• Journal of Life Science
• /
• v.31 no.3
• /
• pp.305-313
• /
• 2021

This study verified the antioxidant and whitening activities of a Pinus koraiensis extract (PK) and a Hibiscus cannabinus L. extract (HC), and further evaluated the interaction of the extract ingredients when mixed at a 1:1 ratio (PKHC). The electron-donating and ABTS+ radical scavenging activities of the PKHC extract at 1,000 ㎍/ml concentration were 93.7% and 94%, respectively, indicating a higher efficacy than achieved with either extract alone. Measurements of the tyrosinase the activities in response to PK, HC, and PKHC extracts at 1,000 ㎍/ml concentrations showed inhibitions of 40%, 27.5%, and 43%, respectively, confirming a higher efficacy of the mixture due to the synergistic action of the ingredients. The cell toxicity values in melanoma cells treated with PK, HC, and PKHC at 1,000 ㎍/ml concentration were 87.4%, 80.2%, and 98%, confirming a higher viability in cells treated with the mixture due to antagonism. The expression of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), tyrosinase-related protein-1 (TRP-1), tyrosinase-related protein-2 (TRP-2), and tyrosinase protein expression determined by Western blotting decreased by 53.9%, 64.8%, 67.3%, and 56.1%, respectively, when PKHC was administered at a concentration of 100 ㎍/ml. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT- PCR) results also showed that PKHC at a concentration of 100 ㎍/ml inhibited the mRNA expression of MITF, TRP-1, TRP-2, and tyrosinase mRNA by 54.4%, 64.9%, 66.6%, and 63.1%, respectively. Taken together, the data confirmed the antioxidant and whitening effect of the PKHC extract and verified the possibility that this extract mixture has great potential as a cosmetic ingredient.

• Journal of Life Science
• /
• v.32 no.3
• /
• pp.222-231
• /
• 2022

This study aimed to confirm the possibility of being used as a cosmetic material material through the verification of the whitening and anti-inflammatory activities of an ethyl acetate fraction from Glechoma hederacea var. longituba (GHEA). The observed electron donating and ABTS⁺ radical scavenging abilities of GHEA were 89.6% and 88.7%, respectively, at 1,000 ㎍/ml concentration, with a tyrosinase inhibitory effect of 22.3% at the same concentration. For cell viability, a rate of 80% or more was observed in all concentrations that treated GHEA on melanoma and macrophage cells. Protein and mRNA expression inhibition was measured by Western blot and RT-PCR for 25, 50, and 100 ㎍/ ml concentrations, and it was confirmed that expression decreases in a concentration-dependent manner as GHEA concentration increases. The inhibition of the whitening-related factors MITF and TRP-2 were superior following GHEA treatment than those of the control group treated with kojic acid of 100 ㎍/ml concentration. For tyrosinase, the lowest mRNA expression rate was 29.1% at 100 ㎍/ml which confirmed excellent inhibition. In analyzing the effects of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α on protein and mRNA expression, IL-6 and TNF-α showed high protein and mRNA inhibition compared to a vitamin C control group. Based on these experimental results, GHEA could be applied as a natural cosmetic material.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.44 no.12
• /
• pp.1905-1911
• /
• 2015

Melanin is one of the most important factors affecting skin color. Melanogenesis is the bioprocess of melanin production by melanocytes in the skin and hair follicles and is mediated by several enzymes, such as tyrosinase, tyrosinase related protein (TRP)-1, and TRP-2. Convenient enzymatic transformation of the simple phenol pyrogallol with polyphenol oxidase originating from pear to an oxidative product, purpurogallin, was efficient. The structure of the pyrogallol oxidation product was identified on the basis of spectroscopic methods. The biotransformation product purpurogallin showed significant inhibitory effects against both melanin synthesis and tyrosinase activity in a dose-dependent manner in B16 melanoma cells. In addition, purpurogallin significantly attenuated melanin production by inhibiting TRP-1, and TRP-2 expression through modulation of their corresponding transcription factors, and microphthalamia- associated transcription factor in B16 cells. Consequently, purpurogallin derived from convenient enzymatic transformation of pyrogallol might be a beneficial material for reducing skin hyperpigmentation.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
• /
• v.65 no.3
• /
• pp.231-237
• /
• 2022

