밭작물(作物) 및 잡초(雜草)에 대한 제초제(除草劑)의 약해(藥害) 약효(藥效)

Phytotoxic Effect of Herbicides on Upland Crops and Weeds

주요(主要) 밭작물(作物) 및 잡초별(雜草別) 제초제(除草劑) 반응성(反應性)을 검토(檢討)하여 유효(有效)한 제초제(除草劑)를 선발(選拔)하고, 멀칭재배조건하(栽培條件下) 제초제(除草劑) 난해원인(欒害原因)을 구명(究明)하고자 실험(實驗)을 실시(實施)하였다. 1. Napropamide, alachlor, trifluralin 및 nitrofen에 내성(耐性)을 보인 작물(作物)은 무, 배추, 콩, 땅콩 및 아욱이었다. 2. Napropamide, diphenamide 및 alachlor는 고추, 가지 및 토마토에 안전(安全)한 약제(藥劑)이었고, trifluralin, nitrofen 및 chlornitrofen은 수박, 당근과 상추 약해(藥害)없이 사용(使用)할 수 있었다. 3. 공시약제(供試藥劑) 모두에 대(對)해서 가장 내성(耐性)이 큰 잡초(雜草)는 냉이었다. 4. 여뀌는 napropamide와 alachlor로 방제(防除)할 수 없었으며, 쇠비름은 diphenamide에 명아주는 alachlor에 대(對)한 저항성(抵抗性) 초종(草種)이었다. 5. 공시약제중(供試藥劑中) 요소계(尿素系)인 methabenzthiazuron, linuron 및 isoproturon은 공시작물(供試作物)에 큰 약해(藥害)를 나타내었지만, 잡초(雜草)에 대(對)한 방제효과면(防除效果面)에서는 화본과(禾本科)보다는 광엽작초(廣葉雜草)에 더 큰 효과(效果)를 나타내었다. 아욱은 isoproturon에, 당근은 linuron에 대(對)하여 내약성(耐藥性)을 나타내었다. 6. 땅콩포장에 있어서 공시(供試)4종제초제(種除草劑) 모두 멀칭재배조건(栽培條件)이 무(無)멀칭에서 보다 심(甚)한 약해(藥害)룰 나타내었다. 공시(供試) dinitrioaniline계(系) 제초제(除草劑)들의 약해(藥害)는 멀칭후(後) 휘발(揮發)된 약제(藥劑)를 제거(除去)함으로써 감소(減少)되었다. 7. 땅콩포장의 멀칭 재배조건하(栽培條件下)에서 alachlor는 가장 적은 약해(藥害)를 보였고, dinitroaniline계(系) 제초제중(除草劑中)에서는 nitraline, pendimethalin, trifluralin 순(順)으로 약해(藥害)가 증가(增加)하였다.

This study was conducted to select herbicides effective for upland crops and to investigate the cause of crop injury in peanut cultivated with mulching. Crop such as radish (Raphanus acanthiformis Moor.), Chinese cabbage (Brassica raps L.), soybean (Glycine max Merr.), Peanut (Archis hypogaea L.), and marsh mallow (Malva olitoria Nakai) were tolerant to napropamide [2-(${\alpha}$-naphthoxy)-N, N-diethylpropionamide], alachlor [2-chloro-2', 6'-diethyl-N-(methoxymethyl) acetanilide], trifluralin (${\alpha},{\alpha},{\alpha}$-trifluoro-2, 6-dinitro-N, N-dipropylp-toluidine) and nitrofen (2,4-dichlorophenyl-p-nitrophenylether). Napropamide, diphenamide (N, N-dimethyl-2, 2-diphenylacetamide) and alachlor were safe for red pepper (Capsicum annuum L.), eggplant (Solanum melongena L. and tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.), while trifluralin, nitrofen and chlonitrofen (2,4,6-trichlorophenyl-4-nitrophenyl ether) could be used for water melon (Citrullus battich Forsk.), carrot (Daucus carota L.) and lettuce (Lactuca scariola L.) without crop injury. Out of nine major weed species studied, Capsella bursa-pastoris Medicus was the most resistant species to the herbicides tested. Napropamide and alachlor could not control P. hydropiper, while P. oleracea and C. album were tolerant to diphenamide :and alachlor, respectively. Urea herbicides such as methabenzthiazuron [3-(2-benzothiazolyl)-1,3-dimethylurea], linuron [3-(3, 4-dichlorophenyl~l-methoxy-i-methyl urea], and isoproturon [3-(4-isopropylphenyl) -1, 1-dimethylurea]gave a great injury to the crops studied. The weeding effect was greater for broadleaf weeds than for grasses. Isoproturon and linuron provided good selectivity for marsh mallow and carrot, respectively. In peanut, the crop injury caused by Four herbicides studied was greater when cultivated with mulching than when cultivated without mulching. With dinitroaniline herbicides the crop injury decreased as the gaseous herbicide was removed out of mulching. Alachlor gave little phytotoxicity to peanut grown under mulching condition and nitralin [4-(methylsuphonyl)-2, 6-dinitro-N, N-dipropylaniline] showed less toxicity to the peanut than pendimenthalin (3,4-dimethyl-2, 6-dinitro-N-1-ethyl propylaniline) and trifluralin.