• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.349-356
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• 1995

We have investigated the action of sodium nitrite on the growth and morphologic changes of T uaginolis and on the treatment of subcutaneous abscess by trichomonad in mice. Sodium nitrite inhibited the growth of metronidazole-sensitive KT9 isolate and metronidazole-resistant CDC85 strain of T vcsinalis as concentration of 6 mM and 10 mM respectively Intraperitoneal injection of sodium nitrite (70 ㎍, 100 ㎍, 130 ㎍/g body weight) did not reduce the size of abscess produced by subcutaneous inoculation of T uasinnlis in mice. T uosinnlis, treated with sodium nitrite at concentration giving about 50% inhibition of growth, showed fissures, many vacuoles and electron-translucent zone in the cytoplasm by transmission electron microscopy. In the case of CDC85 treated with 9 mM sodium nitrite, hydrogenosomal matrical change , destruction of hydrogenosomal membrane, autophagic vacuoles, disappearance of Golgi complex and polysome were notably observed . With above results, it is assumed that sodium nitrite inhibits the growth of metronidazole-sensitive and - resistant strains of T. ucsinalis and induces the morphological changes of 7 uusinalis although it does not affect in reducing of abscess size by vagiginalis in mice.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.799-802
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• 2012

Background: Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a very common sexually transmitted disease affecting both men and women and is responsible for different ano-genital cancers in either sex. Co-existing sexually transmitted infections (STI) including HIV have been considered as important co-factors for carcinogenesis induced by HPV. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of any HPV, HPV 16 and HPV 18 and also concomitant STIs among female sex workers (FSW), men having sex with men (MSM) and injectable drug users (IDU). Material and Method: This cross-sectional study was conducted among 45 FSWs, 26 MSMs and 58 IDUs who attended the STI or de-addiction clinics. Genital scrape samples collected from glans penis and coronal sulcus in males and cervical squamo-columnar junction in females were tested for HPV DNA by PCR using HPV L1 consensus primer. Type specific PCR to detect HPV 16 and 18 was done on the samples positive on consensus PCR. All participants were tested for associated STIs including HIV and hepatitis B and cervical cytology was done on all females. Results: Among the FSWs, HPV was detected in 73.3% and HPV 16 and 18 was detected in 25.7%. Though the HPV prevalence was similarly high among MSMs (69.2%) and IDUs (72.4%), the prevalence of HPV 16 and 18 was much lower in these groups compared to the FSWs. Prevalence of cervico-vaginal infection with Trichomonas vaginalis and syphilis was significantly higher in the HPV positive women compared to the HPV negative women. There was no statistically significant difference in the prevalence of other STIs among HPV positive and negative women and men. Conclusion: HPV infection is highly prevalent among FSW, MSM and IDUs. Trichomonas vaginalis infection is more frequent in HPV positive women.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.189-196
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• 1997

The purpose of this study is to determine whether nitric oxide is involved in the extracellular killing of Trichomoncs uasinalis by mouse (BALB/c) peritoneal macrophages and RAW264.7 cells activated with LPS or rIFN-γ and also to observe the effects of various chemicals which affect the production of reactive nitrogen intermediates (RNl) in the cytotoxicity against T. vnginnlis. The cytotoxicity was measured by counting the release of (3H)-thymidine from labelled protozoa and NOa was assayed by Griess reaction. Nemonomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMHA), Nenitro-L-arginine methyl ester (NAME) and arginase inhibited cytotoxicity to T. vaginnlis and nitrite production by activated mouse perioneal macrophagrs and RAW 264.7 cells. The addition of excess L-arginine competitively restored trichomonacidal activity of macrophages. Exogenous addition of FeSO4 inhibited cytotoxicity to T. vaginaLis and nitric products of macrophages. From above results, it is assumed that nitric oxide plays an important role in the host defense mechanism of macrophages against T ucfinalis.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.191-195
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• 2005

Eighteen aqueous and two ethanol extracts of herb-medicine used for trichomoniasis therapies in Korea were assessed for their antitrichomonas activities. Two extracts(Sophorae radix, Phellodendri cortex) showed evident antitrichomonas activity at $8mg/m{\ell}$. Two mixture of Sophorae radix and Phellodendri cortex showed low antitrichomonas activity at 15mg/ml. Ethylacetate fraction of Sophorae radix showed the antitrichomonas activity of 400 mg/ml. This indicated that Sophorae radix is potent for a new effective and safe antitrichomonas agent.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.134-139
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• 2004

