• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2022.10a
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• pp.20-20
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• 2022

A traditional wheat breeding program needs more than 12-13 years to develop a new cultivar. In recent years, 'Speed breeding (SB)' system, which uses extremely extended photoperiod (22 h), enabled up to 4-6 generations of spring wheat per year. However, since almost 70% of wheat cultivars are winter type, and over 95% of total cultivation area is for winter wheat in Korea, optimized vernalization treatment was essential for improving the SB system. Several vernalization temperatures and durations were tested with various genotypes, and the 4 weeks of 8-10 ℃ vernalization treatment was the most effective to develop 4 generations per year, for both spring and winter type wheat cultivars. This 'Speed vernalization (SV)' system followed by SB, allowed developing a new F₆ recombinant inbred lines (RILs) within 2 years. Among the 184 RILs, which derived from a cross between Jokoyung and Joongmo2008, two outstanding lines were selected for yield trial test, and then named Milyang52 and Milyang53. Compared to the traditional wheat breeding program, over 60% of the time was saved to develop these two lines. Marker-assisted selection and backcross were also combined with the SV system. YW3215-2B-1 (Jokoyung*3/Gamet), which has similar agronomic traits with Jokyoung and the same Glu-B1 allele with Garnet, was developed within 2.5 years. Thus, the SV system combined with molecular breeding technology would help breeders to make a new cultivar with less time and high efficiency.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2022.09a
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• pp.37-37
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• 2022

밀은 세계 3대 작물로 국내 1인당 소비량은 지속적으로 증가하고 있다. 하지만 국내 밀의 유전적 배경 확대와 기후변화 신속 대응을 위한 국내 밀 유전자 풀의 확장은 밀의 질적 향상을 위해 매우 중요한 목표이다. 국내 자생 갯그령(Leymus mollis)은 해안가에서 번식하는 영년생 식물로 뿌리줄기를 이용한 왕성한 번식력을 가지고 있다. 또한, 해안가의 뜨겁고 염에 대한 적응성과 저항성을 가지고 있다. 이러한 특성은 밀 유전자 풀의 확장에 매우 유용할 것이다. 국내 밀 재배지 한계 극복을 위한 간척지 재배가 가능한 내염성 강화 밀 자원 개발을 위하여 모본인 보통 밀(Triticum aestivum L., Chinese Spring)과 부본인 갯그령을 원연교배하였다. 갯그령과 보통 밀의 원연 교배를 통한 종자 형성은 매우 어려우나 불가능한 것은 아니며, 최종적으로 10개의 교배 종자를 얻어 F₁ 식물체로 생장하는 과정에서 5 식물체는 고사하였고, 나머지 5 식물체는 영년생 특성인 뿌리줄기에 의해 새로운 줄기가 출현하는 것을 확인하였다. 또한, 갯그령의 DNA를 이용한 genomic in situ hybridization 방법으로 F₁ 식물체에서 갯그령의 염색체가 밀의 유전적 배경에 이입된 것을 확인하였다. F₂ 식물체는 모본인 보통 밀보다 긴 수장과 간장을 나타내고 이삭 수는 많았지만, 출수기는 보통 밀보다 3주 이상 늦어지는 것을 확인하였다. 내염성 평가를 위하여 F₂ 종자를 2% 소금물에서 발아시켜 생육이 좋은 식물체를 선발하여 50 cm 투명 아크릴 원통에 이식하고 2% 소금물을 지속적으로 관개하였다. 내염성 강화 F₂ 식물체는 염에 감수성을 보인 식물체에 비하여 상대적으로 긴 이삭과 종자 형성을 보였으며, 감수성 식물체는 종자 형성이 이루어지지 않았다. 또한, 내염성 강화 F₂ 식물체는 감수성 식물체에 비하여 좋은 뿌리의 신장과 천근성을 보였다. 이러한 갯그령의 식물학적 특성이 이입된 계통은 기후변화 대응, 환경 적응성 강화, 및 근권 강화에 좋은 작물 소재로 이용할 수 있다고 생각한다.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.659-666
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• 2022

The effect of rye B chromosome (rye B) on chromosome association was investigated in meiosis of wheat addition line. The wheat addition line was with one Leymus mollis chromosome and one L. racemosus chromosome which are under homoeologous relationship. Chromosome behavior of the two Leymus chromosomes in wheat genetic background was revealed by genomic in situ hybridization. In the first metaphase, most of the two Leymus chromosomes showed univalent in the wheat addition line without rye B (98.1 ± 0.5%). On the other hand, the wheat addition line with rye B showed higher frequency of bivalent (10.3 ± 0.2%) than wheat addition line without rye B (1.9 ± 0.5%). The wheat addition line without rye B showed abnormal bivalents with abnormal structure while the wheat addition line with rye B showed normal bivalent in low frequency. By rye B, some bivalent was composed of wheat and L. racemosus, and some trivalent was composed of wheat bivalents with L. mollis chromosome. Also, some wheat bivalents showed hyper-crossover, so those wheat bivalents showed abnormal structure compared to other wheat bivalents with normal structure such as ring, rod, and pan.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.25 no.10
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• pp.1110-1114
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• 2015

