• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.261-269
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• 2005

To investigate the field applicability of a diffusive sampler (3M OVM #3500, passive sampling method) authors conducted a simultaneous measurement of personal organic solvents exposure in the air of the workplaces by charcoal tube with low volume sampler (active sampling method) and diffusive sampler. Samples were collected and analyzed by NIOSH method ($NMAM^{(R)}$) from thirty-eight workers in 12 factories who work in 6 different processes. Geometric mean (GM) and geometric standard deviation (GSD) were used to describe the result. To compare the results of the two methods, paired t-test was used. According to the manual of the exposure assessment of the mixed organic solvents (Ministry of Labor, Korea), Em was calculated. Simple linear regression was used to evaluate the relationship between the two methods. Results were as follows; 1. Eight different solvents (ethyl acetate, n-hexane, toluene, xylene, acetone, isopropyl alcohol, methyl ethyl ketone (MEK), and methyl isobutyl ketone) were detected simultaneously in the two methods and the concentrations of the personal exposure were lower than 0.5 TLV level. The concentration of the charcoal tube method was higher than that of a diffusive sampler in n-hexane and MEK (p<0.05). 2. Em of the charcoal tube method was higher than that of diffusive sampler method but not significantly different and was lower than the OEL (Occupational Exposure Limit) in all 6 processes. 3. There was a significant correlation between the two methods in low concentrations of the 8 organic solvents (p<0.05). In conclusion, there was no difference in charcoal tube method and diffusive sampler method in low concentrations of some organic solvents, diffusive sampler can be applied to assess the personal monitoring in low level exposure.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제33권11호
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• pp.790-796
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• 2011

본 연구에서는 시화지구의 공단과 주거 지역에서의 휘발성 유기화합물 농도를 능동식과 수동식 시료채취기를 이용해 측정하고 그 특성을 비교 분석하였다. TVOC의 평균농도는 패시브샘플러(passive sampler)의 경우 공단지역이 주거지역보다 1.86배 더 높게 나타났다. 능동식 시료채취기의 경우 공단지역이 주거지역보다 1.07배 더 높게 나타났다. Passive sampler를 이용하였을 경우 공단지역이 주거지역보다 대부분의 물질에서 농도가 높게 나타났지만 열탈착 흡착 튜브(thermal desorption tube)를 이용했을 경우는 트리클로로에틸렌, 톨루엔, 에틸벤젠, 자일렌 등 일부 물질의 농도에 있어서 주거지역이 오히려 높게 나타났다. 전체 BTEX 비율 중에서 전반적으로 톨루엔이 차지하는 비율이 가장 컸으며, passive sampler의 경우 공단지역이 주거지역보다 톨루엔, 에틸벤젠, 자일렌의 상대비율이 높게 나타났다. 그러나 열탈착 흡착 튜브의 경우는 오히려 주거지역이 더 높게 나타났다. 본 연구를 통해서 대기오염 목적성분의 시간적, 공간적 농도 특성 파악을 위한 passive sampler를 이용하면 오염관리 혹은 역학적 연구에 도움이 되는 적절한 시료채취 방법이라는 사실을 알 수 있었다.

• Mass Spectrometry Letters
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.95-102
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• 2020

In this study, we provide full descriptions of how to make a low-cost and completely open-source laboratory-made air sampler that will be used for sample adsorption for thermal desorption-gas chromatography mass spectrometry (TD-GC/MS) analysis. It is well known that harmful gases cause bad effects on human bodies, so it is necessary to identify the types and amounts of gases in industrial sites. One of the most commonly used methods for gas sampling is to utilize a sorbent tube using an air sampler. Commercially available air samplers are expensive, typically priced between $1,000 and $2,000, and their design often cannot be modified to fit the experiment. To address these shortcomings, we have developed a do-it-yourself (DIY) air sampler that is not only cheap enough, but also completely open-source. Furthermore, the performance of the fabricated air sampler was validated in conjunction with TD-GC/MS for the analysis of volatile compounds.

