• 해양환경안전학회:학술대회논문집
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• 해양환경안전학회 2006년도 추계학술발표회
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• pp.169-174
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• 2006

모든 원유 (crude oil)와 제품유 (petroleum product)는 서로 구별되는 탄화수소특성을 가지고 있다. 원유의 경우 산지별로 고유한 특성을 지니고 있으며, 제품유의 경우 같은 유종이라 할지라도 그 원료가 되는 원유의 특성, 생산공정, 생산시기 등에서 차이점이 발생한다. 즉, 생산시기가 동일하다 할지라도 선박의 연료탱크내에 남아있는 잔류유와의 혼합 동에 의해 구별되는 특징을 가지게 되며 이러한 특성을 이용한 기법을 유지문기법(oil fingerprint method) 이라 한다. 본 연구에서는 최근 새로운 유지문기법으로 활용 가능성이 대두되고 있는 2 차원 가스크로마토그래프 (Comprehensive Two Dimensional Gas Chromatography)를 이용하여 기존의 가스크로마토그래프 (GC)와 가스크로마토그래프 질량분석기 (GC/MS) 와의 분석방법 비교 등을 통해 유지문 분석기법의 실효성에 대해서 논하고자 한다.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제25권5호
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• pp.420-431
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• 2009

Characteristics and advantages of the thermal desorption-comprehensive two dimensional gas chromatography-time of flight mass spectrometry (TD-GCxGC-TOFMS) were discussed and the organic compound's analysis result was shown for the ambient $PM_{2.5}$ sample collected in Seoul, Korea. Over 10,000 individual organic compounds were separated from about $70{\mu}g$ of aerosols in a single procedure with no sample pre-treatment. Among them, around 300 compounds were identified and classified based on the mass fragmentation patterns and GCxGC retention times. Several aliphatic compounds groups such as alkanes, alkenes, cycloalkanes, alkanoic acids, and alkan-2-ones were identified as well as 72 PAH compounds including alkyl substituted compounds and 8 hopanes. In Seoul aerosol, numerous oxidized aromatic compounds including major components of secondary organic aerosols were observed. The inventory of organic compounds in $PM_{2.5}$ of Seoul, Korea suggested that organic aerosol were constituted by the compounds of primary source emission as well as the formation of secondary organic aerosols.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제31권5호
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• pp.1386-1391
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• 1999

치자(Gardenia jasminoides Ellis) 열매의 methanol추출물은 Gram양성 세균, Gram음성 세균, 효모 등의 미생물에 대하여 항미생물 활성을 보여, solvent fractionation, silica gel adsorption column chromatography, Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography, ODS column chromatography, HPLC등에 의해 얻어진 활성 물질을 MS, GC-MS, $^{1}H-NMR,\;^{13}C-NMR$ 그리고 2D-NMR 등의 기기 분석에 의해 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid는 동정하였다. 치자 열매에서 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid가 항미생물 활성물질로 분리 동정된 것은 처음으로 생각된다. 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid는 건조 치자열매에 g당 $32.7\;{\mu}g$ 정도 함유되어 있었다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제45권1호
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• pp.1-21
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• 2021

Panax species have gained numerous attentions because of their various biological effects on cardiovascular, kidney, reproductive diseases known for a long time. Recently, advanced analytical methods including thin layer chromatography, high-performance thin layer chromatography, gas chromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography, ultra-high performance liquid chromatography with tandem ultraviolet, diode array detector, evaporative light scattering detector, and mass detector, two-dimensional high-performance liquid chromatography, high speed counter-current chromatography, high speed centrifugal partition chromatography, micellar electrokinetic chromatography, high-performance anion-exchange chromatography, ambient ionization mass spectrometry, molecularly imprinted polymer, enzyme immunoassay, 1H-NMR, and infrared spectroscopy have been used to identify and evaluate chemical constituents in Panax species. Moreover, Soxhlet extraction, heat reflux extraction, ultrasonic extraction, solid phase extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, pressurized liquid extraction, enzyme-assisted extraction, acceleration solvent extraction, matrix solid phase dispersion extraction, and pulsed electric field are discussed. In this review, a total of 219 articles published from 1980 to 2018 are investigated. Panax species including P. notoginseng, P. quinquefolius, sand P. ginseng in the raw and processed forms from different parts, geographical origins, and growing times are studied. Furthermore, the potential biomarkers are screened through the previous articles. It is expected that the review can provide a fundamental for further studies.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제44권1호
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• pp.165-177
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• 2024