In this study, we investigated the potential of Lactobacillus brevis AR1 fermented broth containing various grains (Fagopyrum esculentum, Scotch oat, Sesamum indicum, Glycine max Merr, Castanea crenata, Oryza sativa L., Hordeum vulgare L., Perilla frutescens var. japonica Hara, or Triticum aestivum L.) or Saccharina japonica as a source of collagen synthesis in cosmetic products. The treatment of Lb. brevis AR1 fermented broths containing F. esculentum or S. japonica water extracts was markedly increased the synthesis of collagen in fibroblasts. The collagen synthesis capacity of the S. japonica fermentation product was higher than that of β-glucan, which was used as a positive control. Under controlled conditions in broths containing F. esculentum or the S. japonica extracts with 4% monosodium glutamate (MSG), Lb. brevis AR1 produced γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) at a concentration of 180 mM, with an 84.5% GABA conversion rate after 72 h. Both the F. esculentum and S. japonica fermentation broths produced by Lb. brevis AR1 reduced inflammatory responses on mouse skin and did not show cell cytotoxicity in fibroblasts. These results suggest that both the F. esculentum and S. japonica fermentation products of Lb. brevis AR1 could be used as functional materials in cosmetic products to combat wrinkles and skin inflammation.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.52 no.1
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• pp.17-28
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• 2007

To understand the spring freezing injury symptoms during sensitive growth stage and yield loss of barley and wheat, field tests were done by using vinyl mulching and natural cold weather. The growth stage sensitive were booting, spikelet differentiation and flower organ development stages for both crops. However, barley and wheat differed in their growth responses, in that barley was less affected than wheat. For instance, barley recorded 28 percent dead ears, 10 percent dead plants and 18 percent ear degenerations while wheat recorded higher values of 59 percent, 44 percent and 44 percent, respectively. Although there were no recorded froze-resistant varieties in both barley and wheat, some showed tolerance as their yields were not affected by freezing stress. The 'Chalbori' cultivars of barley and 'Geurumil' and 'Chokwang' cultivars of wheat recorded steady yields. The yield components of barley and wheat that were greatly affected by freezing stress were the number of spike per square and the number of grain per spike. The major cause of yield loss in Suwon 259 and Kangbori was the number of spike per square but not the number of grain per spike. The study showed, however, that both the number of spike per square and the number of grain per spike were vulnerable to freezing and that which contribute much to yield loss of barley and wheat.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.21 no.9
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• pp.1252-1261
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• 2008

Twenty-four yearling Boer$\times$Spanish goats were used in a crossover design experiment to determine effects of tethering on forage selection, intake and digestibility, grazing behavior and energy expenditure (EE) with forage high in nutritive value and low to moderate in mass. Objectives were to determine if tethered goats could be used as a model for study of unrestrained animals and to characterize tethering as a production practice. Four 0.72-ha pastures of wheat (Triticum aestivum) and berseem clover (Trifolium alexandrium) were grazed in December and January. Each pasture hosted six animals, three with free movement and three attached to a 4.11-m tether for access to a circular area of $53.1m^2$. Tethering areas were moved each day. One animal of each treatment and pasture was used to determine forage selection, fecal output or grazing behavior and EE; therefore, there were eight observations per treatment. Mass of forage DM before grazing in Tethered areas averaged 1,280 and 1,130 kg/ha in periods 1 and 2, respectively. The CP concentration in ingesta was greater ((p<0.05) 239 and 209 g/kg; SE = 8.0) and the NDF level was lower (p<0.05) for Free vs. Tethered animals (503 and 538 g/kg; SE = 12.0); in vitro true DM digestion was similar between treatments (0.808 and 0.807 for Free and Tethered, respectively; SE = 0.0096). Intakes of DM (1,013 and 968 g/d; SE = 78.6), NDF (511 and 521 g/d; SE = 39.9) and ME (10.9 and 10.7 MJ/d; SE = 0.90) were similar between treatments, but CP intake was greater (p<0.05) for Free vs. Tethered animals (241 and 203 g/d; SE = 17.2). There were small treatment differences in in vivo apparent digestibility of OM ((p<0.05) 0.780 and 0.814; SE = 0.0049), CP ((p<0.05) 0.800 and 0.817; SE = 0.0067) and NDF ((p<0.09) 0.777 and 0.760 for Free and Tethered, respectively; SE = 0.0078). There were no treatment effects on time spent ruminating or grazing (346 and 347 min/d for Free and Tethered, respectively; SE = 42.5), but EE was considerably greater (p<0.05) for Free vs. Tethered animals (571 and 489 kJ/kg $BW^{0.75}$; SE = 8.9). In conclusion, with forage of high nutritive value and low to moderate in mass, tethering can offer a production advantage over free grazing of less energy used for activity despite similar grazing time. With forage removal considerably less than that available for grazing, effects of tethering on chemical composition of selected forage were small and less than needed to markedly affect digestion. Tethering may offer a means of studying some aspects of grazing by ruminants, but would not seem suitable for energy metabolism.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.351-358
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• 2006

