA synthesis rate compared with control group.(200 ${\mu}g/m{\ell}$ (64.4%), 400 ${\mu}g/m{\ell}$ (7.3%)) The results of gelatinase assay showed that Shiquandabutang decreases the gelatinolytic activity of MMP-9. We examined tube formation assay and the result was that Shiquandabutang ihhibits the tube formation at the dose of 200 ${\mu}g/m{\ell}$ and 400 ${\mu}g/m{\ell}$. We examined rat aortic ring assay and the result was that Shiquandabutang ihhibits the angiogenesis of the rat aortic ring at the dose of 400 ${\mu}g/m{\ell}$. From our research, part of the mechanism underlying anti-metastastic effect of Shiquandabutang was proven in vitro. Moreover, we knew that Shiquandabutang is more effectively inhibits the angiogenesis at high dose.

• Journal of the korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.8-15
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• 1983

1960년초 이래 우리나라는 고도의 경제성장을 이룩하게 되었으며 이러한 경제성장에 따른 산업화 사회의 특징인 공업화 도시화 인구집중 현상은 우리나라에도 심각한 환경오염 문제를 야기시켜 왔다. 또한 같은 기간동안 자동차의 보유대수 역시 급격한 증가를 보여왔던바, 1962년 30,000 대에서 1982년도 자동차 등록대수는 약 640,000대로 증가하게 되었으며 대부분의 자동차가 대 도시에 집중되어 있다. 특히 전체 차량의 40%가 집중되어 있는 서울시의 경우에는 자동차 배 출가스로 인한 대기오염문제가 도시민의 건강과 재산에 많은 피해를 일으키게 되었다. 우리나 라는 선진 외국의 대도시에 비해 자동차의 1일 주행거리가 3배 내지 5배를 더 주행하고 있고 자동차 배출가스 기준의 완화, 노후차량의 증가, 도로율의 불황 및 도로조건의 불비 등은 도시 중심천의 자동차 집중현상과 함께 자동차 배출가스로 인한 대기오염 문제가 보다 더 심각하게 우려되었고, 따라서 자동차 배출가스규제 강화의 필연성이 계속해서 주장되어 왔다. 자동차로 인한 공해문제는 1940년도 후반 미국 남부 California 지방에서 광화학스모그의 발생과 함께 거 론되기 시작하였으나 본격적으로 문제가 제기된 것은 급격한 자동차 증가로 인한 도시민의 건 강피해가 발생하기 시작한 것은 1960년대이다. 처음으로 규제되기 시작한 것은 1965년 미국에서 "자동차 오염방지법"의 제정부터이며 1968년부터 자동차 배출가스에 대한 규제가 시작되었다. 한편 일본은 1973년, 유럽에서는 1975년부터 일산화탄소, 탄화수소, 질소산화물 및 매연에 대한 규제를 시작하게 되었다. 우리나라에서는 "도로운송차량법"에서 도로교통의 안전과 질서유지라는 측면에서 일부 규제하여 오다가 1977년말 "환경보전법"이 제정 공포되면서 1980년 1월 환경정의 발족과 함께 실제로 자동차 배출가스를 규제하게 되었다.발족과 함께 실제로 자동차 배출가스를 규제하게 되었다.을 SUP7H종으로 더욱 향상된 것이 실용 화되고 있다. 아래에서 이에 대한 기계적 특성을 중심으로 검토키로 한다.9%내인 0.07cm 정도였으나 1973년과 1974년의 방축년에는 조차 3개 처리구(3.4-5.18cm)에 필적되는 연평균 4.16cm로 나타났다. 5. 전체 시험구로부터으 연평균 토양유실량은 Sharpsburg 점질양토에 대한 S.C.S 한계허용치 10ton/ha/year 이내로 나타났다. 비처리구에서의 토양유실량은 평균 2.56ton/ha/year로 높게 나타난 반면 3개의 서로 다른 추리구인 비수구, 초생수로구 및 Bromegrass구에서는 각각 0.152, 0.192 및 0.290ton/ha/year로 낮은 결과를 가져왔다. 6. 평균 침전량에 대한 L.S.D. 검정 걸과 전시험구중 비처리구가 고도의 유의차를 나타낸 반면 비수구, 초생수로구 및 Bromegrass 목초구 간에는 아무런 유의차가 인정되지 않았다. 7. 농지보전 처리구인 배수구와 초생수로구는 비처리구에 비해 낮은 침두 유출량과 낮은 토양유실량을 나타내었다.구보다 14% 절감되는 것으로 나타났다.작용하는 것으로 사료된다.된다.정량 분석한 결과이다. 시편의 조성은 33.6 at% U, 66.4 at% O의 결과를 얻었다. 산화물 핵연료의 표면 관찰 및 정량 분석 시험시 시편 표면을 전도성 물질로 증착시키지 않고, Silver Paint 에 시편을 접착하는 방법으로도 만족한 시험 결과를 얻을 수 있었다.째, 회복기 중에 일어나는 입자들의 유입은 자기폭풍의 지속시간을 연장시키는 경향을 보이며 큰 자기폭풍일수록 현저했다. 주상에서 관측된 이러한 특성은 서브스톰 확장기 활동이 자기폭풍의 발달과 밀접한 관계가 있음을 시사한다.se that were all low in two aspects, named "the Nonsignificant group". And the issues were high risk perception in

