• 치과방사선
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.23-32
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• 1981

The purpose of this study was to assess temporomandibular joint subluxation by means of cephalometry using two lateral cephalograms from each person with in centric occlusion and wide-open mouth position, and to compare patient group with subluxation to normal control group in the measurements and correlation coefficient. The 200 cephalograms of 100 Korean adults, patient group consisted of 24 females and 26 males ranged from 17 to 63 years age and the normal control group consisted of 20 females and 30 males ranged from 18 to 56 years age, were studied and analyzed statistically. The results were as follows; 1. In the comparison of patient group vs normal control group in the measurements, statistically significant differences were found in C-C', C'-PTM, K-FH, K-PTM, Gn-Gn', C-S-C', Gn-S-Gn', Gn-K-Gn', GoGn-SN, and GoGn-Go'Gn'. K-point* of patient group was located antero - superiorly than of normal control group, and the significance level was higher in K-PTM than in K-FH. There was no statistically significant difference found in local relationship of C-point between patient group and normal control group. The values of correlation coefficient among all measurements were in 0.958≥r≥-0.760, and the highest value was in Gn-Gn' to GoGn-Go'Gn' and Gn-K-Gn' to Gn-Gn', and the lowest value was in C'-PTM to Gn-K-Gn' of normal control group. K was determined as a point of intersection by a perpendicular bisector of Gn-Gn' and a perpendicular bisector of C-C'.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제18권5호
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• pp.13-23
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• 2006

Purpose: This study was to investigate two-point discrimination(TPD) and related factors in rural community residents. Methods: The sample consisted of 68 people who have been living in rural community in June 2005 studied. TPD was measured from the tips of the thumb, index, middle, ring, and little finger of each hand with the TPD esthesiometer. The research was designed to be a cross-sectional measured study. SAS statistical software was used for the analysis. The characteristics of the study sample were described by mean and standard deviation(SD) for continuous variables and by frequency and percentage for categorical variables. The Student's t-test and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used to compare TPD in gender and diabetes mellitus. A Pearson's correlation analysis was conducted for relationship among values of 5 fingers. Multiple regression analysis was performed to determine the factors associated with TPD. Results: A total of 68 residents were measured, their average $age{\pm}SD$ was $54.2{\pm}23.2$ years(range: $12{\sim}88\;yr$). The mean TPD for 5 fingers tips in dominated side was 4.76mm(thumb 3.98mm, index 4.22mm, middle 4.79mm, ring 5.17mm, and little finger 5.65mm, respectively). 4.91mm for thumb finger of women was significantly higher than 3.54mm that of men's in difference between gender(p=.01l4), also women(4.39mm) was higher than men(3.71mm) in median nerver area(p=.0318). There was a statistically significant difference in age(p=.0022), which were under age of 20(3.36mm), 30 years(3.61mm), 40 years(5.38mm), 50 years(4.84mm), 60 years(5.28mm), 70 years(5.18mm), and over age of 80(5.29mm). Factors related to TPD of fiver fingers by multiple regressions were gender(${\beta}=.03$, p=.0001). Conclusions: Taken together, gender and age were significantly associated with TPD. We recommend that further research should measure TPD by using larger sample sizes and more sensitive measurement instruments.

• 대한물리의학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.45-52
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• 2021

PURPOSE: This study examined the imaging procedure of pectoralis minor muscle thickness and assessed the intra- and inter-rater reliability of the muscle thickness measured by two raters using rehabilitative ultrasound imaging (RUSI) in healthy individuals. METHODS: Fifteen participants (aged 21 - 28, seven females, and eight males) were involved in the study. The primary rater palpated the coracoid process and the fourth rib, defined as the width of the index finger lateral to the sternum to avoid breast tissues, and lined the two landmarks. The second examiner checked 1 / 3 (1st point) and 1 / 2 (2nd point) of the line length as measurement points. The two raters obtained right side muscle images of the participants at a standardized sitting position using RUSI with a 7.5 MHz linear transducer at 40mm depth. For intra-rater reliability, the principal rater took three images per point and tried to take one more with an interval. For the inter-rater reliability, the other rater performed the same tasks as the principal rater on the same day. The reliability was analyzed using the intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC), the standard error of the measurement (SEM), and Bland and Altman plots. RESULTS: The reliability at all points was excellent for the same rater (ICC_3,1 = .973 - .978, SEM = .042 - .046), and between raters (ICC_2,1 = .939 - .959, SEM = .059 - .097). CONCLUSION: These findings show that the RUSI could be reliable for examining the pectoralis minor muscle thickness in healthy individuals at all measurement sites.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.58-68
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• 1999

