• Journal of Welding and Joining
• /
• v.16 no.3
• /
• pp.111-120
• /
• 1998

To predict and evaluate metallurgical and mechanical behavior of th welds, it is essential to understand solidification behavior and microstructural evolution experienced in the welds, neither of which follows the equilibrium phase diagram because of rapid heating and cooling conditions. Metallurgical phenomena in austenitic stainless steel fusion welds, types 304, 309S, 316L, 321 and 304N, were investigated in this study. Autogenous GTA welding was performed on weld coupons, and primary solidification mode and phase distribution were investigated from the welds. Varestraint test was employed to evaluate solidification cracking susceptibilities of the alloys. GTA weld fusion zones in type 304, 321 and 304N stainless steels experienced primary ferrite solidification while those in type 309S primary austenite solidification. Type 316L exhibited a mixed type of primary ferrite and primary austenite solidification. The primary solidification mode strongly depended on $Cr_{eq}/Ni_{eq}$ ratio. In terms of solidification cracking susceptibility, type 309S that solidified as primary austenite exhibited high cracking susceptibility while the alloys experienced primary ferrite solidification showed low cracking susceptibility. The relative ranking in solidification cracking susceptibility was type 304=type 304N < type 321 < type 316L < type 309S.

• Corrosion Science and Technology
• /
• v.15 no.5
• /
• pp.237-244
• /
• 2016

2205 duplex stainless steels have been used for the construction of the marine environment, because of their excellent corrosion resistance and high strength. However, the resistance to hydrogen embrittlement (HE) may be less than that of 316L austenitic stainless steel. The reason why 316L stainless steels have better resistance to HE is associated with crystal structure (FCC, face centered cubic) and the higher stacking faults energy than 2205 duplex stainless steels. Furthermore 2205 stainless steels with or without tungsten were also examined in terms of HE. 2205 stainless steels containing tungsten is less resistible to HE. It is because dislocation tangle was formed in 2205 duplex stainless steels. Slow strain-rate tensile test (SSRT) was conducted to measure the resistance to HE under the cathodic applied potential. Hydrogen embrittlement index (HEI) was used to evaluate HE resistance through the quantitative calculation.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
• /
• v.19 no.4
• /
• pp.42-50
• /
• 1995

To study the effect of welding methods on the Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC) behavior of welded AISI type 316L and 304 austenitic stainless steel, the Slow Strain Rate Technique(SSRT) has been adopted in the boiling 45 wt% $MgCl_2$ solution. The results are as follows. 1) Welded sections are more susceptible than base metal in SCC, and the rank of SCC, and the rasistance in welding method is TIG, MIG, $CO_2$ and ARC. 2) The Ultimate tensile strength(UTS) and the strain of both base metal and welded joint are reduced as decreasing extension rate. 3) The SCC resistance of 316L base metal and welded sections are superior than that of 304. 4) The tendency of pitting and the SCC suseptibility are agreed well, and the SCC site is welded deposit section in 316L whereas HAZ in 304.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
• /
• v.54 no.1
• /
• pp.244-254
• /
• 2022

For tensile tests, Vickers hardness tests and microstructure tests, plate-type and box-type specimens of austenitic 316L stainless steels were produced by a conventional machining (CM) process as well as two additive manufacturing processes such as direct metal laser sintering (DMLS) and direct metal tooling (DMT). The specimens were irradiated up to a fast neutron fluence of 3.3 × 10⁹ n/cm² at a neutron irradiation facility. Mechanical performance of the unirradiated and irradiated specimens were investigated at room temperature and 300 ℃, respectively. The tensile strengths of the DMLS, DMT and CM 316L specimens are in descending order but the elongations are in reverse order, regardless of irradiation and temperature. The ratio of Vickers hardness to ultimate tensile strength was derived to be between 3.21 and 4.01. The additive manufacturing processes exhibit suitable mechanical performance, comparing the tensile strengths and elongations of the conventional machining process.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
• /
• v.56 no.11
• /
• pp.4698-4707
• /
• 2024

The high-temperature material properties of Type 316L stainless steel (hereafter referred to as "316L SS") were determined through a series of material tests to enable the design of pressure vessels and piping operating up to 700 ℃. Currently, the only applicable design rule for 316L SS components in the high-temperature creep range is French high-temperature design standard, RCC-MRx. However, the material properties provided by RCC-MRx are limited to approximately 600 ℃. In this study, new material properties and relevant design coefficients for Type 316L components subjected to 700 ℃ coolant were determined based on material tests including tension, fatigue and creep tests conducted on 316L SS specimens. Utilizing these supplemented properties and design coefficients, the design of pressure boundary components and piping made of 316L SS in a large-scale test facility known as TESET, subjected to 700 ℃ coolant, was carried out. Several large-scale sodium tests at high temperatures up to 700 ℃ were successfully conducted at the TESET facility, with the main components and piping designed and constructed using 316L SS.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Heat Treatment
• /
• v.20 no.6
• /
• pp.311-317
• /
• 2007

