• 유통과학연구
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• 제13권12호
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• pp.41-52
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• 2015

Purpose - Given globalization, the new niche market of medical tourism is likely to experience sustainable growth for various reasons, such as aging populations and a shift in the medical consumerism paradigm toward prevention. Importantly, understanding medical customers' behavior is necessary to benefit from a competitive advantage in this industry. The existing research primarily accessed the key factors of medical quality and costs to explain health customers' behavior but is limited in terms of enabling an understanding of the decision process. This limitation exists because, given the intangibility and greater associated risks in the highly professional industry of international medical tourism, most customers lack the knowledge and experience needed to evaluate the central factors-such as the medical competence of health care countries-before purchases. Therefore, they actively search for useful information through various distributions to reduce uncertainty and to make better choices. Interestingly, most of these information channels are associated with word-of-mouth (WOM). However, no evidence is found in the literature to estimate the effect of WOM in the medical tourism field. Thus, this study focuses on WOM to explore its interaction with key medical characteristic factors and the attractiveness of destinations referred to by sources. This study also affects customers' evaluations and, in turn, influences their intention to seek health care services abroad. Research design, data, and methodology - The literature review addressed an interesting research model for estimating the relations among WOM, medical characteristics, attractiveness, and customers' choice intention regarding international health care. In the key economic regions in China, such as Beijing, Shanghai, Jiangsu, Shandong, and Guangdong, 2,500 survey questionnaires were distributed to potential customers of different ages, education, and income levels. A resulting 1,717 (68.68 percent of the original 2,500) usable surveys were obtained for analysis. Moderated regression analysis was used to determine the effects of WOM in the decision process regarding international health care destinations. Results - The results indicate that WOM is a good moderator of the relationships between the factors evaluated by sources and customers. More importantly, the WOM effects reflect the factors of tie strength, credibility, and vividness. The results also reveal that, given the moderating role of WOM, the intention of potential Chinese customers to seek the referred health care country varies according to the medical characteristics of medical competency and reputation as evaluated by customers. In contrast, the travel attractiveness of the attractions, facilities, accessibility, and social environment are critical determinants of destination choice intention. Conclusions - The moderating role of WOM has been confirmed through the international healthcare destination selection process. Medical tourism managers should user WOM as an effective marketing tool for industry development. Specially, marketers should consider the effects of WOM determinants, such as tie strength, credibility, and vividness, to develop an effective strategy. Furthermore, this study estimates the factors that affect customers' selection of medical tourism destinations. Health care managers or policy makers should consider a broad variety of variables that may attract more Chinese customers to international health care.

• 미술이론과 현장
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• 제5호
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• pp.197-215
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• 2007

Yangbanxi("model plays") symbolize the Cultural Revolution(1966~1976) in China. The Eight Model Revolutionary Works include five Chinese Modern Peking Operas, namely, Taking Tiger Mountain by Strategy(智取威虎山), Harbor(海港), Shaijabang(沙家浜), The Red Lantern(紅燈記), and Raid on the White Tiger Regiment ; (奇襲白虎團), ballets such as The Red Detachment of Women(紅色娘子軍) and The White-Haired Girl(白毛女) ; and a symphony: Shajiabang(沙家浜). On April 24, 1967, Chinese leaders, including Mao Zedong, saw a performance of The White-Haired Girl. Yanbanxi was performed in Beijing between May 24 and June 15 the same year. The Red Lantern was designated as a work for the proletarian classes by Jiang Qing(Mao Zedong's third wife and the most influential woman in China) and spread nationwide. It was also made into a film to be enjoyed by many people. The modern Chinese operas went a long way in their creation of visual images of revolutionary heroes. The Red Lantern, in particular, came to be regarded as the most representative revolutionary opera. In the course of such a process, Jiang Qing used Yangbanxi as a political tool for compelling the people to worship and pledge their allegiance to Mao in an effort to turn the Cultural Revolution into a class struggle on behalf of her husband. During the Cultural Revolution period, artists were made to associate with workers, farmers and soldiers based on the idea of advocating revolutionary arts for the proletarian classes. The characters in The Rend Lantern were portrayed as heroes from the proletarian classes according to the demands of the era. Chinese leaders set forth the principles of artistic expression, stressing three important factors: politics, heroes, and heroic acts, which were to be applied to all the visual arts, including Yangbanxi. This paper attempts to present a new view of fine arts during the Cultural Revolution in China by focusing on the productive significance of a leading style of a specific era in the past. To that end, this paper sheds light on products made in conformance with political instructions, stressing the importance of revolutionary heroes in The Red Lantern.

