• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.314-322
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• 2017

The aim of this study was to determine suitable oxygen transmission rate (OTR) films for modified atmosphere (MA) storage of asparagus spears (Asparagus officinalis L.), and to examine the related changes in asparagus spear quality. Asparagus spears were packed with 10,000, 20,000, 40,000, 70,000, and $100,000cc/m^2{\cdot}day{\cdot}atm$ OTR film treatments for MA storage, and perforated film (conventional storage) was used as the control. The fresh weight loss rate was less than 1% in all OTR film treatments but not in the control. In all OTR film treatments, ethylene content rapidly increased on the first day of storage, and gradually decreased thereafter to $2.0{\mu}L{\cdot}L^{-1}$ by the final storage day. In the 10,000 cc and 20,000 cc OTR film treatments, carbon dioxide content was maintained within the permissible range for asparagus spears under recommended controlled atmosphere (CA) and MA conditions (5-12%). The oxygen content was maintained between 12% and 20% in all OTR film treatments. Hue angles and total chlorophyll content were highest in the 10,000 cc OTR film treatment in both tips and stems. Visual quality was maintained at a saleable level only in the 10,000 cc OTR film treatment until the final storage day (25 days). Based on sensory evaluation, the least off-odor was detected in the 10,000 cc OTR film treatment, and the most in the control treatment. While the soluble solids content decreased with all film treatments, it was maintained at the highest level in the 10,000 cc OTR film treatment. Vitamin C content decreased with all film treatments during storage, but was maintained at higher levels in the 10,000, 20,000, and 40,000 cc OTR film treatments. The firmness of tips and stems increased with storage duration in all film treatments, stems were firmer under the perforated film, 10,000, and 20,000 cc OTR film treatments. Given these results, the 10,000 cc OTR film treatment is considered the most appropriate for MA asparagus spear storage since visual quality and soluble solids content were maintained, and fresh weight loss, vitamin C content, off-odor, and yellowing were suppressed during storage.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.191-200
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• 2000

Objective: This study was carried out to compare the effects of the stepwise exposure treatments on the morphological normality, fertilization and blastocyst formation rate of the frozen-thawed mouse mature oocytes by vitrification or ultra-rapid freezing and to use as a fundamental data for the cryopreservation of human oocytes. Materials and Methods: The morphological normality and fertilization rates of the vitrified and ultra-rapid frozen mouse mature oocytes after three-stepwise exposure treatments (1step, 3step and 5step) were observed. After choosing the 3step exposure treatment groups, we observed the morphological normality and fertilization, blastocyst formation rate of the vitrified and ultra-rapid frozen mouse mature oocytes. Results: The morphological normality and fertilization rates of the vitrified mouse mature oocytes after three-stepwise exposure treatments (1step, 3step and 5step) were 75%, 85%, 88% and 58%, 61 %, 54% respectively. There were no significant differences among treatments(p>0.05). The morphological normality and fertilization rate of the control was 92% and 65%. There were no significant differences in fertilization rate among control and treatments (p>0.05). The morphological normality and fertilization rates of the ultra-rapid frozen mouse mature oocytes after three-stepwise exposure treatments (1step, 3step and 5step) were 83%, 83%, 84% and 75%, 63%, 56% respectively. There were no significant differences among treatments (p>0.05). The morphological normality and fertilization rate of the control was 95% and 67%. There were no significant differences among control and treatments (p>0.05). The morphological normality and fertilization rate of the vitrified or ultra-rapid frozen mouse mature oocytes after 3step exposure treatment were 69% and 75%, respectively. The blastocyst formation rate was 60% and 57%. The results did not differ significantly between vitrification and ultra-rapid freezing (p>0.05). Conclusion: As known in the above results, there were no significant differences in the fertilization and blastocyst formation rate of the frozen-thawed mouse mature oocytes by vitrification or ultra-rapid freezing among the control and treatments. It is suggested that vitrification and ultra-rapid freezing method were effective for the cryopreservation of mouse mature oocytes.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.360-367
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• 2020

