• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.69-78
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• 1984

This study was conducted to select herbicides effective for upland crops and to investigate the cause of crop injury in peanut cultivated with mulching. Crop such as radish (Raphanus acanthiformis Moor.), Chinese cabbage (Brassica raps L.), soybean (Glycine max Merr.), Peanut (Archis hypogaea L.), and marsh mallow (Malva olitoria Nakai) were tolerant to napropamide [2-(${\alpha}$-naphthoxy)-N, N-diethylpropionamide], alachlor [2-chloro-2', 6'-diethyl-N-(methoxymethyl) acetanilide], trifluralin (${\alpha},{\alpha},{\alpha}$-trifluoro-2, 6-dinitro-N, N-dipropylp-toluidine) and nitrofen (2,4-dichlorophenyl-p-nitrophenylether). Napropamide, diphenamide (N, N-dimethyl-2, 2-diphenylacetamide) and alachlor were safe for red pepper (Capsicum annuum L.), eggplant (Solanum melongena L. and tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.), while trifluralin, nitrofen and chlonitrofen (2,4,6-trichlorophenyl-4-nitrophenyl ether) could be used for water melon (Citrullus battich Forsk.), carrot (Daucus carota L.) and lettuce (Lactuca scariola L.) without crop injury. Out of nine major weed species studied, Capsella bursa-pastoris Medicus was the most resistant species to the herbicides tested. Napropamide and alachlor could not control P. hydropiper, while P. oleracea and C. album were tolerant to diphenamide :and alachlor, respectively. Urea herbicides such as methabenzthiazuron [3-(2-benzothiazolyl)-1,3-dimethylurea], linuron [3-(3, 4-dichlorophenyl~l-methoxy-i-methyl urea], and isoproturon [3-(4-isopropylphenyl) -1, 1-dimethylurea]gave a great injury to the crops studied. The weeding effect was greater for broadleaf weeds than for grasses. Isoproturon and linuron provided good selectivity for marsh mallow and carrot, respectively. In peanut, the crop injury caused by Four herbicides studied was greater when cultivated with mulching than when cultivated without mulching. With dinitroaniline herbicides the crop injury decreased as the gaseous herbicide was removed out of mulching. Alachlor gave little phytotoxicity to peanut grown under mulching condition and nitralin [4-(methylsuphonyl)-2, 6-dinitro-N, N-dipropylaniline] showed less toxicity to the peanut than pendimenthalin (3,4-dimethyl-2, 6-dinitro-N-1-ethyl propylaniline) and trifluralin.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.265-271
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• 1994

This study was conducted to determine the herbicidal activity, persistance, downward movement and effect on bentgrass of 7 dinitroaniline herbicides such as benefin [N-butyl-N-ethyl-2,6-dinitro-4-(trifluoromethyl) benzenamine], beslogine [N,N-dibutyl-2,6-dinitro-4-trifluoromethylaniline], prodiamine [2,4-dinitro-$N^3$,$N^3$-dipropyl-6-(trifluoromethyl)-1,3-benzenediamine], pendimethalin [N-(1-ethylpropyl)-3,4-dimethyl-2,6-dinitrobenzenamine], trifluralin [2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-4-(trifluoromethyl) benzenamine], ethalfluralin [N-ethyl-N-(2-methyl-2-propenyl)-2,6-dinitro-4-(trifluoromethyl) benzenamine], and oryzalin [4-(diprop-ylamino)-3,5-dinitrobenzene-sulfonamide) together with bensulide [O,O-bis(1-methylethyl) S-[2-[(phenyl-sulfonyl) amino]ethyl]phosphorodithioate] and siduron [N-(2-methylcyclohexyl)-N'-phenylurea) as the control. In addition, distribution of pendimethalin and benefin into bentgrass was also determined. Prodiamine, benefin, and pendimethalin at the 1/16 dose of the recommended rate showed very high herbicidal activity($LD_{90}$) on Digitaria sanguinalis, but ethalfluralin and bensulide showed $LD_{90}$ at the 1/4 dose of the recommended rate, showing difference in herbicidal activities among dinitroaniline herbicides. All the herbicides except for pendimethalin had the lower herbicidal activity in sandy soil than that of clay-loam soil. Benefin, beslogine, prodiamine, oryzalin, bensulide and siduron persisted in the soil for about 50 days, but pendimethalin persisted in the soil for about 35 days, and trifluralin and ethalfluralin for about 25 days. Ethalfluralin, oryzalin and bensulide were the most mobile(downward movement) of the 9 herbicides studied. Less mobility was observed in the turfgrass condition than that of the bare soil. Beslogine bensulide prodiamine and benefin had no injury effect on bentgrass(Agrastis atolonifera L., penncross creeping bent grass). However, herbicides like oryzalin, trifluralin and pendimethalin reduced the dry weight of bentgrass by 12%, 30% and 40%, respectively. No significant difference in distribution of pendimethalin and benefin into inner part of leaves, surface and wax layer of bentgrass was observed, and thus it seems that different phytotoxic effect between pendimethalin and benefin may be attributed to different metabolism and mode of action.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.270-277
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• 1995

