• Journal of Korea Game Society
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.17-27
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• 2008

This study has made an in-depth analysis of the 'Puzzle System' which is a characteristic structural unit of the Adventure Game, and concentrates on the mechanism where the experience arouses in the player a 'desire (quasi-need) to finish' that leads to one's immersion and engagement in the game. In the course of conducting this study, documentary records were consulted and also this writer personally played video games to learn the component elements and fundamental characteristics of the Adventure Games and to experience how the player was immersed in the game. Thus, the Puzzle System in the Adventure Game was defined and an analysis was made of the structure and course of play where the puzzle part and the narrative part within the system organically interacted between them in the system. In order to confirm the formation and effects of 'desire to finish' shown in the hypothetic assumptions, two experiment-purpose game units were produced, one with dramatic cut scenes and the other without them, so that differences between them could be found. I also conducted an experiment to learn the generation and effect of the 'desire to finish' of the Puzzle elements by using different games with a varying degree of difficulty.

• The Transactions of the Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers A
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• v.55 no.11
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• pp.492-497
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• 2006

Nash Equilibrium (NE) is essential to investigate a participant's bidding strategy in a competitive electricity market. The transmission line constraints make it difficult to compute the NE due to causing a mixed strategy NE instead of a pure strategy NE. Computing a mixed strategy is more complicated in a multi-player game. The competition among multi-participants is modeled by a two-level hierarchical optimization problem. A mathematical programming approach is widely used in finding this equilibrium. However, there are difficulties to solving a mixed strategy NE. This paper presents two propositions to add heuristics to the mathematical programming method. The propositions are based on empirical studies on mixed strategies in numerous sample systems. Based on the propositions a new formulation is provided with a set of linear and nonlinear equations, and an algorithm is suggested for using the prepositions and the newly-formulated equations.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.11 no.10
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• pp.731-736
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• 2013

Recently attention deficit of children has caused various social problems. Those children who has symptoms like ADHD (Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder) has to be provided with methods which can enhance their attention level in a child-friendly way such as 3D games. This paper shows a research on how to measure the level of attention for attention deficit children using their favorite 3D games. Firstly, we speculated on the methods about attention measurement used in the medical area. And then we searched measurement variables which can effectively evaluate the level of attention during a game play time. Secondly, we have conducted experiment whether there exists difference about the value of the measurement variables between the two groups, normal children group and attention deficit children group. Those variables are omission error, commission error, average response time, and standard deviation of response time. Though our experiment has only been limited to visual attention level, four measurement variables revealed mutual differences.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.13 no.7
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• pp.3638-3653
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• 2019

Designing a user interface is important because the user interface determines the level of physical and mental engagement of the user resulting in their level of learning. This paper investigated how physical engagement through a different user interfaces is associated with fun and learning and presented a theoretical physical engagement model called, PEM, developed based on an empirical user study. The PEM model describes how a game user interface is associated with the level of fun and learning, particularly in playing a full body engaged game. There are many different types of games but the Wii Tennis, an embodied interactive game, was chosen as an instance of full body engaged game. A user study with 32 participant's age ranged from 21 to 40 years old revealed that there is a positive correlation between both fun and learning and the level of physical engagement through two different user interfaces. The results of the study showed that the extent of fun and learning are associated with the physical engagement of the player through an interface. As an implication from the study, the result recommend that the level of user engagement is realized by an effective user interface, and the level of physical engagement is determined by the level of authenticity bridged by the user interface.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.15 no.12
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• pp.5-19
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• 2017

Purpose - This study involves the following questions: "Does internalization theory fully explain reality?" and "Which additional factors may add extra value to the theory?" To answer these, this study divides market entry mode into two steps, initial and subsequent and then, focuses on the subsequent distribution step; that is, the post-entry strategy after initial entry. In addition, this study relies on finding strategic orientations that affect the decision of post-entry into foreign markets. Research design, data, and methodology - To investigate this, this study examines 252 cases of Korean online games for each foreign market and the distribution mode at the product-team level. Results - The result shows that companies use different distribution strategies as a post-entry mode, like licensing, or joint distribution rather than exclusive distribution, through subsidiaries even if they already have wholly owned local subsidiaries which have enough experience and resources to select the entry modes among various types and then provide full commitment and control. Additionally, it finds that strategic orientation affects post-entry strategies differently. Conclusions - Therefore, this study is noteworthy and significant, as it practically extends the existing theories such as an internalization and distribution for decision making regarding the overseas expansion of entertainment businesses.

