• Asia-pacific Journal of Multimedia Services Convergent with Art, Humanities, and Sociology
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• v.9 no.7
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• pp.707-722
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• 2019

The concept of neighborhood parks has been used as the principle of forming a community in our society going through modern and contemporary times. The concept of neighborhood parks equipped with physical facilities has been discussed constantly regarding the roles and meanings of them. This study focuses on pocket parks which have been playing roles in improving environment through regeneration and forming regional communities based on that as neighborhood facilities. This author carried out field investigation on total 72 Hanpyeong Park and Hanpyeom Parks formed in the capital area and examined the significance of planning them and also their utility and residents and users' attachment to them through a survey. In this process, this researcher has been able to draw following conclusions. First, according to the demographic characteristics of users, there is significant difference found by groups in terms of their place attachment to the parks. This implies that difference in the major types of residences supplied these days influences their intention to experience ecological space. Second, according to their educational background, there is significant difference found by groups regarding their place attachment to the parks. Third, according to user behavior, there are differences found in their place attachment to the parks and also detailed differences found by groups in terms of the frequency of use and duration of stay.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.89-100
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• 2021

This study evaluated the degree of interaction between the people and the environment using perceived naturalness measure. The seventh-grade index of Hemeroby was divided into subclasses of land cover according to degrees of human influence. The grade was standardized for each indicator to evaluate the current state of urban parks in Seoul by applying probability density function and weight. User evaluation was conducted on six distinctive parks selected. In the results, three implications were found between spatial evaluation according to the perceived naturalness. First, park users evaluated highly for the spaces such as broad-leaved forest, coniferous forest and mixed forest evaluated highly in the Hemeroby grade index. Park users generally recognized that various types of trees in the area had high naturalness. The density of trees is one of the factors in perceived naturalness. Second, water spaces were highly evaluated for naturalness in the Hemeroby grade index. However, the perceived naturalness of water spaces such as inland wetlands, pond and reservoir evaluated in various ways depending on environmental conditions around the park. Third, perceived naturalness is easily evaluated through vertical landscape elements such as trees rather than horizontal landscapes such as grassland. The perceived naturalness is similar to the naturalness evaluation using land cover. However the study found the perceived naturalness for a specific space was different from the Hemeroby index. Perceived naturalness by the user includes the content that the individual sees, hears, and experiences. Park users are usually structuring naturalness through evaluating the value of urban green spaces based on personal perception. Therefore there is no absolute standard criterion for evaluating the naturalness of urban green spaces. A deeper study is needed that considers user bundles or user groups with conflicting interests on the perceived naturalness in urban parks. These studies will be essential data on the direction of naturalness urban park service should provide.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.39 no.6
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• pp.57-66
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• 2011

This study researched those universities for which fence opening and greening projects are being conducted by Seoul city. The forms of opened fences at 24 universities which have accomplished this project were classified into several types for each type of university, representative cases with many diverse facilities and active users were selected and investigated. The study was carried out using methods of field observations, literature review, and surveys. To maintain the confidentiality of the collected questionnaire analysis, the analysis of each type's usage frequency, overall satisfaction and a regression analysis with space environment and facilities, a one-way ANOVA for was used to validate the difference between types regarding satisfaction with the project. The results of usage type analysis were found to agree with the 3 analysis criteria-- installation location, user characteristics, and usage purpose--which were the legislative concepts. In overall satisfaction with facilities, it appeared that except for Seoul Women's College of Nursing with its rural district neighborhood type park, users were satisfied: with the small urban neighborhood park of Methodist Theological College, Konkuk University's small urban square park, and Sejong University's green space small city park. In general, users appeared to not have satisfaction with such features as fountains / hydroponic facilities, fitness facilities, and square facilities, which should be taken into consideration when pursuing further opening and greening projects. Regarding full satisfaction with the space environment, it was found that users were not satisfied with Seoul Women's College of Nursing's rural district neighborhood-style park, whereas they were satisfied with Methodist Theological College's small urban neighborhood park, Konkuk University's small urban square-style park, and Sejong University's green space small city park. In addition, it was shown that facilities use, convenience and privacy of the four parks were largely unsatisfactory for users, and that the small city parks located at roadsides were unsatisfactory regarding noise level, both of which should be most highly considered when conducting similar projects in the future.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.1-12
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• 2015