This study was carried out to verify the distribution patterns of Salix gracilistyla and Phragmites japonica communities known as obligatory riparian species according to physical factors such as micro-landforms, substrates, etc., at Soo-ip stream corridor. Firstly four vegetation types - Salix gracilistyla dominant type, Phragmites japonica dominant type, mixed type of two species, and mixed type of two species to other species, were classified by cluster analysis based on UPGMA-Euclidean distance. Also these vegetation types showed many different distribution patterns in response to the longitudinal and lateral view along the stream corridor and substrate composition. Salix gracilistyla was major component of dominant vegetation types developed at attack point of bending reach and on substrates composed of rock fragments, but contrastly Phragmites japonica was most important component of dominant vegetation types at point bar of bending reach and floodplain, and on substrates composed of soil materials. Secondly the species and environment biplot form CCA strongly supported the vegetation types divided by classification. Namely Salix gracilistyla was closely correlated with rock fragments and steep slope, which is resistant to physical action even though located near running water. But Phragmites japonica showed a high correlation with soil particles sedimented at floodplain by divergent flow.

• Journal of Communications and Networks
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.279-286
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• 2009

This paper proposes an adaptive mode switching algorithm between two strategies in multiple antenna cellular networks:A single-user mode and a multi-user mode for the broadcast channel. If full channel state information is available at the base station, it is known that a multi user transmission strategy would outperform all single-user transmission strategies. In the absence of full side information, it is unclear what the capacity achieving method is, and thus there are few criteria to decide which of the myriad possible methods performs best given a system configuration. We compare a single user transmission and a multi user transmission with linear receivers in this paper where the transmitter and the receivers have multiple antennas, and find that neither strategy dom inates the other. There is instead a transition point between the two strategies. Then, the mode switching point is determined both ana lytically and numerically for a multiple antenna cellular downlink with correlation between transmit antennas.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제78권2호
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• pp.209-218
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• 2021

For engineering, there are two major challenges in reliability analysis. First, to ensure the accuracy of simulation results, mechanical products are usually defined implicitly by complex numerical models that require time-consuming. Second, the mechanical products are fortunately designed with a large safety margin, which leads to a low failure probability. This paper proposes an efficient and high-precision adaptive active learning algorithm based on the Kriging surrogate model to deal with the problems with low failure probability and time-consuming numerical models. In order to solve the problem with multiple failure regions, the adaptive kernel-density estimation is introduced and improved. Meanwhile, a new criterion for selecting points based on the current Kriging model is proposed to improve the computational efficiency. The criterion for choosing the best sampling points considers not only the probability of misjudging the sign of the response value at a point by the Kriging model but also the distribution information at that point. In order to prevent the distance between the selected training points from too close, the correlation between training points is limited to avoid information redundancy and improve the computation efficiency of the algorithm. Finally, the efficiency and accuracy of the proposed method are verified compared with other algorithms through two academic examples and one engineering application.

• 한국직업건강간호학회지
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.92-102
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to investigate the correlation between spiritual wellbeing and hope, and perceived health status of teachers. Subjects for this study were 244 teachers sampled from middle schools in Kyungpuk. Data was collected from August 10, 1998 to August 30, 1998 using a self-reporting questionnaire managed by a trained interviewer. The measurement tool for spiritual wellbeing was a self-report questionnaire which consisted of 20 questions as 6 point Likert scale developed by Palautzian and Ellison(1982). The tool used do measure hope was developed based on a questionnaire consisting of 4 point Likert scale. Analysis of the data done by use of descriptive statistical methods, t-test, Pearson correlation. The result of this study are as follows : 1. The mean score for spiritual wellbeing was 82.32 and the range was 48-120. Among the components of spiritual wellbeing, the mean score for religious wellbeing was 39.23 and for existential wellbeing, 43.09. 2. The mean score for hope in the teacher group was 84.43, and in the school health teacher group, 88. 33, and this was statistically significant. 3. The response rate on good health for the perceived health status questions in the teacher group, 48.2%, and in the school health teacher group, 42.4%. 4. In testing the hypothesis concerning the relationship between spiritual wellbeing and hope, there was a strong positive correlation in both groups. In a comparison of coefficients of religious, existential wellbeing and hope, there was more stronger correlation in existential wellbeing than that in the other two. 5. In testing the hypothesis concerning the relationship between spiritual wellbeing and perceived health status, there was a weak positive correlation in both groups. 6. The mean score for spiritual wellbeing in the school health teacher group was higher than that in the teacher group and the difference was statistically significant. From the above results it can be conclude that : 1. There was strong positive correlation between spiritual wellbeing and hope. 2. There was correlation between spiritual wellbeing and perceived health status. 3. There was difference for spiritual wellbeing between the school health teacher group and the teacher group, and this was statistically significant.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.58-66
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• 2013

