• Journal of Genetic Medicine
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.76-80
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• 2019

About 15% to 20% of all clinically recognized pregnancies result in spontaneous abortion or miscarriage, and chromosomal anomalies can be identified in up to 50% of first trimester miscarriages. Chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA) is currently considered first-tier testing for detecting fetal chromosomal abnormalities and is supported by the absence of cell culture failure or erroneous results due to cell contamination in pregnancy loss. Triploidy is a lethal chromosome number abnormality characterized by an extra haploid set of chromosomes. Triploidy is one of the most common chromosomal aberrations in first trimester spontaneous abortions. Here, we report two cases of triploidy abortion that were not detected using array comparative genomic hybridization-based CMA. The aim of this report was to remind clinicians of the limitations of chromosomal testing and the misdiagnosis that can result from biased test selection.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.575-580
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• 1986

Triploid rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) were produced on a large scale practice by the application of moderate heat treatment in 1986. Triploid treatment of the fertilized eggs was carried out with heat shock at $27^{\circ}C$ for 10 to 14 minutes starting 10 minutes after insemination at $10^{\circ}C$. Estimated triploidy ranged from $45\%\;to\;57\%$ ana the incidence of triploidy slightly increased with the treatment time. No significant differences of growth rate were observed between triploidy and diploidy at the early stage of growth. This observation was consistent with results of other fish species and other reports on this species. This heat shock technique, expecting further improvement, should be useful in the mass production of sterile triploid rainbow trout.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.55-61
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• 1994

Triploid fish were induced successfully in olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) by cold shocking fertilized eggs 3 minutes post fertilization at $2^{\circ}C$ for 45 minutes. Percent incidence of triploid was $92.6\%$ in this treatment. Floating rate and fertilization rate of eggs were not significanlty different from that of diploid controls (P> 0.05). However, hatchability and abnormal larvae of triploids were significantly different from that of diploid controls (P< 0.05). Incidence of triploidy was confirmed by erythrocyte measurements and chromosome counts. The surface area of triploid erythrocytes and nucleus was 1.6 times larger than that of diploids. Diploids had 48 acrocentric chromosomes, while triploids had 72.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.215-222
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• 2016

Triploidy was induced in the marine medaka, Oryzias dancena by cold shock treatment ($0^{\circ}C$) of fertilized eggs for 30, 45, or 60 min, applied two minutes after fertilization. The triploid genotype was induced by each of the thermal shock regimes tested. The best result was obtained when the eggs were treated for 45 min, which induced triploidy in all the resulting fish. Triploidy was confirmed using chromosomal and flow cytometer analyses, and erythrocyte measurements. The surface areas and volumes of the erythrocytes of triploid fish were significantly larger than those of diploid fish, and their chromosome number (3N=72) was 1.5 times greater that for the diploids (2N=48). Based on a flow cytometer analysis, the triploid fish had approximately 1.5 times the cellular DNA content (2.40 pg/cell) of the diploid specimens (1.61 pg/cell). Data from this study provide the basis for the development of unique models for studying reproductive confinement in transgenic fish.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.71-78
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• 1994

Fertilized eggs of red seabream, Pagrus major were subjected to cold shock with various initial treatment times and durations. Cold shocks at $3^{\circ}C$ for 20 minutes and 30 minutes at 6 minutes after fertilization yielded the highest triploid incidence with 100%. Triploidy was confirmed by erythrocyte measurements and chromosome counts. Diploid ad 48 acrocentric chromosomes. while triploid had 72 acrocentrics. Triploids revealed increased erythrocyte size compared to their diploids and early growth rates of triploids from 10 days to 34 days after hatching were slightly lower than that of their controls.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.305-314
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• 2016