Hybrid cluster protein (HCP) was investigated because of its unique iron-sulfur clusters, which have been found in bacteria and archaea. Here, HCP homologous proteins from the third domain, 'eukarya'(3 amitochondriate protozoans, Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba histolytica, and Trichomonas vaginalis), were identified. All three amitochondriate protozoan HCPs (GlHCP, EhHCP, and TvHCP) belonged to Class I on the basis of two key characters, the cysteine spacing, Cys-(Xaa)₂Cys(Xaa)/sub 7-8/-Cys(Xaa)/sub 5/-Cys, and the absence of N-terminal deletion characteristic to the Class III. In phylogenetic analysis performed with amino acid sequences of 3 eukaryal, 5 bacterial, and 4 archaeal HCPs, the maximum likelihood (ML) tree indicated that TvHCP was clustered with Class I HCPs, whereas the other two HCPs (GlHCP and EhHCP) formed an independent clade with a high bootstrapping value (96%) not belonging to any previously recognized HCP class. In spite of the relatively lower bootstrapping value (61%), the position of the new eukaryal GlHCP-EhHCP clade was close to Class I, including the TvHCP, and Classes II and III were closely related with each other. The finding of eukaryal HCPs would help to understand the evolutionary history of HCP.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.129-139
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• 1988

Vaginitis is one of the most common disease in gynecologic field in recent days. About 90% of these patients suffer from the infection of the vagina caused by Gardnerella vaginalis, Candida, or Trichomonas, either alone or in combination. For the effective diagnosis and management, it is essential to get an accurate identification of the causative agent. Applying simple and easy diagnostic methods such as pH of vaginal discharge, amine test and microscopic examination of wet mount preparation of normal saline and 10% KOH to 549 cases of randomly selected patients visiting Out-patient Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Yeung-nam University Hospital through May 1st to Sept. 31st, 1987, the following results were obtained. 1. In the Gardnerella vaginitis vaginal pH was more than 5.0 in 81.0% of total cases, positive amine test in 62.8%, decreased lactobacilli in 77.4% & decreased WBC counts in 70.1%, In the Trichomonas vaginitis vaginal pH more than 5.0 was noted in 93.3% of the cases, negative amine test in 90%, decreased lactobacilli in 90% & increased WBC counts in 93.3%, whereas Candida vaginitis and normal groups showed vaginal pH of 3.0~4.0 in 83.2%, negative amine test in 100%, normal distribution of lactobacilli in 89.7%, normal WBC counts in 72.4%. 2. The accuracy rates of physical diagnosis by wet mount preparation of normal saline and 10% KOH revealed 26.3%, 47.5% % 70,0% in Gardnerella vaginitis, Candida vaginitis, and Trichomonas vaginitis, respectively. The vaginal pH and amine test showed 83.2% of accuracy rate in Candida vaginitis group, 60.6% in Gardnerella vaginitis group and 83.3% III Trichomonas vaginitis group. 3. In 23 cases of Gardnerella vaginitis showing vaginal pH of 3.0 or 4.0 and positive amine test, the clue cells were observed in 10% or less in 12 cases, 30% in 5 cases, 50% in 4 cases and 50% or more in 2 cases. In summary vaginal pH and amine test could be useful in screening and differentiating the different types of infectious vaginitis. Furthermore by adding microscopic examination of normal saline and 10% KOH wet mount preparation to them, they not only could obtain higher diagnostic accuracy rate but would be more valuable in selecting the patients requiring cultures to confirm the diagnoses.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.39-46
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• 1997

The present study was undertaken to determine whether live T. uaginnlis degrades human secretory IgA, serum If and IgG molecules. Human immunoglobulins were exposed to live trophozoites, parasite Iysate, and excretory-secretory product (ESP) of T ucginnlis. To determine the fragmentation of immunoglobulins, the reaction sample was subjected to SDS-PAGE and EITB, and peroxidase conjugated antihuman IgA and IgG were used as probes. Live trophozoites degraded secretory IgA, serum IgA and IgG, and degradation were pressed forward by the prolongation of the incubation time and by increasing the number of trichomonads respectively. Also the Iysates and ESP of trichomonads degraded IgA and IgG. The cysteine and serine proteinase inhibitors such as I-64, antipain, iodoacetic acid, iodoacetamide, TLCK reduced the ability of cleaving immunoglobulins. The proteinase activity and cytotoxicity of T. uaginnlis to HeLa cells were decreased when live T. vusinalis was treated with metallo-proteinase inhibitor as well as cysteine and serine proteinase inhibitors. These results suggest that proteinase secreted from live T ucginclis may play a part role in host pathogenesis by T. uosinnlis, and the cleaving ability of host immunoglobulins by the proteinase may contribute as a one of immune evasion mechanism for parasite survival in the host.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.207-212
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• 1998

