• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.23 no.8
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• pp.1437-1446
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• 2014

This study, the urban energy used office building green roof type composition of the target by analyze building energy reductions. Green roof is total 6 types(type A~F) were selected, EnergyPlus the energy simulation programs were used. Top floor of green roof types evaluation, the reduction of the cooling peak load type E(1.26%), type D(1.30%), type C(1.37%), type B(1.45%), type F(1.49%), and heating peak load is type D(1.32%), type E(1.40%), type C(1.47%), type F(1.69%), type B(2.13%) order. Annual cooling load of heating load is reduced more than about 1% effect. The heating load reduction ratio for a maximum of 9% respectively. Cooling peak load of the building energy performance evaluation of type F > type B > type C > type D > type E in the order and in the case of peak loads heating type B > type F > type D > type E>type C order. Annual total energy use reduction of 1.07 to 1.22% and earn, type B in the best good. In primary energy use reductions in the presence of a green roof were in the 4249~4876 kWh/yr. Annual $CO_2$ emissions reductions of unapplied type A were analyzed on average 469.78 kg.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.32-42
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• 1995

Cultivation using rain shelter is very popular in summer because rain shelter has a simple structure using less materials than any other regular greenhouse. Although it has a main advantage of easy construction in terms of labour, time and cost, it has some disadvantage of poor ventilation and rain fall inflow. Therefore, the rain shelters being able to overcome the problems, to some extent, are necessary to propagate for practical purpose. Three characteristic types of rain shelter were analyzed using measured and simulated environment data. Type 1 was a conventional type with an arched roof, and Type 2 and Type 3 were improved ones which were designed to have three arched roofs and three sawtooth like roofs with the openings for ventilation, respectively. The distribution of inside temperature measured was relatively uniform in Type 2 and 3 by the natural ventilation through the openings of the roof compared to Type 1 which had no openings. The relative light transmittance measured in Type 2 and 3 showed lower than that in Type 1, which suppressed the rise of inside temperature, For more accurate comparison, the differences between inside and outside temperatures to various wind speeds were calculated by the model. The difference in Type 1 was the greatest at lower wind speed below 1 ㎧, that is, the highest in inside temperature, but decreased rapidly as wind speed increased above 1 ㎧. Measured temperatures generally showed the same trends as calculated ones by the model. As a whole, the improved rain shelters(Type 2 and 3) showed better performance than the conventional one in ventilation as well as inside temperature.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Propulsion Engineers
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.9-15
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• 2012

In this paper, the bearing strengths and fracture behaviors of the pin-jointed carbon fiber/epoxy composites were investigated through pin loading test with acoustic emission technique. The composites were fabricated by a filament winding process, and three types of laminated patterns were considered. Type 1 was fabricated with stitch, Type 2 was fabricated without stitich and Type 3 was fabricated with prepregs. According to the results, bearing strength of Type 1 was 3.3% lower than that of Type 2 and that of Type 3 was highest. Type 1 and Type 2 revealed a net-tension failure mode, respectively, whereas Type 3 pattern exhibited a bearing failure mode. Also, acoustic emission energy of the Type 3 was higher than that of the Type 1 and Type 2. Therefore, the Type 3 was found to be structurally safer than the Type 1 and Type 2.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.53-59
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• 2011

A connection was made between a single stretcher and 2 headers with 2 threaded nails (Type-A), and another one between 2 stretchers and 2 headers with 4 threaded nails (Type-B) to use as specimens. Type-C was the stretchers that are connected with 2 threaded nails by half lap joint at end-distance 5D to reinforce Type-B, Type-C1 the stretchers that are connected by half lap joint at end-distance 10D, and Type-C2 with 3 threaded nails at end-distance 10D. Compressive shear strength of Type-C, the supplementation of Type-B, was decreased by 30%, compared with that of Type-B. Those of Type-B and Type-C1 that used longer end-distance than Type-C were about the same, and that of Type-C2 connected with 3 threaded nails was 1.28-times stronger than that of Type-C1. Connection of the retaining wall using existing square timber has a problem between long and short stretchers and 2 headers. So it was investigated in the experiment to replace it. Therefore, if Type-B is replaced with Type-C2 in constructing the retaining wall, the crack and the rupture of timber caused by threaded nail as well as construction period can be reduced, and also it can be expected to increase their own strength.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.180-194
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• 2013