The research was carried out in tray in greenhouse equipped with Auto Foggy Systems(SAE KI RIN Co.) and the results were summarized as follows. 1. The number of leaves and fresh weight of Chinese cabbage were not different, but the plant height was increased due to foggy condition. 2. Plant height was decreased in 40 and 60 days of weed competition by foggy condition, the number of leaves was not different. And, shoot fresh weight was decreased by in all the duration of weed competition under foggy condition. Especially, that was greater in 40 days. 3. The shoot fresh weight was decreased by pendimethaline and napropamide application under foggy condition. Also, the number of leaves was decreased at 60 days after transplanting by pendimethaline application under foggy condition. 4. Pendimethalin, napropamide and alachlor treatments were not different in the weeding efficacy between non-foggy and foggy conditions. Trifluraline showed lower weeding efficacy by seedling emergence of large crabgrass as the days of treatment got longer under foggy condition.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.489-495
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• 2002

In this study, we determined distribution status of organonitrogen pesticides such as trifluralin, atrazine, metribuzin, alachlor, malathion, nitrofen, permethrin, cypermethrin, fenvalerate, and parathion accumulated in the fresh water fishes and amphibians. We collected those samples at 31 sites from the basin of major rivers, and separated the muscular tissue as a final sample for analysis. In the pretreatment process, lipid was eliminated by using acetonitrile and n-hexane, and pesticides were reextracted with dichloromethane. The extract was dehydrated and concentrated, and then cleaned it up by passing the Florisil column, and pesticide content was finally determined by using a GC-MS system after introducing isotope labelled references. The accumulation level was observed in the range of $0.17{\sim}6.8{\mu}g/kg$ in amphibians and $0.26{\sim}16{\mu}g/kg$ in fishes including cypermethrin as $16{\mu}g/kg$.

• Journal of Radiation Industry
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.19-24
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• 2009

The citrus fruits were irradiated at different doses (25~200 kGy) to remove pesticides such as diuron, dichlorbenil, trifluralin, dimetoate, chlorothalonil, fenitrothion, bromacil, phenthoate and norflurazon, and the rates of degradation were detected by using gas chromatography electron capture detector (GC-ECD). The limit of detection (LOD) was in the range of 0.007~0.105 ppm. The limit of quantification (LOQ) was in the range of 0.024~0.352 ppm, and the recoveries of 9 pesticides were in the range of 71.5~106.5%. The results demonstrated that the ${\gamma}$-irradiation was effective method to remove pesticides such as diuron, dichlorbenil, trifluralin, dimetoate, chlorothalonil, fenitrothion, and norflurazon. However, the bromacil and phenthoate showed lower removal rates in the rate of 40.5 and 54.8%, respectively, at 200 kGy irradiation.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.101-110
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• 1994

A field study was carried out to investigate the visual injury of zoysiagrass and creeping bentgrass by the application of various herbicides the result were as follows. 1. Trifluralin + benefin and dithiopyr did not injure creeping bentgrass and zoysiagrass. 2. Creeping bentgrass was safe while zoysiagrass was slightly injured within acceptable level with benefin. 3. Oryzalin caused injury both on creeping bentgrass and zoysiagrass. However, the injury of zoysigrass was within acceptable level while the injury of creeping bentgrass increased without acceptable level when applied at>5kg/ha. 4. Creeping bentgrass was tolerant to pendimethalin only when treated at<3.4kg/ha whereas zoysiagrass was tolerant regardless of rate. 5. Creeping bentgrass treated with fenoxaprop, oxadiazon, and bensulide were severely injured. However, turfgrasses treated with bensulide recovered rapidly when compared with fenoxaprop and oxadiazon. 6. Zoysiagrass treated with 2,4-D, dicambe, bentazon was safe when applied at mid summer.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.107-116
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• 1998