• 한국항만학회지
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.321-337
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• 1997

Rapid change in the technological environment of marine transportation and the development of the ocean shipping industry have fostered a revolution in the port system. This in turn has caused major changes in the function and use of port in Korea. Aside from this. Mokpo Port, however continues to decline, because the existing port facilities and related subsystem are already obsolete with no chance of regaining operational effectiveness and treatment for proper implementation. Although a few studies have been done on the Mokpo Port, has not been found, any reseach for the analytical approach to the transportation system of it. This paper aims to make an extensive analysis of the physical distribution system in Mokpo Port focusing on the coordination of subsystems such as navigational aids system, quay handling and transfer system, storage system and inland transport system. The base of introduced simulation tool here is the queueing theory. The overall findings are as follows; 1. Among those vessels called at Mokpo Port in 1994, the average size of oceangoing vessels is 4,922.1 G/T, and the domestic is 317.8 G/T. The average arrival interval and service time of the domestic vessels are 6.0 hours and 24.1 hours respectively marking the berth occupation rate over 100%. Those for oceangoing vessels are 34.5 hours, 120.0 hours and 37.2%. In order to maintainin the berth occupation rate to 70% the capacity considering the 1994 of domestic piers must be extended to 145% and oceangoing vessels must be increased to 165% year called. 2. The capacity of approaching channel is enough to handle the total traffic volume. 3. Tugs are sufficiently being provided to handle all ships requiring their services 4. The capacity of storage and inland transportation systems are sufficient to handle the throughput and the yard stroage utilization rate of No.1 $\cdots$ No.5 is 4.5% and No.6 1S 30% of 1993's. 5. The utilization rate of LLc(Level Looping Crane) and PNT(PNeumaTic) are 2.7% and 18.8%, respectively. Practical solution and proposal for improvement of Transportation System in Mokpo Port are as follows; 1. To avoid the congestion in domestic pier introduction of a new port operation system is necessary allowing the domestic vessel to use the oceangoing pier. 2. To establish the port management information system to improve the efficiency of port operation. 3. To build a new storage system for high valued cargos including modernization of the present storage and handling system. 4. To insure the safety of navigation in approaching channel, The Vessel Traffic System including separation scheme is introduced. 5. To interest enormously on public relation to ship owner's association, shippers and consignees by showing that they can save cost and ship turnaround time in order to promote the call to Mokpo Port. At last, to be strategically change the function of Mokpo Port to the Leisure, Fishing & Ferry as well as Maritime port.

• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제29권1D호
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• pp.41-48
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• 2009

신호교차로 용량분석 방법은 국내외에서 주로 사용하고 있는 HCM 방법과 본 연구에서 제시하고자하는 ICU 방법이 있다. HCM 방법은 교통량, 신호운영, 기하구조 자료에 의해 교차로의 지체를 산정하는 운영 분석에 초점이 맞춰져 있고, 계획 및 설계 분석은 반복적인 운영분석을 통해 이루어져 복잡하다. 반면 ICU 방법은 기하구조 및 교통량 자료만으로 교차로 계획 및 설계 분석이 가능하고 용이하며 최소녹색시간을 고려하는 장점이 있다. 본 연구에서는 ICU 방법에 대해 살펴보고, 교통량 시나리오를 구성하여 HCM 방법과 ICU 방법을 비교 분석하였다. 또한 중요교차로 설정을 위한 도시간선도로 축 상의 교차로 용량분석, 횡단보도 유형, 차로수, 차로이용, 좌회전 운영방식 변경의 효과분석에 ICU를 적용 분석함으로써 계획 및 설계 분석 시 ICU 적용의 효율성을 살펴보았다. 분석결과 ICU 방법이 최소녹색시간의 영향을 반영하여 광로로 이루어진 도시 교차로의 정확한 용량상태를 파악할 수 있고, 신호시간 등의 상세한 자료 없이 간편하게 적용할 수 있어 계획 및 설계 분석에 효율적인 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구결과를 토대로 기하구조나 운영방식 변경 등의 계획 분석에 ICU 방법을 유용하게 적용하여 계획 교차로의 정확한 용량상태를 파악함으로써 적절한 계획 및 개선이 이루어질 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제33권6호
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• pp.2255-2265
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• 2013