• The Transactions of the Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers A
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• v.53 no.11
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• pp.630-635
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• 2004

Generation companies(Genco) submit the supply functions as a bidding function to a bid market in a competitive electricity market. The profits of Gencos vary in accordance with the bid functions, so the selection of a bidding function plays a key role in increasing their profits. In order to get a profitable bidding function which is usually linear, it is required to modify adequately the intersection and the slope of a linear supply function. This paper presents an analysis of the selection of the supply function from the viewpoint of Nash equilibrium(NE). Four types of bidding function parameters are used for analizing the electricity market. The competition of selecting bidding parameters is modeled as two level games in this research. One is a subgame where a certain type of parameters is given and the players compete to select values of the underlying parameters. The other is an overall game where the players compete to select a profitable type among the four types of parameters. The NEs in both games are computed by an using analytic method and a payoff matrix method. It is verified in case studies for the NE of overall game to satisfy the equilibrium condition.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartB
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• v.13B no.4 s.107
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• pp.449-456
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• 2006

This paper proposes intelligent characters for fighting action games to which energy points are applied for more realistic implementation than those of previous researches. The intelligent characters decide their actions in consideration of their energy level as well as a current action, the step of the action, the distance, and past actions of opponent characters that were used in existing intelligent ones. We used two types of energy, HP(Health Point) and MP(Mana Point) that were frequently employed in recent on-line games. We experimented with proposed intelligent characters to investigate whether the intelligent characters learn proper actions and cope with opponent characters in consideration of their energy levels. Experimental results showed that the intelligent characters reacted with the best actions to obtain high score if their energy is sufficient, Otherwise, they did the actions to(that?) recharge their energy. From this observation, we could conclude that the proposed intelligent characters worked well and did effective actions in consideration of the their energy.

• Journal of the Korea Computer Industry Society
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.163-170
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• 2006

This paper proposes intelligent characters for fighting action games to which energy concepts are applied for more realistic implementation than those of previous researches. The intelligent characters decide their actions in consideration of their energy level as well as a current action, the step of the action, the distance, and past actions of opponent characters that were used in existing intelligent ones. We used two types of energy, HP(Health Point) and MP(Mana Point), that were frequently employed in recent on-line games. We experimented with proposed intelligent characters to investigate whether the intelligent characters loam proper actions and cope with opponent characters in consideration of their energy levels. Experimental results showed that the intelligent characters reacted to the best actions to obtain high score if their energy is sufficient, otherwise they did the actions to recharge their energy. From this observation, we could conclude that the proposed intelligent characters worked well and did effective actions in consideration to the their energy.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.759-778
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• 2021

This study was carried out to verify whether there were any differences in accepting moral issues between adolescents who played using characters of high status (either objectively or subjectively highly ranked within a game) in the online game world and those who played using characters of low status (either objectively or subjectively lowly ranked). It also investigated whether there were moderating interactional effects for the amount of time spent on playing games and the influence of adolescents' social statuses in games over accepting moral issues. Results showed that, overall, adolescents who played using a lower-ranking character in the game world displayed a higher acceptance of moral issues than those who played using characters of the two other categories (equal to average level or higher). Furthermore, interactional effects were observed for those who played using a low-ranking character and spent longer hours playing games, as they were more likely to accept moral issues. This study is significant in that it offers many implications, as a rare study that verified the effects of cyberspace status on moral judgements made in the real world.

• Journal of Korea Game Society
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.27-36
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• 2014

Accurate information on players, namely player analytics is one of the key factors in a game development environment where a scientific approach to user-oriented game analysis is in the spotlight. This study is intended to examine effects of relations between choke point types and cover pattern properties on level difficulties in FPS games. As for FPS games, interaction between players' behaviors and game levels is higher compared to other genres and choke point types as well as cover pattern properties are key factors of level design. Choke point is the main crossroad that must to pass for achieving the goal and Cover Pattern is the type of object on the level except buildings. Two elements directly or indirectly affect the level of difficulty. This study analyzed 10 types of representative FPS gameplays to classify choke point types and assigned 4 types of cover pattern properties to organize 16 target levels for the experiment. In addition, this study collected and analyzed players' 800 behavior data (video clips) from 5 repetitive plays performed by 10 players. In conclusion, analytical results obtained from the empirical study will contribute to realizing systematic game level development by providing specific information for a game level design phase. The findings are also meaningful in that they suggest efficient and effective methods of utilizing the existing academic study results for industrial applications.