• 한국농공학회지
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• 제40권4호
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• pp.109-119
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• 1998

Recently pipe-framed greenhouses are widely constructed on domestic farm area. These greenhouses are extremely light-weighted structures and so are easily damaged under strong wind due to the lack of uplift resistance of foundation piles. This experiment was carried out by laboratory soil tank to investigate the displacement be haviors of cylindrical pile foundations according to the uplift loads. Tested soils were sampled from two different greenhouse areas. The treatment for each soil type are consisted of 3 different soil moisture conditions, 2 different soil depths, and 3 different soil compaction ratios. Each test was designed to be repeated 2 times and additional tests were carried out when needed. The results are summarized as follows : 1. When the soil moisture content are low and/or pile foundations are buried relatively shallow, ultimate uplift capacity of foundation soil was generated just after begining of uplift displacement. But under the high moisture conditions and/or deeply buried depth, ultimate up-lift capacity of foundation soil was generated before the begining of uplift displacement. 2. For the case of soil S$_1$, the ultimate uplift capacity of piles depending on moisture contents was found to be highest in optimum moisture condition and in the order of air dryed and saturated moisture contents. But for the case of soil S$_2$, the ultimate uplift capacity was found to be highest in optimum moisture condition and in the order of saturated and air dryed moisture contents. 3. Ultimate uplift capacities are varied depending on the pile foundation soil moisture conditions. Under the conditions of optimum soil moisture contents with 60cm soil depth, the ultimate uplift capacity of pile foundation in compaction ratio of 80%, 85%, and 90% for soil 51 are 76kg, 115kg, and 155kg, respectively, and for soil S$_2$are 36kg, 60kg, and 92kg, respectively. But considering that typical greenhouse uplift failure be occurred under saturnted soil moisture content which prevails during high wind storm accompanying heavy rain, pile foundation is required to be designed under the soil condition of saturated moisture content. 4. Approximated safe wind velosities estimated for soil sample S$_1$and S$_2$are 32.92m/s and 26.58m/s respectively under the optimum soil condition of 90% compaction ratio and optimum moisture content. But considering the uplift failure pattern under saturated moisture contents which are typical situations of high wind accompanying heavy rain, the safe wind velosities for soil sample S$_1$and S$_2$are not any higher than 20.33m/s and 22.69m/s respectively.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제51권3호
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• pp.201-207
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• 2018

본 연구에서는 고지방식이로 유도한 비만 C57BL/6N 마우스 모델에서 누에체액 투여가 마우스의 체중 감소 및 혈중 지질 개선 효과를 보이는지 평가하였다. 실험동물은 정상군 (N), 고지방대조군 (HFC), 누에체액투여군 (HFS-1, HFS-5, HFS-10)으로 분리하여 12주 동안 열량비 10% 지방식이나 45% 지방식을 섭취시키고 고지방식이 급여군들의 일부에 누에체액을 체중 대비 1%, 5%, 10% 경구투여 하였다. 그 결과 체중과 부고환지방 및 총지방의 무게가 유의하게 감소하였으며 혈장 LDL-cholesterol 농도가 고지방대조군 (HFC)군에 비하여 HFS-1, HFS-5, HFS-10군에서 유의하게 감소하였다. 혈중 ALT와 AST의 활성은 고지방대조군에 비하여 HFS-5, HFS-10 군에서 유의하게 저하되었고 누에체액을 투여한 모든 군에서 HFC군과 비교하여 혈장 leptin 수준이 유의하게 감소하였다. 비록 누에체액의 유효성분을 동정하고 그 특성을 규명하기 위해서는 더 많은 연구를 필요로 하지만 본 연구 결과는 누에체액이 비만을 예방할 수 있는 잠재적인 천연소재로서 가능성을 보여준다.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.1.1-1.14
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• 2020

Background: Dietary protein requirements are dependent on a variety of factors and water temperature is one of the most important abiotic factors affecting protein requirement of fish. This study was, therefore, conducted to investigate effects of water temperature on dietary protein requirement of fry Heteropneustes fossilis which has high demand in most of the Asian markets. Methods: Quadruplicate groups of 30 fish per treatment (2.97 ± 0.65 cm; 5.11 ± 0.34 g) were fed seven isoenergetic diets (17.9 kJ g^-1 gross energy; 14.99 kJ g^-1 digestible energy) containing dietary protein levels ranging from 28 to 52% at two water temperatures (18 and 26 ℃). Experimental diets were fed to apparent satiation as semi-moist cakes thrice daily at 17:00, 12:00, and 17:30 h for 12 weeks. For precise information, various growth parameters, protein deposition, hematological parameters, metabolic enzymes, and stress response were analyzed, and effects of water temperature on dietary protein requirement was recommended on the basis of response from above parameters. Results: Groups held at 26 ℃ attained best growth, feed conversion, and protein deposition at 44% dietary protein indicating that temperature affected dietary protein requirement for optimum growth of H. fossilis fry and protein requirement seems to be satisfied with 44% dietary protein. Interestingly, interactive effects of both dietary protein levels and temperature were not found (P > 0.05). Fish reared at 18 ℃ had comparatively higher values for aspartate and alanine transferases than those reared at 26 ℃ water temperature which exhibited normal physiological value for these enzymes indicating that body metabolism was normal at this temperature. Hematological parameters also followed same pattern. Furthermore, fish reared at 26 ℃ water temperature exhibited more resistant to thermal stress (P < 0.05). The 95% maximum plateau of protein deposition data using second-degree polynomial regression analyses exhibited dietary protein requirement of fry H. fossilis between 40.8 and 41.8% of diet at 26 ℃ water temperature. The recommended range of dietary protein level and protein/digestible energy ratio for fry H. fossilis is 40.8-41.8% and 27.21-27.88 mg protein kJ^-1 digestible energy, respectively. Conclusions: Information developed is of high significance for optimizing growth potential by making better utilization of nutrient at 26 ℃ and, to develop effective management strategies for mass culture of this highly preferred fish species.