본 연구에서는 유역의 배수구조를 설명할 수 있는 폭 함수 기반의 Clark 모형을 제안하였다. 시간-면적곡선으로는 지표면과 하천에 대하여 개별적인 동수역학적 특성을 적용한 재조정된 폭 함수를 이용하였다. 선형저수지 추적의 경우 기존의 Clark 모형과 같이 차분화된 형태가 아니라 해석식을 적용하여 수행하였다. 본 연구에서 고려한 주요한 매개변수들로는 지표면평균이송속도 및 하천평균이송속도와 저류상수를 들 수 있다. 실제 매개변수의 추정 과정에는 전역최적화 기법 중의 하나인 SCE-UA 기법을 적용하였다. 또한 Clark 모형으로부터 유도된 순간단위도의 형상은 원점에 대한 1차모멘트와 면적중심에 대한 2, 3차 모멘트로 구분하여 평가하였다. 관측 수문사상의 통계모멘트들과 본 연구에서 추정된 통계모멘트들의 상관계수는 1차모멘트의 경우 0.995, 2차모멘트는 0.993, 3차모멘트는 0.983로 산정되었다. 평균과 분산에 대해서는 추정값과 관측값이 대체로 일치하는 경향을 보여주었다. 그러나 추정된 3차모멘트에 대한 결과는 다소 과대 평가되는 경향을 나타내었다. 제안된 Clark 모형은 순간단위도의 형상을 평균과 분산만을 고려하여 적용한 방법보다 수문곡선의 왜곡 및 첨두좌표의 모의와 관련된 한계점을 개선하였다. 이러한 결과로부터 본 연구에서 제시한 방법론은 배수경로의 이질성과 동적매개변수들의 영향을 적절하게 반영할 수 있음을 확인할 수 있었다. 본 연구에서 고려한 모멘트들의 변동성은 주로 저류상수의 영향이 크게 나타나고 있으며, 지표면평균이송속도보다는 하천평균이송속도가 크게 영향을 미치는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 이로부터 저류상수와 하천평균이송속도가 Clark 모형으로부터 유도되는 순간단위도의 형상을 결정하는데 지배적인 역할을 하는 것으로 확인되었다. 따라서 두 매개변수는 모형의 적용 과정에서 중요하게 고려되어야 할 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국의학물리학회지:의학물리
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.127-136
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• 1998

전자포탈영상장치 (EPID)를 의료용 선형가속기의 QC/QA로 이용할 수 있게 하고 이 시스템의 유용성을 평가할 목적으로, 의료용 선형가속기의 기하학적 QC/QA 항목 중 빛-광자선 조사면 일치, 콜리메이터 회전축, 캔트리 회전축 등을 분석할 수 있고 임상응용에의 유용성을 실용적으로 수행할 수 있는 GUI(Graphic User Interface) 방식의 소프트웨어를 개발하였다. 상용 전자포탈영상장치에서 수집한 영상을 네트워크를 통해 수집하고, 이 영상을 조작할 수 있는 OQuE (On-line quality assurance system using electronic portal imaging) 시스템을 PC 상에서 구현하였다. EPID는 Portal Vision(Varian, USA)을 사용하였고, 시스템의 유용성 검증을 위해 CL/2100/CD (Varian, USA)의 의료용 선형가속기를 이용하여 기하학적 QC/QA 성능과 임상응용에의 유용성을 평가하였다. 빛-광자선 조사면 일치를 ～1mm의 정밀ㆍ정확도로 평가할 수 있었다. 콜리메이터 또는 갠트리, 카우치 회전축 역시 4 개의 방사선 방향에 대한 영상을 중첩시켜서 중첩된 영상이 이루는 교점을 분석하여 구할 수 있었다. 빛-광자선 조사면 일치는 조사면별로 각각 영상을 얻고, 이들의 확대 영상과 중첩 영상을 보면서 중력장 중심 (center of gravity) 을 계산한 결과 5$\times$5 $cm^2$에서 0.2 mm, l0$\times$10, 15$\times$15, 20$\times$20 $cm^2$에서 0.3 mm내에 들어옴을 알 수 있었고 Upper Jaw 회전축은 $\pm$0.2 mm, Lower Jaw 회전축은 $\pm$0.1mm, 갠트리 회전축은 앞뒤 방향으로 $\pm$0.3 mm, 좌우 방향으로 $\pm$0.7 mm 내에 들어옴을 알 수 있었다. 카우치 회전측은 $\pm$0.2 mm 이내에 들어옴을 알 수 있었다. 영상수집 시간은 필름에 비해 훨씬 짧았으며, 그 분석 또한 객관적이고 정량적으로 이룰 수 있어서 전자포탈영상장치가 의료용 선형가속기의 QC/QA 도구로서 적당함을 알 수 있었다. 그리고 기준영 상과 포탈영상의 필드경계와 해부학적 모양을 분석함으로써 임상응용에의 유용성을 평가할 수 있었다. 적절한 사용자 편의를 보완하면 이 소프트웨어는 의료용 선형가속기의 기하학적인 성능평가 및 임상에 적극 활용할 수 있음을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국문헌정보학회지
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• 제24권
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• pp.9-51
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• 1993