Based on the differential growth response to exogenous gibberellic acid ($GA_{3}$) between semi-dwarf wheat(Triticum aestivum) and wild oat(Avena fatua), we examined the possibility of improving the selective performance of several herbicides by $GA_{3}$ application and the physiological background of $GA_{3}$-induced increase in herbicidal activity. Growth of wild oat was 4 to 5 times higher than that of wheat by $GA_{3}$ treatment. Pretreatment of wild oat seed with 300 ppm $GA_{3}$ increased the herbicidal activities of trifluralin and isoproturon by soil-surface application, but not of alachor and metsulfuron-methyl. $GA_{3}$ applied simultaneously with post-emergence herbicides resulted in a significant or moderate improvement of the efficacy of such herbicides as tralkoxydim, fenoxaprop-ethyl, metsulfuron-methyl, metribuzine and isoproturon, but not in the mixtures of oxyfluorfen or paraquat with $GA_{3}$. In the sequencial treatment of tralkoxydim and $GA_{3}$ at interval of one-day, $GA_{3}$ applied prior to tralkoxydim significantly increased a chlorosis and desiccation of leaf without affecting the growth inhibition by tralkoxydim. Tralkoxydim followed by $GA_{3}$ application had lower herbicidal activity than that of $GA_{3}$ followed by tralkoxydim treatment. Electrolyte leakage response of $GA_{3}$-pretreated or $GA_{3}$-untreated wild oat leaf against several compounds inducing membrane. peroxidation was compared. Differencial responses were observed in oxyfluorfen and isoproturon treatments with an increased electrolyte leakage in $GA_{3}$-pretreated tissue, but not in paraquat and rose bengal treatments. These results suggest that $GA_{3}$-induced increase in herbicidal activity is likely to be dependent on a herbicide type and may be due to activation of a metabolic ability related with herbicidal reponse as well as an increase in the herbicide absorbtion and translocation, rather than due to membrane and cell wall extention induced by $GA_{3}$, which in turn makes the herbicides easily enter.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.208-216
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• 1988

This study was conducted to select herbicides safe for cucurbitaceae crops under the polyethylene film mulching culture. No crop injury with ethalfluralin (N-ethyl-N-(2-methylally)-2, 6-dinitro-4-(trifluoromethyl) aniline) was found in gourd, water melon, cantaloup, cucumber and pumpkin of direct seeded culture. There was no significant reduction in fresh weight of gourd and pumpkin at the rate of 1080 g a.i./ha, that of water melon, cantaloup and cucumber at the rate of 720 g a.i./ha. Napropamide (N,N-diethyl-2-(${\alpha}$-naphthyloxy) propionamide) did not cause any crop injury at the rate of 1500 to 3000 g a.i./ha. There was no significant reduction in fresh weight of gourd, pumpkin and cucumber at the rate of 3000 g a.i./ha, and that of cantaloup and water melon at the rate of 1500 g a.i./ha. Trifluralin (${\alpha}$, ${\alpha}$, ${\alpha}$-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N, N-diprophlaniline) did not cause any crop injury in gourd. When ethalfluralin, napropamide and nitralin were applied to the transplanted seedlings of water melon and cantaloup, no significant reduction in the fresh weight were observed. The weeding effect greater than 90% was obtained with ethalfluralin at 720 to 1080 g a.i./ha and pendimethalin (N-(1-ethylpropyl)-3,4-dimethyl-2,6-dinitrobenzenamine) at 1268 g a.i./ha. The rest treatment gave the weeding effect ranging from 81 to 90%.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.168-177
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• 2013

This experiment was carried out to estimate leaching potential of thirteen endocrine disruptor-suspected pesticides in upland soils using soil columns (5 cm I.D. ${\times}$ 35 cm H.) packed with soil A (sandy loam) and soil B (loam). When 12.6 mL of water, average precipitation in Cheongju area during the period from June to August, 2001-2010, was percolated through soil column packed with soil A every day for 21 days, no pesticides were detected from leachate, with the exception of metribuzin which was detected with negligible. Also, when 2 L of water was percolated consecutively five times through soil columns packed with soil A and B, irrespective of soil types, cypermethrin, endosulfan, fenvalerate, parathion and trifluralin, which were very low water solubilities and high soil $K_{oc}s$, were not detected from leachate and were distributed mostly in the depth of 0-5 cm, representing that water solubility and soil $K_{oc}$ are major contributing factors to their leaching behavior. Despite high average leaching rates in carbaryl and methomyl, actual possibilities of ground water contamination in the agricultural environment by them would be very low, considering that the negligible amount of pesticide was percolated through a lysimeter with an undisturbed soil core simulating the field conditions, while most of pesticide was percolated through a soil column with the disturbed soil profile.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.90-95
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• 2002

A study was carried out to optimize the cleanup step using a solid-phase extraction (SPE) cartridge, $SupelClean^{TM}$ Florisil, for multiresidue analysis of 16 pesticides in cucumber matrix. Eluting efficiencies of two solvent systems including acetone/n-hexane and ethyl acetate/n-hexane mixtures were critically evaluated by recoveries of target anaytes from the SPE Florisil column. Based on the recovery as a measure of eluting efficiency, an acetone/n-hexane (20/80,v/v) mixture provided more than 80% recovery for 15 pesticides except bifenthrin. In case of ethyl acetate/n-hexane, 14 pesticides showed recoveries higher than 75% while those far alachlor and bifenthrin were less than 30%.