• Journal of KIISE:Software and Applications
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• v.32 no.7
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• pp.581-591
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• 2005

Collaborative filtering systems have problems involving sparsity and the provision of recommendations by making correlations between only two users' preferences. These systems recommend items based only on the preferences without taking in to account the contents of the items. As a result, the accuracy of recommendations depends on the data from user-rated items. When users rate items, it can be expected that not all users ran do so earnestly. This brings down the accuracy of recommendations. This paper proposes a collaborative recommendation method for extracting typical group preferences using user-item matrix optimization and user profiles in collaborative tittering systems. The method excludes unproven users by using entropy based on data from user-rated items and groups users into clusters after generating user profiles, and then extracts typical group preferences. The proposed method generates collaborative user profiles by using association word mining to reflect contents as well as preferences of items and groups users into clusters based on the profiles by using the vector space model and the K-means algorithm. To compensate for the shortcoming of providing recommendations using correlations between only two user preferences, the proposed method extracts typical preferences of groups using the entropy theory The typical preferences are extracted by combining user entropies with item preferences. The recommender system using typical group preferences solves the problem caused by recommendations based on preferences rated incorrectly by users and reduces time for retrieving the most similar users in groups.

• Journal of the Computational Structural Engineering Institute of Korea
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.283-288
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• 2011

For the earthquake resistance design designer should provide that structural yielding process is principally designed with the ductile failure mechanism. In order to get the ductile failure mechanism for typical bridges, pier columns yielding should occur before that of connections. However domestic bridge design with unnecessary stiff substructure leads to unnecessary seismic loads and makes it difficult to get the ductile failure mechanism. Such a problem arises from the situation that earthquake resistant design is not carried out in the preliminary design step. In this study a typical bridge is selected as an analysis bridge and design strengths for connections and pier columns are determined in the preliminary design step by carrying out earthquake resistant design. It is shown through this procedure that it is possible to get the ductile failure mechanism with structural members determined by other design.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2004

With the emergence and development of ecological engineering in China, and also the research and demonstration of Chinese Ecological Agriculture (CEA), in recent 10 years many types of ecological engineering have been appeared in Southern China, they could be classified into 4 typical patterns. These typical patterns are; 1. Ecological Building (EB), such as ecological public toilet, ecological garden, ecological integrated building, farmers' ecological household, the combine of ecological building and CEA; 2. Ecological Engineering in Paddy Field (EEPF), like rice-fish system, water caltrop-wild ricestem-fish system, mulberry-silkworm-pig-fish system; 3. Ecological Engineering of Agroforestry Systems (EEAF), as tea-food crops intercropping system, rubber-tea-chicken system, bamboo-chicken system, fruit tree-chicken system, metasequoia-fish-duck system; 4. Ecological Engineering Linked with Biogas (EELB), such as animal (pig)-biogas-fish system, animal (pig)-biogas-fruit tree system, animal-biogas-food crops system. Some case studies were presented in the paper. It is showed that these typical patterns have better ecological, social and economic benefits, now they are deeply been extending in southern China.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.162-167
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• 2011

To identify the relationship between types of job classification (typical and atypical) and the levels of recognition of noise and the hearing threshold shift, a total of 457 workers in a cosmetic company were studied utilizing a questionnaire and the audiometric hearing test. The results were analyzed by factor analysis, t-test, and general linear model, as appropriate. The results showed that atypical workers had higher level of noise recognition but had lower levels of hearing ability, noise exposure, and the knowledge on hearing loss prevention, compared with those of typical workers. The high noise level group of typical workers showed higher threshold shift levels than that of atypical workers. Significant differences were found at 4 kHz for both ears and in right ear only for hearing threshold shift after adjusting age.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.19 no.1 s.42
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• pp.21-29
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• 1980

In the present study, it was found that the susceptible variety Khao-tah-haeng 17, at all four predisposing temperature regimes, produced more typical lesions than hypersensitive lesions when inoculated with most of the blast fungus isolates. Tetep, Carreon, IR36 and Sensho produced more hypersensitive lesions than typical lesions at all four predisposing temperature regimes. Highly significant differences among predisposing temperature regimes and rice varieties for number of hypersensitive lesions and number of typical lesions were found. Symptom occurrence on a specific variety, as measured by the number of typical lesions, was more affected by predisposition temperature or blast isolate than by temperature and isolate combined. Symptom occurrence on a specific variety, as measured by the number of hypersensitive lesions, was more affected by blast isolate than by predisposition temperature.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.26 no.11
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• pp.951-959
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• 2003