The purpose of this study is twofold: to investigate into general characteristics of the abstracting services in Korea and to discuss general directions of development of the abstracting services in the country. This study is designed to achieve the purpose by gathering and analysing data related to the abstracting journals published in the past ten years and by comparing the results with similar data gathered by the investigator in 1984. The major conclusions made in this study is summarised as follows. (1) Researchers and professionals working in limited numbers of subject fields are benefited by abstracting services of recent achievements in research and development in Korea. Those in most of the fields have essentially no abstracting services of such achievements. Even many researchers and professionals in the limited numbers of the fields that have some elementary abstracting services are not informed of research results in their fields because the abstracting journals are scattered in many narrow subjects and in many cases, the abstracting journals only cover publications in some specific forms and kinds. (2) Abstracting journals of general subjects, which are supposed to be of more or less help to the researchers in the subject fields that have no abstracting journals of their own, have rapidly increased in number in the past ten years. Most of such abstracting journals carry thesis and dissertation abstracts, and the rest those of research papers published in specific places, in specific forms, by specific institutes, and of reports of research projects sponsored by specific foundations. These abstracting journals are not of the kind that comprehensively provide general readers with current awareness of publications of research results in Korea. (3) Most of the abstracting journals existing in Korea are published by institutions of higher education and research institutes, and the rest by commercial publishers, industrial firms, libraries, information centers, government agencies, research foundations, learned societies, etc. Those which publish many titles are small in number and those publish one or two titles are large in number. The former is largely made up of institutions of higher education and research institutes. (4) Ten years ago, there was not a single publishing house that produced abstracting journals. Three commercial publishing houses now produce abstracting journals. As this change occurs, centers of excellence are founded and competitive elements are introduced in abstracting services. This change, in turn, is expected to improve quality of the other abstracting journals in Korea. (5) The abstracting journals published in Korea are classified by type into those of dissertations, research papers, journal articles, patent specifications in that descending order. The fact that Master's and doctoral dissertation abstracts are dominating in Korea is due to the irrational practice of publishing those abstracts at many institutions. (6) Most of the abstracting journals existing in Korea are published by national or government-supported research institutes in order to publicise their own research outputs. Their coverage of literature is normally narrow, and naturally their value to users is limited. (7) The abstracting journals published in Korea increased in number at the rate of $77.8-100\%$ every five years in the past twenty-five years. Most of the abstracting journals that ceased to be published during the period survived for two years. (8) Korean is the desirable language for the abstracting journals designed to be distributed within Korea. About half of the abstracting journals published in Korea is printed in Korean and the other half in foreign languages, and in Korean with foreign languages. All the abstracting journals in foreign languages are printed in English xcept one, which is printed in Japanese. (9) Some twenty percent of the abstracting journals in Korea is published monthly, bimonthly, and quarterly. Others are published annually, biannually, and irregularly. The latter may not function properly as a current-awareness tool due to long intervals between their issues. It is particularly undesirable that about half of the abstracting journals in Korea is published irregularly. Most of the abstracting journals published in Korea are distributed freely to individuals and institutions selected by the publishers. (10) The abstracting journals published by the use of computers increased drastically in the past ten years. The abstracting journals produced by the conventional type-setting method will probably disappear In Korea in another ten years to come. Automation of the production of abstracting journals does not simply mean technical, economic improvement of publishing processes but availability of machine-readable databases that can be used for other purposes, including the generation of other publications and the provision of machine literature searching capabilities. Necessary steps should be taken for this important development that is occurring in the abstracting services in Korea.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제39권1호
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• pp.22-34
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• 2011