This study examined the phase changes, nitride precipitation and variation in mechanical properties of STS 304, STS 321 and STS 316L austenitic stainless steels after high temperature gas nitriding (HTGN) at temperature ranges from $1050^{\circ}C\;to\;1150^{\circ}C$. Fine round type of $Cr_2N$ nitrides were observed in the surface layers of 304 and 316L steels, even more in STS 321. Additionally, square type of TiN was found in STS 321 austenitic matrix too. As a result of many precipitates in the surface layer of the STS 321, it was seen $370{\sim}470Hv$ hardness variation depending on the HTGN treatment conditions, and interior region of austenite represented 150Hv. The surface hardness value of STS 304 and STS 316L showed $255{\sim}320Hv$, respectively. The nitrogen content was shown 0.27, 1.7 and 0.4% respectively at the surface layers of the STS 304, STS 321 and STS 316L. After the HTGN it was shown the improvement of corrosion resistance of the STS 321 and STS 316L compared with solution annealed steels in the solution of 1N $H_2SO_4$ whereas the STS 304 was not.

• Journal of Powder Materials
• /
• v.29 no.4
• /
• pp.309-313
• /
• 2022

In this study, additive manufacturing of a functionally graded material (FGM) as an alternative to joining dissimilar metals is investigated using directed energy deposition (DED). FGM consists of five different layers, which are mixtures of austenitic stainless steel (type 316 L) and low-alloy steel (LAS, ferritic steel) at ratios of 100:0 (A layer), 75:25 (B layer), 50:50 (C layer), 25:75 (D layer), and 0:100 (E layer), respectively, in each deposition layer. The FGM samples are successfully fabricated without cracks or delamination using the DED method, and specimens are characterized using optical and scanning electron microscopy to monitor their microstructures. In layers C and D of the sample, the tensile strength is determined to be very high owing to the formation of ferrite and martensite structures. However, the elongation is high in layers A and B, which contain a large fraction of austenite.

• Journal of Powder Materials
• /
• v.25 no.6
• /
• pp.475-481
• /
• 2018

Selective laser melting (SLM), a type of additive manufacturing (AM) technology, leads a global manufacturing trend by enabling the design of geometrically complex products with topology optimization for optimized performance. Using this method, three-dimensional (3D) computer-aided design (CAD) data components can be built up directly in a layer-by-layer fashion using a high-energy laser beam for the selective melting and rapid solidification of thin layers of metallic powders. Although there are considerable expectations that this novel process will overcome many traditional manufacturing process limits, some issues still exist in applying the SLM process to diverse metallic materials, particularly regarding the formation of porosity. This is a major processing-induced phenomenon, and frequently observed in almost all SLM-processed metallic components. In this study, we investigate the mechanical anisotropy of SLM-produced 316L stainless steel based on microstructural factors and highly-oriented porosity. Tensile tests are performed to investigate the microstructure and porosity effects on mechanical anisotropy in terms of both strength and ductility.

• Transactions of Materials Processing
• /
• v.29 no.2
• /
• pp.103-112
• /
• 2020

This study explores the effects of different pre-machining conditions on the deposition characteristics and mechanical properties of austenitic stainless steel samples repaired using direct energy deposition (DED). In the DED repair process, defects such as pores and cracks can occur at the interface between the substrate and deposited material. In this study, we varied the shape of the pre-machined zone for repair in order to prevent cracks from occurring at the slope surface. After repairs by the DED process, macro-scale cracks were observed in samples that had been pre-machined with elliptic and trapezoidal grooves. In addition, it was not possible to completely prevent micro-crack generation on the sloped interfaces, even in the capsule-type grooved sample. From observation of the fracture surfaces, it was found that the cracks around the inclined interface were due to a lack of fusion between the substrate and the powder material, which led to low tensile properties. The specimen with the capsule-type groove provided the highest tensile strength and elongation (respective of 46% and 571% compared to the trapezoidal grooved specimen). However, the tensile properties were degraded compared to the non-repaired specimen (as-hot rolled material). The fracture characteristics of the repaired specimens were determined by the cracks at the sloped interfaces. These cracks grew and coalesced with each other to form macro-cracks, they then coalesced with other cracks and propagated to the substrate, causing final fracture.