• International journal of advanced smart convergence
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.169-178
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• 2019

Due to the characteristics of an ad hoc network without a control center, self-organization, and flexible topology, the trust evaluation of the nodes in the network is extremely difficult. Based on the analysis of ad hoc networks and the blockchain technology, a blockchain-based node-level trust evaluation model is proposed. The concepts of the node trust degree of the HASH list on the blockchain and the perfect reward and punishment mechanism are adopted to construct the node trust evaluation model of the ad hoc network. According to the needs of different applications the network security level can be dynamically adjusted through changes in the trust threshold. The simulation experiments demonstrate that ad-hoc on-demand distance vector(AODV) Routing protocol based on this model of multicast-AODV(MAODV) routing protocol shows a significant improvement in security compared with the traditional AODV and on-demand multipath distance vector(AOMDV) routing protocols.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.103-117
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• 2009

In MANET(Mobile Ad-Hoc Network), providing security to routing has been a significant issue recently. Existing studies, however, focused on either of secure routing or packet itself where malicious operations occur. In this paper, we propose SRPPnT(A Secure Routing Protocol in MANET based on Malicious Pattern of Node and Trust Level) that consider both malicious behavior on packet and secure routing. SRPPnT is identify the node where malicious activities occur for a specific time to compose trust levels for each node, and then to set up a routing path according to the trust level obtained. Therefore, SRPPnT is able to make efficient countermeasures against malicious operations. SRPPnT is based on AODV(Ad-Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector Routing). The proposed SRPPnT, from results of the NS-2 network simulation. shows a more prompt and accurate finding of malicious nodes than previous protocols did, under the condition of decreased load of networks and route more securely.

• Journal of information and communication convergence engineering
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.141-148
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• 2012

This paper presents a simple but efficient scheme incorporating a reputation-based approach and a cross-layer approach, called the SIM scheme, for maintaining reliable connectivity and high performance in ad-hoc wireless networks. The SIM scheme incorporates the following two things: an ad-hoc routing scheme with a reputation-based approach exploiting the game theory concept based on an evolutionarily stable strategy, and a cross-layer approach between the network layer and the transport layer employing a reputation-based approach.

• Journal of KIISE:Information Networking
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.310-323
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• 2006

In this paper, we describe a secure cluster-routing protocol based on a multi-layer scheme in ad hoc networks. We propose efficient protocols, Authentication based on Multi-layer Clustering for Ad hoc Networks (AMCAN), for detailed security threats against ad hoc routing protocols using the selection of the cluster head (CH) and control cluster head (CCH) using a modification of cluster-based routing ARCH and DMAC. This protocol provides scalability of Shadow Key using threshold authentication scheme in ad hoc networks. The proposed protocol comprises an end-to-end authentication protocol that relies on mutual trust between nodes in other clusters. This scheme takes advantage of Shadow Key using threshold authentication key configuration in large ad hoc networks. In experiments, we show security threats against multilayer routing scheme, thereby successfully including, establishment of secure channels, the detection of reply attacks, mutual end-to-end authentication, prevention of node identity fabrication, and the secure distribution of provisional session keys using threshold key configuration.

• Journal of Korea Society of Digital Industry and Information Management
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.161-169
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• 2014

Wireless Ad Hoc Network is suitable for emergency situations such as and emergency, disaster recovery and war. That is, it has a characteristic that can build a network and use without help of any infrastructure. However, this characteristic is providing a cause of many security threats. In particular, routing attack is not applied the existing routing methods as it is and it is difficult to determine accurately whether nodes that participate in routing is malicious or not. The appropriate measure for this is necessary. In this paper, we propose a secure routing technique through a zone architecture-based node authentication in order to provide efficient routing between nodes. ZH node is elected for trust evaluation of the member nodes within each zone. The elected ZH node issues a certification of the member nodes and stores the information in ZMTT. The routing involvement of malicious nodes is blocked by limiting the transfer of data in the nodes which are not issued the certification. The superior performance of the proposed technique is confirmed through experiments.