• Proceedings of the KSAR Conference
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• 2001.03a
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• pp.74-74
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• 2001

난자 동결방법의 선별은 보다 효과적인 난자은행의 개발에 필수 불가결한 중요한 요소이다. 이전의 연구에서 마우스의 난자를 ethylene glycol과 electron microscope grid를 이용한 유리화 동결법으로 동결 융해한 결과 기존의 slow freezing 방법에서보다 높은 생존율과 배발달율이 나타남을 관찰하였다. 그러나 동결융해후의 난자는 방추사와 염색체의 이상성이 대조군에 비해 높은 빈도로 나타나 융해후의 배발달율을 감소시키는 것으로 보고되었다. 이에 본 연구에서는 유리화동결법동안 항동해제에 Cytoskeleton system을 안정화시키는 cytoskeleton stabilizer인 taxol을 첨가시킨후 동결시켰을때 생존율과 발달율을 개선시킬 수 있는지 알아보고자 본 실험을 시행하였다. ICR mouse의 성숙란을 채취하여 연구목적에 따라 taxol을 첨가시키지 않은 대조군과 첨가시킨 실험군으로 분류하였다. 동결방법은 난자를 1.5 M ethylene glycol (EG)에 2분 30초간 노출시킨후 5.5 M EG와 1 M sucrose가 첨가된 동결액에 20초간 노출시킨 후 Grid에 난자를 부착시킨후 직접 액체질소에 침지하여 동결하였다. 동결후 난자는 5단계로 융해를 실시한 후 정자와 체외수정을 시킨 후 수정된 난자는 modified P1 배약액에 124 h까지 발달율을 관찰하였고, 배양 후 발달된 배반포는 대조군과 실험군, 각각 4마리의 발정동기화된 recipient에 이식을 시행하였다. 배발달율은 대조군에 비해 실험군에서 4세포기 (48 vs. 84.4%), 8세포기 (34% vs. 70.6%), 상실배 (26% vs. 58.6%) 그리고 배반포 발달율은 (24% vs. 58.6%)로 높게 관찰되었다. 배아이식후 대조군과 실험군에서 각각 2 마리가 임신이되어 정상적인 산자를 분만하였다. 따라서 항동해제에 taxol의 첨가는 동결 융해후의 난자의 배발달율을 증진시킬 수 있었다..8%로 나타나 난할율 및 배반포 발생율에 있어서 융합조건에 따라 큰 차이는 없었으나 1.9㎸/cm, 30$\mu\textrm{s}$ 2회의 조건이 다른 조건들에 비하여 유의적으로 낮았다. 따라서, 체세포와 수핵란 세포질간의 융합율과 배반포 발생에 미치는 영향은 전압보다는 시간에 더 크게 받음을 알 수 있었으며, 이와 같은 결과에서 융합시 시간을 오래 주는 것보다 전압을 높이는 것이 수핵난자의 세포질에 상해를 줄이고 이후 배반포 발생에 유리할 것으로 사료되었다.면에서도 더욱 더 활발할 것으로 기대된다. 배란후 72시간째에 초음파진단기를 이용하여 난소의 난포발달을 조사한 결과 , 대조구와 bFF처리구에 비해 AI처리구에서 발달난포가 유의적으로 많은 것을 확인하였다. 이상과 같은 결과로, Anti-inhibin serum은 한우 자체에서 분비하는 Inhibin을 특이하게 억제하여 Inhibin에 의해 억제되는 FSH분비가 촉진됨으로써 난포발달과 estrogen의 농도가 촉진되는 것으로 사료되어 anti-inhibin serum이 한우의 과배란유기 효과가 있는 것으로 사료된다.정량 분석한 결과이다. 시편의 조성은 33.6 at% U, 66.4 at% O의 결과를 얻었다. 산화물 핵연료의 표면 관찰 및 정량 분석 시험시 시편 표면을 전도성 물질로 증착시키지 않고, Silver Paint 에 시편을 접착하는 방법으로도 만족한 시험 결과를 얻을 수 있었다.째, 회복기 중에 일어나는 입자들의 유입은 자기폭풍의 지속시간을 연장시키는 경향을 보이며 큰 자기폭풍일수록 현저했다. 주상에서 관측된 이러한 특성은 서브스톰 확장기 활동이 자기폭풍의 발달과 밀접한 관계가 있음을 시사한다.se that were all low in two aspects, named "the Nonsignificant group". And the issues were high risk perception in general setting and