The marine medaka, Oryzias dancena is a suitable sample as a laboratory animal because it has a small size and clearly distinguishes between female and male. Data on the growth and maturity of the diploid and triploid sea cucurbit species suitable for laboratory animals are very useful for studying other species. Triploidy was induced in the marine medaka by cold shock treatment ($0^{\circ}C$) of fertilized eggs for 45 min, applied two minutes after fertilization. The diploid and triploid male fish were larger than their female counterparts (P<0.05), and the concentrations of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and thyroxine (T4) were higher in the induced triploids over 1 year (P<0.05). In both the diploid and tri-ploid groups the concentrations of TSH and T4 were higher in the male fish than in the females (P<0.05), while the testo-sterone and estradiol-$17{\beta}$ concentrations in the induced triploids were lower than in the diploids (P<0.05). The gonadosomatic index (GSI) of the triploid fish was lower than that for the diploids, and the GSI for females in each ploidy group were higher than that for the males. For both groups the GSI was highest at 4 months of age, and decreased thereafter to 12 months. Analysis of the gonads of one-year-old triploid fish suggested that the induction of triploidy probably causes sterility in this species; this effect was more apparent in females than in males.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.46 no.8
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• pp.831-835
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• 2003

Holoprosencephaly of unknown definite causes, has been associated with several chromosome abnormalities involving the autosomes and the sex chromosomes. The most commonly reported associations include dup(3p), del(7q), deletions of chromosome 13, trisomy 13, trisomy 18, and triploidy. In previously reported cases in Korea, none were associated with chromosome 21 anomalies. In conclusion, we reported the first case of holoprosencephaly(semilobar type) associated with pure monosomy 21. We experienced a semilobar type holoprosencephaly with monosomy 21 in a neonate who had multiple congenital anomalies, including an abnormal face, a small thorax with widely spaced hypoplastic nipples and nail hypoplasia, lung hypoplasia with severe scoliosis and cardiac abnormalities. Chromosomal analysis revealed a 45, XY, -21.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.49 no.5
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• pp.671-674
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• 2016

We cytogenetically analyzed a triploid King-Nupchi strain of the olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus to define the simplest, most rapid, and most effective method of ploidy analysis in aquaculture farms. Female triploidy of the flounder King-Nupchi strain was induced by cold shock (3 min post-fertilization at 2-4℃ for 45 min). Triploid induction was confirmed by erythrocyte measurement (nuclear volume, 29.15±2.10 μm³); flow cytometry (2.14±0.03 pg/cell); chromosome count (3N=72); Ag-NOR banding; and silver staining. Silver staining of finned cells obtained using a solid tissue technique was the most effective method of ploidy verification.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.26 no.7
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• pp.447-454
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• 2023

Fast somatic growth is important considerations for successful and competitive aquaculture industry. In rainbow trout reared in South Korea, triploid induction was used to suppress negative influence of reproductive maturation to body growth. However, the effects of triploidy are visible in both mature fish and developing juvenile fish. Thus, it is also important to explicate the effect of triploid induction on growth during the early-life stages of rainbow trout-alevins and fry. Rainbow trout fertilized eggs were subjected to triploid induction and polyploidy was checked by flow cytometry. Diploid and triploid alevins and fry were reared separately in tanks with constant flow of freshwater through flow-through water system and growth measurements were done from zero days after hatching (DAH 0) until DAH 134. The egg-yolk morphometrics of alevins-yolk length, yolk height, yolk volume and yolk weight-were statistically similar (p > 0.05) in both genotypes from DAH 0 to DAH 22. The total length, body height, and body weight of alevins and fry were statistically better (p > 0.05) in both genotypes until DAH 92 but thereafter, triploid had a significantly better growth performance (p < 0.05) over diploid fish until the completion of study at DAH 134. With that, triploid induction did not influence alevin yolk regions and body growth and fry somatic growth until around 3 months after hatching, but considerable growth enhancement was subsequently apparent.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.135-144
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• 1990

Fertilized eggs of Oreochromis niloticus were subjected to cold treatments at $14^{\circ}C$ for 30, 45 and 60 minutes starting 5 minutes after insemination at $27^{\circ}C$. Ploidy levels were determined by chromosome preparations and the analysis of both cell and nuclear sizes. A temperature shock of $14^{\circ}C$ for 60 minutes yielded the best results ( $83.3\%$). Gonadal development in both sexes was severely retarded in all triploid groups at 6 months of age.