• IEIE Transactions on Smart Processing and Computing
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.115-125
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• 2015

This paper presents a Cuckoo search algorithm to secure adversaries misdirecting multi-hop routing in Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) using a robust Trust Predicated Routing Framework with an optimized cluster head selection. The clustering technique designed in this framework leads to efficient routing in MANETs. The heavy work load in the node causes an energy drop in cluster head, which leads to re-clustering of the group, and another cluster head is selected to avoid packet loss during data transmission. The problem in the re-clustering process is that the overall efficiency of the routing process is reduced and the processing time is increased. A Cuckoo search based optimization algorithm is proposed to solve the problem of re-clustering by selecting the secondary cluster head within the initially formed cluster group and eliminating the reclustering process. The proposed framework enables a node to select a reliable and secure route for MANET and the performance can be evaluated by comparing the simulated results with the AODV routing protocol, which shows that the performance of the proposed routing protocol are improved significantly.

• ETRI Journal
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.674-683
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• 2021

A trust-aware secure routing protocol (TSRP) for wireless sensor networks is proposed in this paper to defend against varieties of attacks. First, each node calculates the comprehensive trust values of its neighbors based on direct trust value, indirect trust value, volatilization factor, and residual energy to defend against black hole, selective forwarding, wormhole, hello flood, and sinkhole attacks. Second, any source node that needs to send data forwards a routing request packet to its neighbors in multi-path mode, and this continues until the sink at the end is reached. Finally, the sink finds the optimal path based on the path's comprehensive trust values, transmission distance, and hop count by analyzing the received packets. Simulation results show that TSRP has lower network latency, smaller packet loss rate, and lower average network energy consumption than ad hoc on-demand distance vector routing and trust based secure routing protocol.

• Journal of Communications and Networks
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.31-37
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• 2013

Mobile ad hoc networks (MANET) refers to a network designed for special applications for which it is difficult to use a backbone network. In MANETs, applications are mostly involved with sensitive and secret information. Since MANET assumes a trusted environment for routing, security is a major issue. In this paper we analyze the vulnerabilities of a pro-active routing protocol called optimized link state routing (OLSR) against a specific type of denial-of-service (DOS) attack called node isolation attack. Analyzing the attack, we propose a mechanism called enhanced OLSR (EOLSR) protocol which is a trust based technique to secure the OLSR nodes against the attack. Our technique is capable of finding whether a node is advertising correct topology information or not by verifying its Hello packets, thus detecting node isolation attacks. The experiment results show that our protocol is able to achieve routing security with 45% increase in packet delivery ratio and 44% reduction in packet loss rate when compared to standard OLSR under node isolation attack. Our technique is light weight because it doesn't involve high computational complexity for securing the network.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartC
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• v.19C no.2
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• pp.83-90
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• 2012

MANET(Mobile Ad-Hoc Network) has a weakness from a security aspect because it operates where no wired network is built, which causes the exposed media, dynamic topology, and the lack of both central monitoring and management. It is especially difficult to detect and mitigate a malicious node because there is not a mediator which controls the network. This kind of malicious node is closely connected to the routing in the field of study of Ad-Hoc security. Accordingly this paper proposes the method on how to enhance the security for the safe and effective routing by detecting the malicious node. We propose MBC(Identification technition of Malicious Behavior node based on Collaboration in MANET) that can effectively cope with malicious behavior though double detecting the node executing the malicious behavior by the collaboration between individual node and the neighbor, and also managing the individual nodes in accordance with the trust level obtained. The simulation test results show that MBC can find the malicious nodes more accurately and promptly that leads to the more effectively secure routing than the existing method.

• Convergence Security Journal
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.11-16
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• 2017

MANET composed of only mobile node is applied to various environments because of its advantage which can construct network quickly in emergency situation. However, many routing vulnerabilities are exposed due to the dynamic topology and link failures by the movement of nodes. It can significantly degrade network performance. In this paper, we propose a secure routing protocol based on trust model. The domain-based network structure is used for efficient trust evaluation and management of nodes in the proposed technique. The reliability evaluation of nodes was performed by the discard ratio of control packet and data packet of the nodes. The abnormal nodes are detected by performing traffic check and inspecting of nodes on a path that generates excessive traffic in order to increase the efficiency of routing. It is confirmed through experiments of the proposed technique that data transmission is performed securely even if an attack exists on the path.