Volatile compounds (VOCs) are an important factor affecting meat quality. However, the characteristic VOCs in different parts of donkey meat remain unknown. Accordingly, this study represents a preliminary investigation of VOCs to differentiate between different cuts of donkey meat by using headspace-gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (HS-GC-IMS) combined with chemometrics analysis. The results showed that the 31 VOCs identified in donkey meat, ketones, alcohols, aldehydes, and esters were the predominant categories. A total of 10 VOCs with relative odor activity values ≥1 were found to be characteristic of donkey meat, including pentanone, hexanal, nonanal, octanal, and 3-methylbutanal. The VOC profiles in different parts of donkey meat were well differentiated using three- and two-dimensional fingerprint maps. Nine differential VOCs that represent potential markers to discriminate different parts of donkey meat were identified by chemometrics analysis. These include 2-butanone, 2-pentanone, and 2-heptanone. Thus, the VOC profiles in donkey meat and specific VOCs in different parts of donkey meat were revealed by HS-GC-IMS combined with chemometrics, whcih provided a basis and method of investigating the characteristic VOCs and quality control of donkey meat.

• 통합자연과학논문집
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.161-164
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• 2018

Over the past decade, mass spectrometry-based metabolomics, especially two dimensional gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GCxGC/TOF-MS), has become a key analytical tool for metabolomics data because of its sensitivity and ability to analyze complex biological or biochemical sample. However, the need to reduce variations within/between experiments has been reported and methodological developments to overcome such problem has long been a critical issue. Along with methodological developments, developing reasonable performance measure has also been studied. Following four numerical measures have been typically used for comparison: sensitivity, specificity, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, and positive predictive value (PPV). However, more recently, such measures are replaced with F1 score in many fields including metabolomics area without any carefulness of its validity. Thus, we want to investigate the validity of F1 score on two examples, with the goal of raising the awareness in choosing appropriate performance comparison measure. We noticed that F1 score itself, as a performance measure, was not good enough. Accordingly, we suggest that F1 score be supplemented with other performance measure such as specificity to improve its validity.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제16권12호
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• pp.1990-1994
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• 2006

Fusarium proliferatum KGL0401 was previously isolated from Physalis alkekengi var. francheti plant roots and exhibited a high GA productivity. A gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of extracts of the culture fluid of F proliferatum KGL0401 also revealed the presence of $GA_1$, $GA_3$, $GA_4$, $GA_7$, $GA_{20}$, and $GA_{24}$. Therefore, the present study conducted a proteome analysis of waito-c rice treated with the culture fluid of the isolated F proliferatum KGL0401 to identify the protein expression triggered by the GA-containing culture fluid. The results revealed the overexpression of 180 protein spots in the sample treated with the culture fluid. Among them, 75 induced proteins were selected and analyzed by MALDI-TOF (matrix-assisted laser desorption-iorrization time-of-flight) mass spectrometry, followed by database searching, and 51 proteins were identified.

• 한국입자에어로졸학회지
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.153-169
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• 2018