• 한국지반환경공학회 논문집
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.29-34
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• 2008

한국건설기술연구원(KICT)에서는 트리플 코어 바렐의 원리를 적용하여 기존의 연약지반 뿐만 아니라 사질토 및 풍화토 지대에도 적용이 기능한 대구경 샘플러를 개발하였다. 특별히 제작된 시료 절단 및 추출 장치는 다양한 종류의 채취 시료에 적용하여 시료의 교란을 최대한 방지 할 수 있도록 고안되었다. 샘플러 두부에는 적절한 강성의 스프링을 설치하여 슈(shoe)와 비트(bit) 사이의 거리가 변화하도록 하여 대상지반의 강성에 맞추어 효과적인 시료채취가 가능하도록 하였다. 대구경 샘플러의 적용성을 확인하기 위하여 일반적으로 시용되는 피스톤 샘플러와 대구 경 샘플러를 이용해 여러 대상지반에서 채취한 시료의 교란도를 비교 분석하였으며, 다양한 공학적 특성 또한 비교 분석 하였다.

• 한국지반공학회논문집
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• 제39권3호
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• pp.17-27
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• 2023

지반의 특성을 정확하게 파악하기 위해서는 불교란시료 채취가 필수적이며, 이때 최대한 시료를 교란하지 않고 채취하는 것이 중요하다. 본 연구에서는 선단부에 시료 이탈을 방지하는 캐쳐를 장착하여 시료이탈을 최소화하는 샘플러를 개발하였고 이를 대상으로 현장시료채취, CT촬영, 실내시험을 통해 그 적용성을 검토하였다. 동일한 위치에서 쉘비튜브샘플러와 새롭게 개발한 샘플러로 채취한 시료의 CT촬영결과 쉘비튜브샘플러의 경우 수평방향 균열이 발생할 가능성이 높은데 반해 새롭게 개발한 샘플러의 경우 수평방향 균열의 발생을 억제할 수 있는 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 압밀시험과 전단시험 결과 새롭게 개발한 샘플러로 채취한 시료가 쉘비튜브샘플러로 채취한 시료에 비해서 최대전단강도가 높은 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국지반공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지반공학회 2008년도 추계 학술발표회
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• pp.1365-1369
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• 2008

A large diameter sampler (KICT-type large diameter sampler) was developed to take undisturbed samples from not only soft ground but also sandy and weathered ground. The KICT-type large diameter sampler was manufactured with the principle of triple core barrel sampling. In this study, the applicability to offshore ground sampling of the KICT-type large diameter sampler was confirmed at Inchoen Port construction site. And, in order to compare the quality of samples taken by the sampler with that of the traditional piston sampler, a series of laboratory tests were performed. From the test results, the samples taken by the KICT-type large diameter sampler showed higher quality than the traditional thin-walled tube samples.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.126-146
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• 2000

To develop and evaluate formaldehyde measurement method using 2,4-dinitro-phenylhydrazine (2,4-DNPH) coated sampler and gas chromatography, laboratory test and field test were conducted. Results of this study are as follows. Limit of detection(LOD) of measurement methods, HPLC-UVD, GC-NPD and GC-FID, is $0.008{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ $0.060{\mu}g/m{\ell}$, $0.472{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ respectively. Coefficiency of measurement methods, HPLC-UVD, GC-NPD and GC-FID, is 0.008, 0.009, 0.020 respectively. Desorption efficiency of sep-pak xposure aldehyde sampler and sorbent sample tube is 1.05(range : 0.99 - 1.12), 1.02(range : 0.99 - 1.06) respectively. Samples of sorbent sample tube and sep-pak xposure aldehyde sampler turned out to be stored at refrigerator, according to storage test results. Measurement methods of HPLC-UVD, GC-NPD, GC-FID, according to results of precision for the combined sampling and analytical procedure, became acceptable to OSHA evaluation standard. Field test using exposure chamber met the NIOSH overall uncertainty recommendation(less than 25%). Overall uncertainty of Sepak-HPLC(UVD), Tube-GC(NPD), Tube-GC(FID) is 11.0% - 17.0%. Consequently gas chromatography(GC-NPD, GC-FID) and high performance liquid chromatography(EPA TO-11) using 2,4-DNPH coated sampler for formaldehyde measurement turned out to be suitable to measure personal formaldehyde exposure at workplaces.