This study was conducted to evaluate herbicidal properties of picolinafen in terms of crop safety, weed control spectrum, application window, residual efficacy and resistant weed control. Herbicidal phytotoxicity of picolinafen to wheat and barley was greatest when applied at 0 days after sowing (DAS), but decreased significantly as plant growth advanced. Picolinafen showed greater activity against broadleaved weeds than grass weeds. Picolinafen showed highest activity when it was applied at early post emergence timing (5 to 15 DAS), and showed significantly decreased activity at 20 DAS application. The $LT_{50}$ values (the period from application required for residual control by 50%) was 9.3 and 6.5 days against Digitaria ciliaris and Brasica naus at 60 g ai $ha^{-1}$, respectively. Picolinafen showed similar activities against both triazine resistant and sensitive Amaranthus retroflexus. Collectively, picolinafen appeared to have a good fitness to control resistant broad leaved weeds control by early post emergence application.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.58 no.2
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• pp.169-176
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• 2013

Preharvest sprouting seriously reduces milling and baking quality of hard winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grain. To determine the effect of nitrogen fertilizer application on decreasing of preharvest sprouting, several levels of N-fertilization were conducted in two winter wheat cv. Keumkang and Jokyung, grown in Iksan. Nitrogen fertilization is used to increase grain yield and protein content. Grain yield increased at 108kg/ha (50% increased nitrogen to the standard) application and decreased as more nitrogen was applied. There was a linear increase in grain protein contents with increasing level of nitrogen application. Germination rate, germination index and ABA sensitivity were gradually reduced by increasing of nitrogen application level. Preharvest sprouting showed a significantly correlation to germination rate but could not be correlated to protein content and falling number. A significant positive correlation was detected between preharvest sprouting and different additional nitrogen fertilizer levels.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.93-100
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• 1985

Five winter and five spring wheat cultivars of diverse genetic backgrounds were evaluated to examine different developmental responses in terms of stages of the life cycle and grain yield when grown under the different planting dates. Greatest difference in growth and developmental patterns of the winter and spring wheat cultivars occurred in stem elongation, booting, inflorescence emergence and anthesis. The growth stage of stem elongation was found to exhibit larger difference both among planting dates and cultivars. Winter wheat cultivars responded more than spring wheat cultivars to the different planting dates. Winter wheat 'Cho Kwang' and spring wheat 'Jugoku 81' were earlier and exhibited faster growth and development, while winter wheats 'Yamhill' and 'Hyslop' were later in growth and development, but exhibited faster grain filling and higher rate of grain filling, resulting in higher grain yields. Crosses between winter and spring wheat gene pools would result in earlier maturity and higher productivity for both winter and spring wheat cultivars. For developing early maturing wheat cultivars for multiple cropping sequences while maintaining productivity, selection for earliness trait should be started at the stem elongation stage. Furthermore, the breeding materials should be planted at several times for selection of shorter life cycle genotypes adaptable to the cropping sequences. This is due to the genotype x planting date interactions.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.310-318
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• 1991

This experiment was carried out to obtain the information on the variation of chromosome number in pollen mother cell (PMC) and somatic cell of the progeny from the cross between hexaploid triticale cv. Sinkihomil and five hexaploid wheat varieties. The results were summarized as follows: Number of uni-, bi- and tri-valent in PMC was 11.9, 14.4 and 0.44, respectively, in the F$_1$ between triticale and wheat. Significant positive correlation between the pollen fertility and seed set rate, pollen fertility and bivalent number of PMC, and seed set rate and bivalent number of PMC, and negative correlation between pollen fertility and uni-or tri-valent of PMC in the cross between triticale and wheat were detected. F$_1$ (crossed seed) had 42 chromosomes, F$_2$ and F$_1$/P$_1$ showed high frequency of hyperploid (42-49) and F$_1$/P$_2$ showed high frequency of hypoploid (36- 42), which suggest non-random segregation for somatic chromosome number. in the cross between the triticale and wheat.