PURPOSE. The purpose of this study was to decide the most appropriate point on tragus to be used as a reference point at time of marking ala tragus line while establishing occlusal plane. MATERIALS AND METHODS. The data was collected in two groups of subjects: 1) Dentulous 2) Edentulous group having sample size of 30 for each group with equal gender distribution (15 males, 15 females each). Downs analysis was used for base value. Lateral cephalographs were taken for all selected subjects. Three points were marked on tragus as Superior (S), Middle (M), and Inferior (I) and were joined with ala (A) of the nose to form ala-tragus lines. The angle formed by each line (SA plane, MA plane, IA plane) with Frankfort Horizontal (FH) plane was measured by using custom made device and modified protractor in all dentulous and edentulous subjects. Also, in dentulous subjects angle between Frankfort Horizontal plane and natural occlusal plane was measured. The measurements obtained were subjected to the following statistical tests; descriptive analysis, Student's unpaired t-test and Pearson's correlation coefficient. RESULTS. The results demonstrated, the mean angle COO (cant of occlusal plane) as $9.76^{\circ}$, inferior point on tragus had given the mean angular value of IFH [Angle between IA plane (plane formed by joining inferior point-I on tragus and ala of nose- A) and FH plane) as $10.40^{\circ}$ and $10.56^{\circ}$ in dentulous and edentulous subjects respectively which was the closest value to the angle COO and was comparable with the values of angle COO value in Downs analysis. Angulations of ala-tragus line marked from inferior point with occlusal plane in dentulous subject had given the smallest value $2.46^{\circ}$ which showed that this ala-tragus line was nearly parallel to occlusal plane. CONCLUSION. The inferior point marked on tragus is the most appropriate point for marking ala-tragus line.

• 한국음향학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국음향학회 2004년도 춘계학술발표대회 논문집 제23권 1호
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• pp.225-230
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• 2004

Leak noise is a good source to identify the exact location of a leak point of underground water pipelines. Water leak generates broadband noise from a leak location and can be propagated to both directions of water pipes. However, the necessity of long-range detect ion of this leak location makes to identify low-frequency acoustic waves rather than high frequency ones. Acoustic wave propagation coupled with surrounding boundaries including cast iron pipes is theoretical analyzed and the wave velocity was confirmed with experiment The leak locations were identified both by the acoustic emission (AE) method and the cross-correlation method. In a short-range distance, both the AE method and cross-correlation method are effective to detect leak position. However, the detect ion for a long-range distance required a lower frequency range accelerometers only because higher frequency waves were attenuated very quickly with the increase of propagation paths. Two algorithms for the cross-correlation function were suggested and a long-range detection has been achieved at real underground water pipelines longer than 300m.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.386-390
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• 2007

By use of a simple two-point extrapolation scheme estimating the correlation energies of the molecules along with the basis sets specifically targeted for extrapolation, we have shown that the MP2 basis set limit binding energies of large hydrogen-bonded complexes can be accurately predicted with relatively small amount of computational cost. The basis sets employed for computation and extrapolation consist of the smallest correlation consistent basis set cc-pVDZ and another basis set made of the cc-pVDZ set plus highest angular momentum polarization functions from the cc-pVTZ set, both of which were then augmented by diffuse functions centered on the heavy atoms except hydrogen in the complex. The correlation energy extrapolation formula takes the (X+1)-3 form with X corresponding to 2.0 for the cc-pVDZ set and 2.3 for the other basis set. The estimated MP2 basis set limit binding energies for water hexamer, hydrogen fluoride pentamer, alaninewater, phenol-water, and guanine-cytosine base pair complexes of nucleic acid by this method are 45.2(45.9), 36.1(37.5), 10.9(10.7), 7.1(6.9), and 27.6(27.7) kcal/mol, respectively, with the values in parentheses representing the reference basis set limit values. A comparison with the DFT results by B3LYP method clearly manifests the effectiveness and accuracy of this method in the study of large hydrogen-bonded complexes.