Biorenovation is a method that converts existing compounds into new compounds through the enzymatic action of microorganisms. Biorenovation has expected effects such as reducing toxicity of compounds and increasing their activity. In this study, we successfully synthesized Luteolin-7-O-glucoside (L7G) through biorenovation and investigated its inhibitory effect on melanin production in α-Melanocyte stimulating hormone induced B16F10 mouse melanoma cells. We confirmed that Luteolin was toxic at 50, 100 and 200 µM, but our L7G in same concentration was not toxic for B16F10 mouse melanoma cells and also showed significant reduction in melanin production and tyrosinase activity. In addition, while investigating the effect of L7G on factors involved in melanin synthesis through western blotting, we were able to confirm that the MITF and tyrosinase protein synthesis was inhibited in treatment with L7G, however, tyrosinase related protein-1 (TRP-1) and dopachrome tautomerase (TRP-2) expression was not affected. So we derived a conclusion that through biorenovation we could produce compounds like L7G with improved activity and reduced toxicity for possible use as an active ingredient with whitening functionality in cosmetics.It also suggests that the application of biorenovation has potential usefulness in developing anti-inflammatory materials. It also suggests that the application of bio-renovation has potential usefulness in the development of inflammatory material. We applied Biorenovation technology to Distylium racemosum extract (DR) to generate Distylium racemosum biorenovation product (DRB), and investigated the anti-inflammatory properties of DRB in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated RAW264.7 macrophages. We are applying technology to Biorenovation Distylium racemosum extract (DR) Distylium racemosum was to create a biorenovation product (DRB), lipopolysaccharide (LPS) investigated the anti-inflammatory properties of DRB in RAW264.7 macrophages treated for.

• KSBB Journal
• /
• v.25 no.5
• /
• pp.478-482
• /
• 2010

Inhibitory melanogenesis by Bambusae caulis in Teaniam (Phyllostaachys nigra var. henonis Stapf) was studied. Tyrosinase inhibition activities were evaluated with six different extracts. Among them the extract with methanol showed the highest tyrosinase activity inhibition. MTT assay with B16 melanoma showed that the extract was not toxic up to the concentration of 50 ppm. The melanogenesis was clearly inhibited by the extract when it was examined by the melanin content assay in the cell. When the extract was dosed as 10 ppm, the melanogenesis was reduced to 68% in culture medium and 74% in the cell. By the proteome analysis with 2-D electrophoresis, 171 protein spots were found in the control gel and 282 spots were detected in the sample gel. Among 120 spot proteins matched, 12 spots were identified as proteins involved in the melanogenesis mechanism.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
• /
• v.50 no.2
• /
• pp.277-282
• /
• 2022

Whitening effect of the extract of Phaseolus angularis (PA) shell was investigated for its potential application as a functional ingredient for cosmetic products. The tyrosinase inhibitory effect, which is related to whitening, was 76.4% at a concentration of 1,000 ㎍/ml. Cell viability of melanoma cells was measured to test toxicity of the PA shell extract at concentrations showing at least 90% viability. In addition, western blot and RT-PCR assays of the PA shell extract showed concentration-dependent decreases of MITF, TRP-1, TRP-2 and tyrosinase protein and inhibitory effect of mRNA expression. These findings suggested that extract from PA shell has great potential as a cosmeceutical ingredient with whitening effect.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
• /
• v.49 no.4
• /
• pp.485-492
• /
• 2021

In this study, the whitening effect of Abelmoschus esculentus extract was investigated to confirm its applicability in cosmetics. To determine the whitening effect, the tyrosinase-inhibitory activity of Abelmoschus esculentus hot water extract (AEWE) and 70% ethanol extract (AEEE) was measured. At the final concentration of 1000 ㎍/ml, AEWE showed an inhibitory activity of 22.2% and AEEE of 32.8%. To determine the whitening effect at the cellular level, the viability of melanoma cells treated with AEWE and AEEE was evaluated using the MTT assay. At concentrations of 100 ㎍/ml or less, both AEWE- and AEEE-treated groups showed cell survival rates of >95%. Furthermore, in both AEWE- and AEEE-treated melanoma cells, the melanin content decreased in a concentration-dependent manner. The inhibitory effects of AEWE and AEEE used at 5, 10, 50, and 100 ㎍/ml on protein expression were measured by western blot, with β-actin as the positive control. At a concentration of 100 ㎍/ml, AEWE showed an inhibitory effect of 88.1%, 24.8%, 62.2%, and 42.9% on microphthalmia-associated transcription factors (MITF), tyrosinase, tyrosinase-related proteins (TRP)-1, and TRP-2 factors, respectively. At the same concentration, AEEE showed inhibitory effect of 65.3%, 58.3%, 66.2%, and 65.3% against MITF, tyrosinase, TRP-1, and TRP-2 factors, respectively. In conclusion, the whitening effects of AEWE and AEEE were verified, and their applicability as a natural ingredient in cosmetics was confirmed.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
• /
• v.48 no.4
• /
• pp.556-563
• /
• 2020