• 한국환경보건학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국환경보건학회 2005년도 국제학술대회
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• pp.371-372
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• 2005

Active sampler has been widely used to measure nicotine concentration in air. The experiments were conducted to compare the active sampler method with diffusive sampler in exposure chamber and smoking areas, respectively. The result of these tests that indicated that passive sampler can be used instead of active sampler in ETS, because coefficient of determination was 0.9292 between active and passive sampling in smoking area

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.127-136
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• 1994

활성탄관을 이용한 작업환경 공기중 유기용제의 시료채취는 여러 가지 어려운 점이 있으나 확산형 시료포집기는 이러한 점을 보완하는 새로운 포집기이다. 따라서 본 연구는 확산형 시료포집기가 혼합 유기용제를 사용하는 사업장을 대상으로 확산형 포집기와 활성탄관을 이용, 한 근로자에 대하여 동시에 각 1개씩, 총 181개의 시료를 포집하여 활성탄과 어떠한 차이가 있는 가를 확인하며, 고전적인 활성탄관 시료채취법을 대신할 수 있는 가를 확인하기 위하여 시도한 바 몇가지의 결과를 얻어 보고하는 바이다. 1. 활성탄관 시료포집기에 비하여 확산형의 시료포집기는 톨루엔(toluene), 키시렌(xylene) 등의 방향족 화합물은 다소 높은 농도를 나타내나 전반적으로 통계적인 유의성은 없었다. 2. 엠이케이(methyl ethyl ketone)와 시크로헥사논(c-hexanone)에 대하여 확산형 포집기는 적어도 저농도(허용농도의 1/8 및 1/10 이하농도)에서 활성탄관에 비하여 약 2배 정도 높게 측정되었다(p<0.01). 그러나 공기중 엠이케이와 시크로헥사논의 농도가 증가함에 따라서 확산형의 포집효율은 활성탄관 보다 적은 것으로 나타났다. 3. 활성탄관의 측정치(B)를 1.00으로 하였을 때 확산형 포집기(A)의 측정치 비(A/B)는 톨루엔의 경우 1.11, 키시렌은 1.07, 엠이케이는 1.63, 시크로헥사논은 3.65배 였다. 4. 활성탄관과 확산형 포집기에서의 측정치 비가 0.75-1.25 범위(${\pm}25%$)에 드는 것은 톨루엔 57%, 키시렌 74%였으며, 엠이케이 34%, 시크로헥사논은 약 32%에 불과하였다. 5. 활성탄관과 확산형 포집기에서의 측정치 간의 각 유기용제 별 상관은 톨루엔 0.963, 키시렌 0.957, 엠이케이 0.943, 시크로헥사논은 0.562로서 모두 통계적으로 유의하였다.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제32권5호
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• pp.485-491
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• 2006

It is widely known that Environmental Tobacco Smoke(ETS) is not good for health. ETS is composed of a lot of chemicals. So indicators are needed to evaluate the risk of ETS in air. One of the indicators is Nicotine. Active sampler has been used to measure nicotine concentration in air. The experiments were conducted to compare the active sampler method with diffusive sampler in exposure chamber and smoking areas, respectively. Sampling rate was 40.5 ml/min in exposure chamber. Experimental sampling rate (40.5 ml/min) was more than theoretical sampling rate (33.52 ml/min). And the higher was the concentration in air, the higher was experimental sampling rate. The average desorption, rate was 113.6%. The overall precision was 7.31 %. The overall accuracy was 18.96%, which were under NIOSH criteria. The average(GM) concentrations of nicotine by two sampling methods were $8.29{\mu}g/m^{3}$ (active sampler), $7.54{\mu}/m^{3}$ (diffusive sampler) in smoking area and smoking room. There was no regression between active sampler and diffusive sampler ($R^{2}=0.2397$). But slope, coefficient of determination was 1.017, 0.9292, respectively after removing outliers. And the slope (1.017) was close to the theoretical slope (1). In conclusion, this study indicated that diffusive sampler can be used to evaluate concentration of nicotine in air instead of active sampler.