기존 대기 에어로졸에서의 유기성분 분석은 분석 기기로 파악한 피크 가운데 동정 가능한 성분 개수에 제한이 있었다. 이 문제를 극복하는 방법의 하나로 2DGC를 활용하여 보다 많은 성분을 동정하고, 이들 성분들의 특성 파악을 용이하게 하기 위해 검출된 피크들을 휘발도에 따라 3개, 극성도에 따라 2개로 분리하여 총 6개의 그룹으로 구분하고, 각 그룹의 피크를 정성/정성 분석하여 화학 특성에 따른 클래스로 구분하는 방법론을 제시하였다. 제시한 방법론을 서울에서 2013년 여름과 2014년 겨울에 측정한 대기 에어로졸의 유기 성분을 2DGC로 분석한 결과에 적용하여 특성 파악 연구를 수행하였다. 정성/정량 분석 결과 유기 성분을 8개의 클래스로 구분할 수 있었다. 이 성분들은 계절별 유사성과 차별성을 보여주었다. 한 예로 고극성-휘발성유기화합물(HP-VOC)의 정성분석 결과 여름에는 furanone 성분이 대부분이었으나, 겨울에는 furanone 성분이 검출되지 않았다. 저극성 반휘발성유기화합물(LP-SVOC)의 정성적 특징은 VOC와 OVOC가 대부분을 차지하고 있는 것이었으며 OVOC가 VOC보다 더 많은 종류로 검출되었다. 그러나 상대적 정량분석에서는 반대로 OVOC보다 VOC가 두 배 더 많은 양을 차지하고 있었다. 즉 LP-SVOC에서 OVOC는 더 다양한 종류가 발견되나 정량적으로 봤을 때는 VOC가 대부분을 차지하고 있다고 할 수 있다. 이러한 분석 결과는 보다 다양한 성분의 유기성분 분석과 함께 정성/정량 분석의 통합적 활용이 필요함을 보여주고 있다. 이 연구에서 2DGC 시스템 결과를 6개의 그룹으로 구분하여 미지 성분 피크를 그 그룹의 특성을 가진 것으로 정성/정량 분석하여 어느 정도 결과를 도출하였다. 그러나 각 그룹의 경계에 있는 성분들이 비슷한 특성을 갖는 경우가 나타났고, 정량 분석에는 아직도 미흡한 부분이 있는 제한점을 보였다. 이 부분에 대한 보다 심도 깊은 연구가 필요하다. 또한 2DGC 시스템은 단일 GC 시스템보다 검출 한도가 높은 제한점을 가지고 있으며, 정량이 아직 확실하지 않은 단점이 있다. 이들 문제점을 해결하기 위해서는 분석 시스템 자체에 대한 심도 깊은 연구가 필요하다.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.37-48
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• 2022

Accurate analysis of petroleum hydrocarbons in soil is an important prerequisite for proper source tracking of contamination. Identification of petroleum compounds is commonly carried out by peak pattern matching in gas chromatography. However, this method has several technical limitations, especially when the soils underwent biological, physical and chemical transformation. For instance, it is very difficult to distinguish jet fuel (JP-8) from kerosene because JP-8 is derivatized from secondary reaction between chemical agents (e.g. anti-oxidants, antifreezer and so on) and kerosene. In this study, an alternative method to separately analyze JP-8 and kerosene in the petroleum hydrocarbon contaminated soil was proposed. Qualitative analyses were performed for representative phenolic antioxidants [2,6-di-tert-butyl phenol (2,6-DTBP), 2,4-di-tert- butylphenol(2,4-DTBP), 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methyl phenol (2,6-DTBMP)] using a two dimensional gas chromatograph mass spectrometer (2D GC×GC-TOF-MS). This qualitative analysis of antioxidants in soil would be a useful complementary tool for the peak pattern matching method to identify JP-8 contamination in soil.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.53-66
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• 2012

A comparison of analytical approaches for Levoglucosan ($C_6H_{10}O_5$, commonly formed from the pyrolysis of carbohydrates such as cellulose) and used for a molecular marker in biomass burning is made between the four different analytical systems. 1) Spectrothermography technique as the evaluation of thermograms of carbon using Elemental Carbon & Organic Carbon Analyzer, 2) mass spectrometry technique using Gas Chromatography/mass spectrometer (GC/MS), 3) Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (AMS) for the identification of the particle size distribution and chemical composition, and 4) two dimensional Gas Chromatography with Time of Flight mass spectrometry (GC${\times}$GC-TOFMS) for defining the signature of Levoglucosan in terms of chemical analytical process. First, a Spectrothermography, which is defined as the graphical representation of the carbon, can be measured as a function of temperature during the thermal separation process and spectrothermographic analysis. GC/MS can detect mass fragment ions of Levoglucosan characterized by its base peak at m/z 60, 73 in mass fragment-grams by methylation and m/z 217, 204 by trimethylsilylderivatives (TMS-derivatives). AMS can be used to analyze the base peak at m/z 60.021, 73.029 in mass fragment-grams with a multiple-peak Gaussian curve fit algorithm. In the analysis of TMS derivatives by GC${\times}$GC-TOFMS, it can detect m/z 73 as the base ion for the identification of Levoglucosan. It can also observe m/z 217 and 204 with existence of m/z 333. Although the ratios of m/z 217 and m/z 204 to the base ion (m/z 73) in the mass spectrum of GC${\times}$GC-TOFMS lower than those of GC/MS, Levoglucosan can be separated and characterized from D (-) +Ribose in the mixture of sugar compounds. At last, the environmental significance of Levoglucosan will be discussed with respect to the health effect to offer important opportunities for clinical and potential epidemiological research for reducing incidence of cardiovascular and respiratory diseases.