최근 국가적으로 환경정보들을 DB화하고, 체계화하며 통합하고자 하는 움직임이 활발히 전개되고 있는 있다. 이러한 노력은 특히 도시 및 지역차원에서 수립하는 법정계획인 환경보전계획의 공간계획화를 더욱 용이하게 하며, 이는 공간의 관리방향을 보다 명확하게 함으로써 토지의 보전은 물론 이용과 관련된 각종 계획들 간의 상충을 합리적으로 조정하도록 합의하는데 용이한 수단이 될 것으로 보인다. 이에 본 연구는 환경보전계획의 공간계획화를 위한 방안을 모색하였으며, 특히 환경요소 중 가장 민감한 자원으로 인식되는 생태환경을 중심으로 한 공간환경계획 수립방안을 제시하였다. 공간환경 계획 수립방안은 계획과정을 고려해 크게 1)기본방향, 2)공간정보의 수집, 3)공간환경현황 작성, 4)공간환경 관리계획 수립으로 구분하였으며, 특히 현황파악 및 계획수립 시 필요한 공간정보는 기존에 구축된 공간정보들을 최대한 활용할 수 있도록 국가나 지자체 차원에서 구축된 공간정보들을 목록화 하였다. 계획수립 시 고려되는 현황도는 토지이용(토지피복)과 자연생태 우수자원/지역 현황 작성방안을 제시하였으며, 이를 기반으로 광역생태축 계획과 보전, 복원지역 계획을 수립함으로써 생태환경을 고려한 환경보전계획의 공간화를 모색하였다. 기존연구 및 사례들을 통해 마련한 현황 및 계획방안은 경기도 지역에 적용해 봄으로써 그 활용가능성을 살펴볼 수 있었다. 이러한 계획은 관련 공간개발계획 수립 시 생태적 가치와 중요도를 고려한 계획안 마련에 기여함은 물론, 지역 내 개발사업 추진 시 계획의 적정성과 입지의 타당성을 검토하는 기초자료와 근거자료로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 보인다.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.177-200
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• 2009

AIn the advanced - economy, the services industry hasbecome a dominant sector. Evidently, the services sector has grown at a much faster rate than any other. For instance, in such developed countries as the U.S., the proportion of the services sector in its GDP is greater than 75%. Even in the developing countries including India and China, the magnitude of the services sector in their GDPs is rapidly growing. The increasing dependence on service gives rise to new initiatives including service science and service-dominant logic. These new initiatives propose a new theoretical prism to promote the better understanding of the changing economic structure. From the new perspectives, service is no longer regarded as a transaction or exchange, but rather co-creation of value through the interaction among service users, providers, and other stakeholders including partners, external environments, and customer communities. The purpose of this study is the following. First, we review previous literature on service, service innovation, and service systems and integrate the studies based on service dominant logic. Second, we categorize the ten propositions of service dominant logic into conceptual propositions and the ones that are directly related to service provision. Conceptual propositions are left out to form the research model. With the selected propositions, we define the research constructs for this study. Third, we develop measurement items for the new service concepts including service provider network, customer network, value co-creation, and convergence of service with product. We then propose a research model to explain the relationship among the factors that affect the value creation mechanism. Finally, we empirically investigate the effects of the factors on firm performance. Through the process of this research study, we want to show the value creation mechanism of service systems in which various participants in service provision interact with related parties in a joint effort to create values. To test the proposed hypotheses, we developed measurement items and distributed survey questionnaires to domestic companies. 500 survey questionnaires were distributed and 180 were returned among which 171 were usable. The results of the empirical test can be summarized as the following. First, service providers' network which is to help offer required services to customers is found to affect customer network, while it does not have a significant effect on value co-creation and product-service convergence. Second, customer network, on the other hand, appears to influence both value co-creation and product-service convergence. Third, value co-creation accomplished through the collaboration of service providers and customers is found to have a significant effect on both product-service convergence and firm performance. Finally, product-service convergence appears to affect firm performance. To interpret the results from the value creation mechanism perspective, service provider network well established to support customer network is found to have significant effect on customer network which in turn facilitates value co-creation in service provision and product-service convergence to lead to greater firm performance. The results have some enlightening implications for practitioners. If companies want to transform themselves into service-centered business enterprises, they have to consider the four factors suggested in this study: service provider network, customer network, value co-creation, and product-service convergence. That is, companies becoming a service-oriented organization need to understand what the four factors are and how the factors interact with one another in their business context. They then may want to devise a better tool to analyze the value creation mechanism and apply the four factors to their own environment. This research study contributes to the literature in following ways. First, this study is one of the very first empirical studies on the service dominant logic as it has categorized the fundamental propositions into conceptual and empirically testable ones and tested the proposed hypotheses against the data collected through the survey method. Most of the propositions are found to work as Vargo and Lusch have suggested. Second, by providing a testable set of relationships among the research variables, this study may provide policy makers and decision makers with some theoretical grounds for their decision making on what to do with service innovation and management. Finally, this study incorporates the concepts of value co-creation through the interaction between customers and service providers into the proposed research model and empirically tests the validity of the concepts. The results of this study will help establish a value creation mechanism in the service-based economy, which can be used to develop and implement new service provision.