In the present study, genomic DNAs were purified from Korean isolates (KT8, KT6, KT-Kim and KT-Lee) and foreign strains (CDC85, IR78 and NYH 286) of 1Trichomonas voslnalis, and hybridized with a probe based on the repetitive sequence cloned from T. uqfinolis to observe the genetic differences. By Southern hybridization, all isolates of T. uoSinoLis except the NYH386 strain had 11 bands. Therefore all isolates examined were distinguishable into 3 groups according to their banding patterns; i) KT8, KT6 and KT-Kim isolates had 11 identical bands such as 1 kb, 1.2 kb, 1.6 kb, 1.9 kb, 2.3 kb. 27 kb, 3.2 kb, 2.4 kb, 3.8 kb, 4.9 kb and 6.0 kb, ii) The metronidazole-resistant IR78 strain had the some bands as KT-Lee isolate at bands of 1 kb, 1.2 kb, 1.6 kb. 1.8 kb, 2.1 kb, 2.5 kb, 2.7 kb, 2.9 kb, 3.4 kb, 5.0 kb and 6.0 kb, Bands of CDC85, metronidazole-resistant strain, were similar to those of IR78 and KT-Lee, except that 3.2 kb replaced 2.9 kb. iii) NYH286 particularly had 12 bands and bun patterns were similar to IR78 with a few exceptions as follows; i) 6.2 kb in place of 6.0 kb, ii) 2.0 kb and 2.2 kb instead of 2.1 kb. Through the results obtained, genetic variance of T. uoginnlis isolates was demonstrated by Southern hybridization.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.9
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• pp.4457-4461
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• 2016

Purpose: To determine the prevalence of abnormal cervical cytology, as diagnosed using a liquid-based cytology technique, in pregnant women attending the Antenatal Care (ANC) clinic at Siriraj Hospital. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study included 655 first-visit pregnant women who attended ANC clinic at Siriraj Hospital during June to November 2015 study period. After receiving routine antenatal care, cervical cytology screening was performed with the Siriraj liquid-based cytology technique. All specimens were reviewed by a certified cytopathologist using Bethesda System 2001 criteria. Patients with abnormal PAP results characterized as epithelial cell abnormalities were referred to a gynecologic oncologist for further management according to ASCCP Guidelines 2012. Results: Mean age of participants was $28.9{\pm}6.2$ years. Prevalence of abnormal cervical cytology was 3.4% (95% CI: 2.0-4.7). Among this group, there were ASC-US, ASC-H, LSIL, HSIL for 12(1.8%), 2(0.3%), 7(1.1%) and 1(0.2%), respectively. In 633 specimens of the normal group, infection was identified in 158 specimens (24.1%) which were caused by Candida spp. and Trichomonas vaginalis. Regarding patient perception about the importance of cervical cancer screening, although most women perceived screening to be important, 54% of participants had never been screened for cervical cancer. Rate of loss to follow-up in the postpartum period was as high as 41.8%. Conclusions: Prevalence of abnormal cervical cytology in pregnant women attending the ANC clinic at Siriraj Hospital was 3.4%. Inclusion of cervical cancer screening as part of antenatal assessment can help to identify precancerous lesions or cervical cancers in patients who might otherwise not be screened, thereby facilitating early treatment and improved patient outcomes.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.2069-2074
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• 2014

Purpose: To appraise the frequency of cervical cytological abnormalities in a population at normal risk via analysing the archive records of cytology for the period of approximately 9,5 years, comparing them with patient demographic charecteristics, and discuss the results for women under age of 35. Materials and Methods: A total of 32,578 cases of Pap smears were retrieved and analysed from our archive included the Pap tests performed between January 2001 and April 2010 at the Early Cancer Screening, Diagnosing and Education Center by the consent of three pathologists via utilizing the Bethesda System Criteria 2001 and the results were compared with some demographical characteristics. Results: Our rate of the cervical cytological abnormality was 1.83%, with ASCUS in 1.18%, LSIL in 0.39, HSIL in 0.16%, AGUS in 0.07%, squamous cell carcinoma in 0.02%, and adenoarcinoma in 0.006%. Cytological abnormalities were detected mostly in those with higher age, lower parity, and premenopausal period whereas the smoking status was without influence. Bacterial vaginosis (5.6%) was the most frequent infectious finding (Candida albicans 2.7%; Actinomyces sp. 1.3%; and Trichomonas vaginalis 0.2%) detected on the smears. The rate of abnormal cervical cytology was 9.5% among the women aged between 30-34. Conclusions: Early detection of the cervical abnormalities by means of the regular cervical cancer screening programmes is useful to attenuate the incidence, mortality, and morbidity of cervical cancer. Our prevalence of the cytological abnormalities was much lower than the one in Western populations in general but very similar to those reported from other Islamic countries that may be explained by the conservative lifestyle and the lower prevalence of HPV in Turkey. A remarkable rate of abnormal cervical cytology of women aged 30-34 was pointed out in the present study.