BACKGROUND: The productivity and quality of blueberry (Vaccinium ashei Reade) greatly depend on the number of fruits in a plant. Especially, fruit set more than appropriate number negatively affects productivity and marketability due to the increased number of small fruits and delayed harvest time. This study was conducted to investigate proper timing and concentration for applying chemical blossom thinners such as ammonium thiosulfate (ATS) and UREA. METHODS AND RESULTS: ATS at 1.25% and 1.50%, and UREA at 6% and 8% were applied in four developmental stages, bud swell, pink bud, full bloom and petal fall. Fruit thinning rate was calculated based on the number of fruits harvested divided by that of flowers before applying blossom thinners. Ratios of leaf to flower and leaf to fruit were calculated based on the number of fully developed leaves in 25 days after full blossom divided by that of flowers or fruits, respectively. Chemical injury of leaves was investigated by calculating the number of leaves with chemical injury divided by the total number of leaves. Fruit thinning rates were 48% and 66% for UREA treatments at 6% and 8%, respectively, and 49% and 62% for ATS treatments at 1.25% and 1.50%, respectively, in the full bloom stage. In the petal fall stage, fruit thinning rates were 18% and 24% for UREA treatments at 6% and 8%, respectively, and 49% and 35% for ATS treatments at 1.25% and 1.50%, respectively. Leaf to fruit ratio (L/FR) increased by 109% and 188% compared to leaf to flower ratio in ATS treatments at 1.25% and 1.50%, respectively, and L/FR increased 93 and 196% in UREA treatments at 6% and 8%, respectively, in the full bloom stage. In the petal fall stage, leaf to fruit ratio increased by 60% to 100% in ATS treatments, but did not significantly differ from the control in UREA treatments. Fruit harvest was delayed in all treatments of all developmental stages except for 1.5% ATS and 6% UREA treatments at the petal fall stage, whose fruit harvest was two or three days faster than the control. CONCLUSION: The application of ATS and UREA for blossom thinning should be in the petal fall and full bloom stages for early and late harvest, respectively. Considering chemical injury, integrated harvesting and fruit size, however, it is appropriate to apply ATS at 1.5% in the petal fall stage to increase fruit productivity and quality in blueberry.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.145-151
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• 1997

This study was conducted to investigate the influence of dietary olive oil, canola oil, or sardine oil on the fatty acids composition and cholesterol contents in eggs The experimental layers, 62~65 weeks of age, were randomly allotted to one of the four treatments; a) Control (commercial feed), b) T1 (commercial feed plus 10% olive oil), c) T2 (commercial feed plus 10% sardine oil), d) m (commercial feed plus 10% sardine oil) for 3 weeks. The egg samples were stored at 4${\pm}$1˚C for a certain period (1, 3, 5, 7, and 9 days) and analyzed for the fatty acids composition and cholesterol contents. The unsaturated fatty acid contents in the egg yolk were slightly decreased as the storage periods extended. The oleic acid content in T1 was the highest in all treatments. The linoleic and linolenic acid contents in T2 were higher than in the other treatments. The eicosahexaenoic acid (EPA), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA), and docosasahexaenoic acid ( DH A) contents in eggs from m were higher than the other treatments. The ratio of egg yolk n-6 /n-3 fatty acids contents in all treatments were slightly increased as the storage periods extended. The n-3 fatty acid contents of the egg yolk from T3 was the highest in all treatments. The cholesterol contents of the eggs were significantly decreased as the storage period extended(P<0.05). There was no significant difference in egg cholesterol content among all treatments.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.281-285
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• 2012

The aim of this research was carried out that leafty and tonic vegetable using garlic (Allium victorialis L. var. platyphyllum Makino) makes use of landscape ground-cover plant. Following shading level treatments (30%, 50%, 80%), garlic was cultivated to investigate plant growth characteristic and chlorophyll content. Leaf number of all treatments was unaffected, and 80% shading treatment had grown vigorous growth 16.8 cm leaf length and 10.1 cm leaf width compared to 13.4 cm leaf length and 7.3 cm leaf width for the non-shading treatment. Fresh weight of non-shading treatment was better than those of three shading treatments, however, 80% shading treatment had produced 10.4 g fresh weight of stem part compared to 8.5 g for the for the non-shading treatment. The chlorophyll content of the 50 and 80 shading treatments showed 42.8% and 40.5% respectively. These treatments increased 36.7% chlorophyll content compared to non-shading treatments. Following shading level treatments, growth characteristics of garlic in 80 shading level treatment shows outstanding growth and it is worthy of planting as shading ground-cover plants.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.17 no.10
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• pp.1430-1433
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• 2004

A study was conducted to determine the effect of different alkali treatments on changes in chemical composition and on degradability of bagasse and rice straw. This study divided into 2 experiments, the first with bagasse and the second with rice straw. Each experiment comprised 9 treatments which included: untreated control; 3% NaOH; 6% NaOH; 3% urea; 6% urea; 3% NaOH/3% urea; 3% NaOH/6% urea; 6% NaOH/3% urea; 6% NaOH/6% urea. In both experiments, crude protein contents were increased from 2.0 to 12.5 units for bagasse and 3.1 to 13.7 units for rice straw by urea treatments. Ash contents of the treated bagasse and rice straw were increased over the untreated control (1.5-9.7 units for bagasse; 4.2-8.8 units for rice straw). The effects on ether extract, crude fiber, neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber of the treated bagasse and rice straw were variable. Nylon bag degradability of dry matter and crude fiber were increased by treatments applying NaOH and NaOH plus urea but not urea alone. In contrast, the egradability of neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber were reduced compared with the untreated control. From these degradability studies, it can be concluded that the most efficient treatments of bagasse were those treatments with 6% NaOH, followed by treatments with 6% NaOH plus 3% or 6% urea and 3% NaOH plus 3% or 6% urea, respectively. However, when comparison was made on the cost of chemical used to treat the agricultural by-products, particularly in case of rice straw, 3-6% urea would be appropriate.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.55-69
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• 2012