A series of typical (chlorpromazine, haloperidol and thioridazine) and atypical (risperidone, quetiapine, clozapine and olanzapine) antipsychotics were tested for effects on integrated bioenergetic functions of isolated rat liver mitochondria. Polarographic measurement of oxygen consumption in freshly isolated mitochondria showed that electron transfer activity at respiratory complex I is inhibited by chlorpromazine, haloperidol, risperidone, and quetiapine, but not by clozapine, olanzapine, or thioridazine. Chlorpromazine and thioridazine act as modest uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation. The typical neuroleptics inhibited NADH-coenzyme Q reductase in freeze-thawed mitochondria, which is a direct measure of complex I enzyme activity. The inhibition of NADH-coenzyme Q reductase activity by the atypicals risperidone and quetiapine was 2-4 fold less than that for the typical neuroleptics. Clozapine and olanzapine had only slight effects on NADH-coenzyme Q reductase activity, even at 200 $\mu$ M. The relative potencies of these neuroleptic drugs as inhibitors of mitochondrial bioenergetic function is similar to their relative potencies as risk factors in the reported incidence of extrapyramidal symptoms, including tardive dyskinesia (TD). This suggests that compromised bioenergetic function may be involved in the cellular pathology underlying TD.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.338-345
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• 1992

We evaluated the scintigraphic findings of sonographically atypical hemangioma, that is, a hypoechoic or heterogeneously hypoechoic nodule which contains hypoechoic areas more than 40% of the volume, and compared it with those of sonographically typical hemangioma in 26 patients with 31 nodules. Sonographically atypical hemangioma were 13 in 11 patients and sonographically typical hemangioma were 18 the 15 patients. Dynamic blood flow, planar and SPECT blood pool imaging was performed. In atypical hemangioma, increased blood pool activity was seen in 11 of 13 nodules on SPECT and in 10 of 13 nodules on planar image and increased blood flow was seen in 4 of 13 nodules on dynamic blood flow study. No significant difference in detecting increased blood pool activity between sonographically atypical and typical hemangioma. In conclusion, $^{99m}Tc-red$ blood cell SPECT is as useful in diagnosis of sonographically atypical hemangioma as in typical hemangioma and can be used as a confirmatory or complementary study.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Aviation and Aeronautics
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.15-23
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• 2014

There have been CFIT(Controlled Flight Into Terrain) accidents that can be prevented if the crew executed go-around. This study is to analyse the common factors of three typical CFIT accidents of Korea in TEM(threat and error management) frame, and the examples of go-around gate and the countermeasures of eight airlines through the survey facilitating go-around to prevent CFIT. The common factors found in three typical CFIT accidents occurred in Korea or by Korean carriers turned out to be in mountainous terrain, in bad weather while in non-precision approach or circling approach by captain as PF(Pilot Flying) when crew make monitoring errors and communication errors. It also turned out that the crew in all three typical tragic CFIT accidents did not execute go-around in unstabilized approaches. The captains did not respond immediately when first officers advised them to go-around until it is too late. Seven out of eight Airlines answered that they use stabilized approach height as 1,000 feet to be stabilized earlier to have more safety margin by enhancing go-around gate regardless of the weather to prevent CFIT in the survey.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.767-777
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• 2003

This study defines attributes of the Korean costume culture, focussed on hair, shoes and accessories which express sex-roles, encapsulated in the term, “be like...”. A group of 362 male and female university students from Seoul and Gyeonggi area was surveyed for the study. The statistical analysis of SPSS 10.0 was applied for analyzing the data, and the significant variances were reviewed by the basic statistics and t-test. The results are as follows; First, short hair is perceived as the typical hair style that symbolizes male, both from male and female university students. Hair colors in warm color such as brown, wine, purple, lemon and orange, and the style of hair such as bobbed, long, and perm are perceived as definite clues that symbolized female. Second, when it concerns the types of shoes, both male and female university students cited oxford as the typical clue that symbolizes male, whereas pumps and sandal were cited for female. Third, in terms of types of accessories, both male and female university students perceived necklace, earring, bracelet, hair pin and band, scarf, and muffler as very feminine. Among these, hair pin and band, and scarf are evaluated as the typical clues that signify the role of females. Necktie is perceived as the typical clue that signify male role.

• Journal of the Computational Structural Engineering Institute of Korea
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.49-57
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• 2013

Structural elements of typical bridges are superstructure, connections, substuctures and foundations and earthquake resistance is decided with the failure mechanism formed by substuctures and connections. Therefore earthquake resistant design should be carried out in the basic design step where design strengths, e.g. design sections for structural elements are determined. The Earthquake Resistant Design Part of Korean Roadway Bridge Design Code provides two basic design procedures. The first conventional procedure applies the Code-provided response modification factors. The second new procedure is the ductility-based earthquake resistant design, where designer can determine the response modification factors. In this study, basic designs including the two design processes are carried out for a typical bridge and supplements are identified in view of providing earthquake resistance.