Various types of parks such as ecological park, dragonfly park, etc. are tried to design in order to resolve different environmental issues in urban areas. Parks are considered organism habitats that not only improve the biodiversity but also give people a chance to observe living organisms in urban area. This study was conducted to select basic materials for planning a butterfly garden through reference reviews. The following 21 species of butterflies belonged to 1 order, 4 families, and 16 genera were selected: Phengaris teleius, Pseudozizeeria maha, Thecla betulae, Argynnis hyperbius, Dichorragia nesimachus, Hestina assimilis, Polygonia caureum, Sasakia charonda, Vanessa cardui, Vanessa indica, Boloria selene, Byasa alcinous, Papilio machaon, Papilio macilentus, Papilio protenor, Papilio xuthus, Papilio bianor, Sericinus montela, Colias erate, Eurema hecabe, and Pieris rapae. 85 species belonged to 22 families, 59 genera, 74 species, 10 varieties, and 1 subspecies were selected for host and nectar plants for butterflies selected above. These results would be expected to useful in butterfly gardening. After that, we think it is necessary to be applied these study results in field. This study requires a test in the butterfly garden. The test results will be make the butterfly-plant matrix.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.50 no.6
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• pp.1-14
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• 2022

To alleviate the urban heat island phenomenon, this study aims to quantitatively analyze the effects of neighborhood green spaces on the improvement of the thermal environment based on detailed scenarios of five types of green spaces, including parks, pocket parks, parking lot greening, roadside planting, and rooftop-wall greening. The ENVI-met 4.4.6v model, a microclimate simulation program, was used to analyze the effects of green spaces. As a result, it was found that the air temperature decreased as the planting density of the park increased, but the thermal comfort index PET, which is the degree of heat sensation felt by humans, was not directly proportional to temperature. The establishment of a pocket park reduced air temperature up to a radius of 56m, while the range of temperature reduction increased by about 12.5% when three additional pocket parks were established at 250m intervals. Unlike the air temperature, PET was only affected in the vicinity of the planted area, so there was no significant difference in the thermal comfort of the surrounding environment due to the construction of pocket parks. Changing the surface pavement from asphalt to lawn blocks and implementing rooftop or wall greening did not directly act as solar shading but positively affected air temperature reduction; PET showed no significant difference. Roadside planting showed a higher air temperature reduction effect as the planting interval was narrower, but PET was not directly proportional to tree density. In the case of shrub planting under trees, it did not significantly affect the air temperature reduction but positively affected the improvement of thermal comfort. This study can outline strategies for constructing neighborhood green spaces to solve the urban heat island phenomena and establish detailed strategies for efficient thermal environment improvements.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.50 no.2
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• pp.102-115
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• 2022

The purpose of this study is to present types of design concept based on the specificity of landscape design, and to derive a theoretical framework for the landscape design concepts by analyzing the design concepts appearing in urban park design competitions. Through literature review, five types of landscape design concepts were categorized into value and vision, analysis and interpretation, form and structure, program and element, and process and operation. Using this framework, the design concepts shown in 96 works submitted to 18 domestic and overseas urban park design competitions were analyzed. The results of the analysis are summarized as follows. First, due to the complexity of contemporary urban parks, design concepts are presented as mixtures of main concepts and secondary concepts in multiple layers. Second, it was identified that design concepts of 'form and structure' were used the most in urban park designs, followed by the 'program and element' concepts. The 'value and vision' and 'analysis and interpretive' concepts are introduced as third and fourth. Third, the reason that the 'form and structure' concept is widely used as main and secondary concepts is judged to be because the form of a space, which is the key result of the design, has an important influence on the identity of the design. Fourth, the reason that the 'program and element' concept type is widely introduced is that urban park design has a stronger planning aspect to produce programs during the design process, compared with other design fields where programs are usually given in advance. Lastly, it is difficult to see that the properties of the site solely affect the type of design concept, because a design concept is the result of a complex and creative process in which a designer subjectively interprets the objective characteristics of the site and project, and given design guidelines can affect the type of design concept.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.116-129
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• 2009