Objectives : The aim of this study was to compare the effects of 12 acupuncture treatments versus 24 acupuncture treatments for patients with dry eye syndrome. Methods : We have assessed the symptom score, number of dry eye symptoms, and ocular surface disease index(OSDI) scores before and after the acupuncture treatments. The group A received 12 acupuncture treatments, and the group B received 24 acupuncture treatments. To evaluate the efficacy of acupuncture treatments the before and after scores of both groups were compared. Results : After treatment, symptom score, number of dry eye symptoms, and ocular surface disease index(OSDI) were significantly decreased in each group (p<0.001). The symptom score has shown a greater decrease in group B than group A, but no significant differences were seen in the numbers of existing symptoms and ocular surface disease index(OSDI) scores between the two groups. Conclusions : Acupuncture is an effective way to relieve the symptoms of dry eye syndrome. The more number of acupuncture treatments may be correlated with better outcomes in the means of symptom score.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.537-546
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• 2008

The experiment was conducted to determine the effect of the mixed herbal medicine for the substitution of antibiotics on the performance of laying hens. Day old hyline 1,500 layer chicks were randomly assigned to 4 treatments. Control were 600 and three each treatment was 300. Eggs were collected at every weeks for measuring egg production and week 26, 27, 28 for chemical analyses. Chemical analyses were done for fatty acid profile of egg yolks, amino acid, antibiotics residue in eggs(collect eggs after supplying OTC 21ppm/bird/day to control for four day at 26, 27, 28) during the laying period($19{\sim}77wk$). On $0{\sim}4$ week, T-3 showed higher feed intake than those fed the other diets and on $5{\sim}13$ week, T-2 showed highest feed intake among treatments. After birds were moved ($14{\sim}18$ wk) CT-3 showed highest, but for overall rearing period, there was not significantly different among treatments. In conclusion the mixed herbal medicine did not tended to influence palatability to rearing birds. Egg quality(egg yolk color, haugh unit, eggshell breaking strength) showed no difference among treatments. Ratio of unsaturated fatty acid (mg/100g)/saturated fatty acid (mg/100g) was not difference among treatments, but linolenic acid and docosahexaenoic acid(DHA) of the mixed herbal medicine treatments showed higher then control. The antibiotics residue of CT, T treatments egg was not detected and control was not detected or below allowance. In conclusion the mixed herbal medicine can be possible to feed laying hen without antibiotics.

• Proceedings of the Korea Society of Poultry Science Conference
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• 2002.11a
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• pp.87-89
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• 2002

This study was designed to investigate the antioxidant effects of dietary xanthophylls supplementation in broiler breast and thigh meat homogenates during incubation at 37$^{\circ}C$ for 0, 2, 4, 8, 16 hours respectively. Experimental treatments were divided into control, lutein, canthaxanthin, astaxanthin and capxanthin fed meats. The supplementation levels of to chicks were adjusted to 30 ppm in feeds. The 30 ${\mu}$M FeCl$_3$ and 100 ${\mu}$M ascorbic acid were added to meat homogenates in order to catalyze lipid oxidation. In breast meat homogenates, the TBARS(O.D) of all treatments at 2 hour was significantly(p〈0.05) increase. In thigh meat homogenates, the highest TBARS(O.D) value of all treatments appeared at 16 hour incubation and TBARS(O.D) value of all treatments was significantly(p〈0.05) lower than that control during incubation time. The TBARS(O.D) of lutein treatment in breast meat homogenate at 8 hour and 16 hour were significantly(p〈0.05) lower than those of treatments. Also, astaxanthin treated in thigh meat homogenate of the 2 hour and 4 hour and lutein treatment in thigh meat homogenate at 8 hour and 16 hour were significantly(p〈0.05) lower than other treatments. In conclusion, dietary xanthophyll treatments in breast and thigh meat homogenates showed more antioxidant effect to lipid oxidation than control. Especially, lipid oxidation inhibited significantly in lutein fed breast meat, and lutein and astaxanthin fed thigh meat homogenates.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.744-750
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• 2006

An experiment was carried out to evaluate the effects of substituted conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) for fat on qualities, lipid oxidation and residual nitrite contents in emulsion-type sausage (ETS) after different periods of storage. The control sausage contained 20% fat, however, the substituted CLA for fat sausages contained 17.5% fat+2.5% CLA, 15% fat+5% CLA, 12.5% fat+7.5% CLA and 10% fat+10% CLA, respectively. CLA concentration was significantly increased (p<0.05) by substitution of CLA sources for fat, and storage did not affect the CLA concentration. TBARS were significantly increased with the increasing of storage time in all treatments (p<0.05). Significantly higher $L^*$ values were observed in the 10% CLA treatment compared to other treatments during storage. Moreover, $a^*$ values in CLA treatments significantly (p<0.05) increased compared to the control. Again, $b^*$ values were significantly (p<0.05) higher in CLA treatments than those of the control during storage. The concentration of residual nitrite in ETS was significantly (p<0.05) different between the treatments during storage and the results were in the following order: control >2.5% CLA>5% CLA and 7.5% CLA>10% CLA. Overall acceptability of CLA treatments was significantly (p<0.05) lower than the control during storage, whereas no significant differences were found in overall acceptability between the treatments after 28 days of storage.