The purpose of this study was to verify the antioxidant and whitening effects of fermented Ambrosia trifida L. extract (ATFE) and to verify its usefulness as a cosmetic material. The antioxidant effects were measured by assessing the electron-donating capacity and 2,2-azino-bis(3-ethyl-benthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging ability of these extracts. ATFE was shown to have an electron-donation capacity of 68.4% at a concentration of 1000 ㎍/ml. While its ABTS+ radical scavenging ability was shown to be 58.7% at the same concentration. The ATFE tyrosinase inhibitory effect, which is related to skin-whitening, was shown to be 32.35% at a concentration of 1000 ㎍/ml and a cell viability assay using melanoma cells showed a 14.8% reduction in cell viability at a concentration of 100 ㎍/ml. Surviving cells were then used in western blot analyses to evaluate the protein inhibitory effects of ATFE at 25, 50, 100 ㎍/ml where β-actin was used as a positive control. The whitening effects of these extracts were also evaluated by western blot and show that the expression of microphthalmia-associated transcription factors, Tyrosinase-related proteins (TRP)-1, TRP-2 and Tyrosinase were all inhibited, 51.14%, 55.4%, 38.6%, 83.77% respectively, at 100 ㎍/ml ATFE. The efficacy of the whitening effects was verified and the suitability of ATFE as a cosmetic material was assured.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
• /
• v.35 no.3
• /
• pp.243-250
• /
• 2009

To develop a new natural whitening agent for cosmetics, we investigated the inhibitory effects of Poria cocos Bark extracts (PCBE) and its active compound on melanogenesis. PCBE showed ROS scavenging activities in 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical and xanthine/xanthine oxidase system with the $IC_{50}$ values of $19.4{\pm}2.21{\mu}g$/mL and $IC_{50}=103{\pm}3.33{\mu}g$/mL, respectively. PCBE reduced intracellular tyrosinase activity about 34 % at concentration of $50{\mu}g$/mL. And PCBE reduced melanin contents of B16 melanoma cells about 51 % at concentration of $50{\mu}g$/mL without cell cytotoxicity (below $100{\mu}g$/mL). We purified one active compound from PCBE and identified its structure. It was identified as 3-$\beta$-hydroxylanosta-7,9(11),24-trien-4-oic acid, triterpene family, by $^1H$-NMR, $^{13}C$-NMR and Mass analysis. 3-$\beta$-hydroxylanosta-7,9(11),24-trien-4-oic acid showed ROS scavenging activities in DPPH radical and xanthine/xanthine oxidase system with the $IC_{50}$ values of $4.3{\pm}0.15{\mu}g$/mL and $54{\pm}1.67{\mu}g$/mL, respectively. Also, it was shown that 3-$\beta$-hydroxylanosta-7,9(11),24-trien-4-oic acid reduced intracellular tyrosinase activity about 43 % at concentration of $10{\mu}g$/mL. And it inhibited melanin synthesis in a dose dependent manner ($IC_{50}=3.6{\mu}g$/mL) without cell cytotoxicity (below $100{\mu}g$/mL). 3-$\beta$-hydroxylanosta-7,9(11),24-trien-4-oic acid inhibited tyrosinase, TRP-1 and TRP-2 expression at protein level. These results suggest that PCBE and 3-$\beta$-hydroxylanosta-7,9(11),24-trien-4-oic acid reduced melanin formation by the inhibition of tyrosinase activity and expression in B16 melanoma cells. Therefore, we suggest that PCBE could be used as a useful whitening agent.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
• /
• v.35 no.1
• /
• pp.33-39
• /
• 2009

To develop a new natural whitening agent for cosmetics, we investigated the inhibitory effects of Pogostemon cablin Bentham extracts (PCE) and its active component on melanogenesis. PCE showed ROS scavenging activities in 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical and xanthine/xanthine oxidase system with the $IC_{50}$ values of $24.2{\pm}2.85{\mu}g/mL$ and $IC_{50}=118{\pm}0.43{\mu}g/mL$, respectively. PCE reduced melanin contents of B16 melanoma cells in a dose-dependant manner and decreased to about 23 % at a concentration of $20{\mu}g/mL$ without cell cytotoxicity (below $100{\mu}g/mL$). And the PCE reduced intracellular tyrosinase activity about 18 % at concentration of $50{\mu}g/mL$. We purified one active compound from PCE and identified its structure. It was identified as patchouli alcohol, sesquiterpene family, by 1H-NMR, $13_C$-NMR, and Mass analysis. Patchouli alcohol also inhibited ROS scavenging activities in DPPH radical and xanthine/xanthine oxidase system with the $IC_{50}$ values of $3.14{\pm}0.12{\mu}g/mL$ and $49{\pm}3.24{\mu}g/mL$, respectively. Patchouli alcohol inhibited melanin synthesis in a dose dependent manner ($IC_{50}=3.9{\mu}g/mL$). And the patchouli alcohol reduced intracellular tyrosinase activity about 40 % at concentration of $10{\mu}g/mL$. Patchouli alcohol inhibited tyrosinase and TRP-2 expression at protein level. These results suggest that PCE and patchouli alcohol reduced melanin formation by the inhibited of tyrosinase activity and expression in B16 melanoma cells. Therefore, we suggest that PCE could be used as a useful whitening agent.