• 한국응급구조학회지
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.41-58
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• 2009

Objective : The purpose of this study is to identify actual operations and issues of wireless paging system operation for the aged living alone as the end users of wireless paging system primarily in Gwangyang city, and thereby to explore possible advanced and integrated ways to promote social safety network for the aged. Methods : The survey tool used in this study was a structured questionnaire form consisting of question items. The researcher hereof conducted this survey by means of direct visit and interview during two seasons, i.e. from February to August, 2008 and from December 2008 to March 2009, respectively. Results : 1) For general demographic characteristics, it was found that 90.9% of all respondents were women and 61.2% of all respondents were at age 75 to 84. for health conditions, it was found that more than 90% of all respondents often took medicines due to their unhealthy body, and most of respondents suffered from musculoskeletal diseases 79.3% and circulatory diseases 61.6%. for walking capacity, it was found that 45.5% of all respondents used walking aids, and disable respondents (11.5% of all respondents) were represented primarily by those with physical disability (52.6% of disable respondents). for actual use of medical institutions, it was found 47.3% of all respondents relied on local clinics, since they preferred neighborhood hospitals or clinics they can trust for medical care. for social activities and supports, it was found that 43.6% respondents had 'needs for assistance at times' and 33.9% respondents have 'no need for assistance'. And it was found that the major difficulties in living alone at old age were represented primarily by health problems 37.8% and economic difficulties 33.5%. 2) For characteristics related to wireless paging system, it was found that 90.3% respondents used wireless paging system recommended by firemen, and 28.5% respondents used this system. and it was found that 59.6% respondents used this system once, and 85.2% respondents used it because of acute or chronic diseases. more than 90% respondents thought that they knew about wireless paging system and considered themselves safe, but 83.6% respondents didn't attach a remote control on their upper clothes, and even 49.1% respondents turned off the power of wireless paging system due to their concern about electricity bill and noise. 3) It was found that 83.6% respondents felt it necessary to use wireless paging system, and wireless paging users felt more satisfied with using the system than non-users, and 50.7% showed high satisfaction at certain psychological benefits like 'confidence in coping with critical situations' and 'a sense of relief'. In addition, it was found that some respondents who answered that 'they didn't turn off the paging system as they knew how it works' and those who answered that they knew 'how to use it' showed relatively high satisfaction. And some respondents who kept it well and felt it necessary also showed high satisfaction. 4) It was found that the level of satisfaction our respondents felt with using wireless paging system varied significantly availability($x^{2}$ = 12.759, p = .002), psychological advantages($x^{2}$ = 12.174, p = .002), knowledge about how to use system($x^{2}$ = 7.021, p = .016), power on/off($x^{2}$ = 13.221, p = .001), level of knowledge about system($x^{2}$ = 21.002, p = .000), maintenance($x^{2}$ = 9.871, p = .007) and level of necessity($x^{2}$ = 34.939, p = .000) on the statistical basis.