Objectives Impaired lung function(ILF) and sasang constitution(SC) is associated with metabolic syndrome(MS). However, the relationship between ILF and SC is unclear. So, we assessed the relationship between ILF and MS according to SC, and examined whether SC is an independent risk factor for ILF. Methods This study included 1,148 subjects 40years and older who were performed the health examination at Kyung Hee University Hospital in Korea between December 2011 and February 2013. We defined ILF if FVC or $FEV_1$ value were less than lower limit of normal(LLN), and classified ventilatory patterns as obstructive pattern and restrictive pattern. MS was assessed according to AHA/NHLBI criteria. We used multivariate logistic regression to analyze the association of ILF with MS respective to SC types, and to identify the risk of SC types for ILF. Odds ratio(OR) was calculated by adjusting for age, sex, smoking status, drinking, physical activity, and BMI. Results In whole subjects, ILF was associated with MS [OR (95% CI), 1.69 (1.24-2.31) for FVC, 1.67 (1.20-2.33) for $FEV_1$]. And in Taeeum type(TE type) and Soeum type(SE type), ILF was associated with MS [1.63 (1.10-2.42) for FVC, 1.48 (1.01-2.24) for $FEV_1$ in TE type; 6.93 (1.14-42.00) for FVC in SE type], while in Soyang type(SY type), it wasn't. The restrictive pattern was associated with MS in TE type and SE type, while in SY type, it wasn't. Furthermore, TE type and SY type had more risk for ILF than SE type [1.71 (1.12-2.59) for SY type, 1.95 (1.23-3.08) for TE type in FVC; 2.06 (1.26-3.36) for TE type in $FEV_1$; 1.85 (1.21-2.85) for SY type, 2.17 (1.35-3.49) for TE type in Restrictive pattern]. Conclusions These results show that SC is an independent risk factor for ILF, especially TE type and SY type than SE type, and the prevalence of MS is an independent risk factor for ILF in TE type.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.13-17
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• 1977

We isolated lactobacillus phage hosting L. casei strains, and examined distribution of the phages and resistance to the sanitary reagent treatment in drainages fo Korea plant. 1) There were Type 1, 11, 111, and 1v of the phage J$_1$in plantdrainages and the order of distribution was Type 1v>Type 11>Type 1>$^1$Type 111. 2) All the phages in plantdrainages were completely removed by spreading the invert soap. 3) Sodium hypochloride, invert soap and dresol were most effective sanitary reagents, and isopropyl alcohol and ethyl alcohol were sanitary reagents.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2023.04a
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• pp.30-30
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• 2023