This study is to enhance the provincial leisure plans through various programs and infrastructure facilities and to establish a network of natural leisure areas in Gyeonggi-do. According to the result, first, in terms of analyzing the locations of natural leisure areas by types, the rest of urban parks is formed in the Capital area outside Seoul as centering around the central area. Moreover, with regard to the rest of forest and the rest of natural ecology learning, the area of the detention exceeds the total area of Gyeonggi-do. The rest of valleys and swamps showed a dotted pattern of the detention area while the rest of tideland and fishing village experience indicated a distribution of the detention area along the West Coast as an axis. Second, according to result of analyzing the accessibility of natural leisure areas by types, the rest of valleys and swamps showed the highest accessibility among the natural leisure areas : the rest of natural ecology learning had the medium level of accessibility; the rest of forest indicated the lowest accessibility. Therefore, it is necessary to create more leisure areas concerning the futures demands. In addition, they should be constructed in the places adjacent to the urban district area exhibiting higher usability and accessibility. In the places where there are many natural leisure area with higher utility, management plans should be deliberated as well. Based on the result of analyzing the rest of valleys and swamps and the rest of tideland and fishing village experience, it was found that the natural leisure area should improve the quality of water intensively and hydrophile property and create hydrophilic spaces. The development of natural leisure areas need to be carried out under the principle of environmental protection while considering historic sites and nearby rivers and lakes. Moreover, water leisure programs should be developed actively as well with further utilization of water resources in order to enhance the usability of natural leisure.

• Journal of the Architectural Institute of Korea Planning & Design
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.103-114
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• 2019

From the "Recommendation on the Safeguarding of the Beauty and Character Landscapes and Sites"(1962) to the "ICOMOS-IFLA Document on Historic Urban Public Parks"(2017), 'the spatial safeguarding Concept of Cultural Heritage' in International Norms has manifested in various types. In this article, 24 types of International Norms that reflect 'the concept of Spatial Safeguarding in Cultural Heritage' and Korea legal system such as 'Historical and Cultural Environment' were analyzed in the following two aspects. The first aspect is 'Object Type to safeguard' and analyzed in four types such as 'Groups of buildings(A type)', 'Surrounding, Environment, Setting(B type)', 'Cultural landscape(C type)', 'Historic area and Historic towns(D type)'. The second aspect is 'Safeguarding value(analysis elements)' and analyzed in the following tree elements ; 'Landscape value' such as skyline, 'Intangible value' such as the functions of cultural customs, and 'Ecological value' that should preserve life itself. As a result of the study, 'the concept of Spatial Safeguarding in Cultural Heritage' including C and D type and three value which are trends of International Norms are reflected in Korea legal system, and concrete safeguarding methodology is also implemented systematically in case of ecological value. However, intangible values are not specific to the methodology in both International norms and Korea legal systems, and should be developed in the future.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.18 no.8
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• pp.658-670
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• 2018

Busan Citizen Park has been taken as the research object in this paper to learn about the categories and types of resting facilities such as seats and Pergolas in the park and analyze the visitors' use patterns of bench and Pergolas. In addition, the analysis of the cultural features and preferences of bench and Pergolas will provide the basic data for the future design of resting facilities. After the research on the categories and types of bench and Pergolas and the evaluation factors through literature surveys, the type, location, and number of resting facilities including bench, Pergolas, sheds, etc. in the entire park have been investigated through field surveys. In addition, the behavioral map analysis has been created through the observation of the use patterns of bench and Pergolas in the morning and afternoon of each month, and the degree of preference and satisfaction of park bench and Pergolas has been grasped through questionnaires. The research results are as follows. Among the ten types of bench and Pergolas, the citizens like the mats and awnings + mats best. The environment is the most important factor for the mats with highest score, followed by the functional and regional factors. In addition, various activities such as eating in mats and sheds that block sunlight are Korean use patterns, which is very common in Korean daily life. These results show that bench and Pergolas in urban parks are not placed arbitrarily and the layout and design of bench and Pergolas should be completed based on behavior and preferences, which are influenced by cultural characteristics.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.94-105
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• 1995

Purposes of this study were to apply and examine that the importance-performance analysis(IPA) could be a useful park management tool. The IPA is an easily-applied technique developed in marketing field to measure attribute importance and performance. It displays them simultaneously on a 4-quardrant action grid; therefore, park managers can upgrade current services and address marketing strategies for various user segments. The children's grand park was selected as a study are. Two different types of questionaires were utilized for data analyses. They were collected from one respondent by on-site distribution or by mail survey, because attribute importance and performance should be rated before and after visiting a park, respectively. Then, total data was segmented systematically by 2 variables-age and benefit sought. Action grids from order to meet the needs of each segment. Several comments on both data collection methods and segment variables selection were described to improve the IPA in recreation settings for future researches.