한국산 체꽃속(Scabiosa L.)의 외부형태형질을 바탕으로 구분한 5가지 변이 유형[솔체꽃(S. comosa) Type 1-2, 체꽃(S. tschiliensis f. pinnata) Type 3-4, 구름체꽃(S. tschiliensis f. alpina) Type 5]에 대해 잎 표피와 화분의 미세구조를 관찰하였다. 잎 표피세포의 크기는 향축면은 평균 12.4 × 6.7 ㎛로, Type 1이 가장 작고 Type 3가 가장 컸으며, 배축면은 평균 9.4 × 4.6 ㎛로 모든 유형이 비슷하게 나타났다. 모용은 단세포성 선상 모용이 일부 유형에서, 다세포성 비선상 모용이 모든 유형에서 관찰되었다. 선상 모용은 향축면에서 Type 1과 5에만 있었으며, 두 유형 중 Type 5의 모용이 길이 72.2 ㎛로 더 길고, 단위면적 (0.01 mm²) 당 개수도 5개로 더 많았다. 배축면에서는 Type 1, 3 및 5에 있고, 단위면적 당 개수가 Type 1과 5는 3~6개로 비슷하였으나, Type 3은 1개 이하로 매우 드물게 나타났다. 기공복합체는 부등형으로 양면에 분포하며, 향축면의 공변세포 크기는 평균 4.4 × 2.7 ㎛로 너비는 유사하나 길이는 Type 1과 5가 3.1 ㎛, 3.9 ㎛로 나머지에 비해 작았다. 단위면적 당 기공의 수는 향축면과 배축면이 평균 40.2개, 149.2개이고, 양면 모두 Type 1이 66.3개와 177.2개로 가장 많았다. 화분은 모두 단립으로 삼구형이고, 극축 길이(P)와 적도면 지름(E)의 비율은 0.83~1.12로 모양은 아단구형~약장구형이다. 표면무늬는 과립상 표면에 자상 돌기가 있고, Type 3과 4에서만 유공상이 확인되었다. 이상의 결과에서, 솔체꽃 유형인 Type 1과 2가 잎 표면의 선상 모용 유무 및 기공의 수에 뚜렷한 차이를 보여 Type 1은 솔체꽃과는 다른 새로운 변종 또는 품종일 가능성이 있다고 생각된다. 또한 체꽃 유형인 Type 3과 4의 경우, Type 3의 잎 배축면에 털이 드물게 있으나, 두 유형의 화분 표면무늬가 동일하고, 다른 형질들도 모두 중복되어 연속적인 변이로 보이며, 구름체꽃 유형인 Type 5는 나머지 유형과 뚜렷이 구분되었다.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.187-193
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• 1996

This experiment was conducted to investigate the influence of temperature variation by the different ventilation methods on the growth and quality of oriental melon in greenhouse of tunnel type 1. The dropping effect in temperature by ventilation types was best at type 3 and those of type 2, type 1 were in order. 2. The temperature distribution in type 3 was uniformed as air- inflow and air- outflow by wind ventilation were easier than others. Whereas the temperature of type 1 having lateral ventilation hole and type 2 having the zenith ventilation tube and lateral ventilation hole was ascended, because small ventilation area of ventilation tube and hole could not make the gravity and wind ventilation successfully. 3. When compared with air amount of three types ventilated by the temperature difference of outside and inside of tunnel type house, that of type 3 was more than those of type 1 and type 2. 4. Type 3 was better than type 2 and type 1 in lear numbers, leaf area, fruit weight, flesh thickness, malformed fruit rate, and marketable fruit rate. 5. Marketable fruit rate of all treatment at each harvesting stages was rised, as goes to the latter periods.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.46-55
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to develop the better fitting and more comfortable slacks pattern for women. 10 types of slacks pattern were made and worn compared with the sensory evaluations method. The main results of this study were as follows 1. Sensory evaluation for appearance; According to the result of means among the 10 slacks patterns, Type 2 method slacks was most satisfactory, and the next was the Type 4 slacks followed by Type 3, Type 5,6, Type 8, Type 1, Type 7, Type 9 Type 10 method slacks. 2. Sensory evaluation for comfort; The result of means showed that the Type 5 method slacks was most comfortable, and the next was the Type 3,8 slacks followed by Type 6,9 Type 7, Type 1,2,3, Type 10 method slacks.

• The Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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• v.58 no.8
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• pp.1624-1632
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• 2009

In this study, we introduce the design methodology of an optimized Interval Type-2 fuzzy controller. The fixed MF design of type-1 based FLC leads to the difficulty of rule-based control design for representing the linguistically uncertain expression. In the Type-2 FLC as the expanded type of Type-1 FLC, we can effectively improve the control characteristic by using the footprint of uncertainty(FOU) of membership function. Type-2 FLC has a robust characteristic in the unknown system with unspecific noise when compared with Type-1 FLC. Through computer simulation as well as practical experiment, we compare their performance by applying both the optimized Type-1 and Type-2 fuzzy cascade controllers to ball and beam system. To evaluate each controller performance, we consider controller characteristic parameters such as maximum overshoot, delay time, rise time, settling time and steady-state error.