• 대한약리학회지
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.39-45
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• 1973

The majority of drugs used in the treatment of superficial fungal infections has limited values due to its low efficacy or development of resistance. For the purpose of searching efficacious agent on the superficial fungal infections induced by dermatophytes which is regarded as the most malicious one, authors examined whether Chinae Rhizoma Extracts have significant on it. Extracts from Smilax china Linne used for the study are water extract (CRWE), ethanol extract (CREE) and methanol extract (CRME). In in vitro studies, the spores of the dermatophytes were inoculated on Sabouraud's glucose agar media which contained three extracts of Chinae Rhizoma in each concentration of $500\;{\mu}g/ml$, $1,000\;{\mu}g/ml$ and $5,000\;{\mu}g/ml$ respectively, and also $1,000\;{\mu}g/ml$ of salicylic acid and undecylenic acid $1,000\;{\mu}g/ml$ as comparable drugs. The growth of the dermatophytes were observed for 3 weeks. The species of the dermatophytes used in this experiment were Epidermophyton floccosum, Microsporum canis, Microsporum cookei, Microsporum gypseum, Microsporum nanum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton tonsurans and Trichophyton verrucosum distributed from The Institute of Tropical Medicine in Belgium. The results of the studies were as follows: 1. The growth of M. canis, M. nanum, T. mentagrophytes, T. rubrum & T. tonsurans were slightly inhibited in CRWE $1,000\;{\mu}g/ml$ and CRWE $5,000\;{\mu}g/ml$, and only slight inhibition on the growth of E. floccosum, M. canis and M. gypseum were observed in CRWE $5,000\;{\mu}g/ml$. 2. Complete inhibition of T. rubrum, moderate inhibition of M. nanum & T. tonsurans, and slight inhibition of E. floccosunl, M. canis, M. cookei & T. mentagrophytes in growth were observed in concentration of CREE $500\;{\mu}g/ml$. The growth of M. gypseum was slightly inhibited, moderate inhibition on the growth of M. canis, M. cookei & T. mentagrophytes, and complete inhibition of E. floccosum, M. nanum, T. rubrum & T. tonsurans in growth were observeed by CREE $1,000\;{\mu}g/ml$. With $5,000\;{\mu}g/ml$ of CREE, the growth of E. floccosum, M. canis, M. cookei, M. gypseum, T. mentagrophytes, T. rubrum & T. tonsurans were completely inhibited except T. verrucosum being showed slight inhibition. 3. In CRME $500\;{\mu}g/ml$, slight inhibition of T. verrucosum, moderate inhibition of M. gypseum and complete inhibition of E. floccosum, M. canis, M. cookei, T. mentagrophytes, T. rubrum & T. tonsurans in growth were observed. The growth of E. floccosum, M. canis, M. cookei, M. gypseum, M. nanum, T. mentagrophytes, T. rubrum & T. tonsurans were completely inhibited except T. verrucosum being showed moderate inhibition in both CRME $1,000\;{\mu}g/ml$ and CRME $5,000\;{\mu}g/ml$. 4. In $1,000\;{\mu}g/ml$ of undecylenic acid, slight inhibition of T. verrucosum and complete inhibition of E, floccosum, M. canis, M. cookei, M. gypseum, M. nanum, T. mentagrophytes, T. rubrum & T. tonsurans in growth were observed. From the above results, it was found that Chinas Rhizoma Alcoholic Extracts(CREE & CRME) exerted significant antifungal activity, and their effects were probably derived from the pharmacological actions of triterpenoidal saponin and steroidal saponin.

• 농약과학회지
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.37-43
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• 2000

본 시험은 오이 양액재배시 배양액내 규산칼륨($K_{2}SiO_{3}$) 처리에 의한 흰가루병 방제여부를 검토하기 위하여 규산 칼륨($K_{2}SiO_{3}$, $25{\sim}27%$의 $SiO_{2}$ Kanto)을 0.85 mM(50 $mg{\cdot}L-^{-1}$), 1.7 mM(100 $mg{\cdot}L-^{-1}$) 및 3.4 mM(200 $mg{\cdot}L-^{-1}$)의 농도로 배양액에 처리하고 1.7 mM, 8.5 mM, 17 mM 및 34 mM의 농도로 엽면살포하였다. 생육중기(정식 51일)에 규산 3.4 mM 배양액 처리구는 흰가루병 병반면적율이 2.3%로 0.95 mM 처리구의 38.3%에 비해 현저히 억제되었다. 그러나 1.7 mM과 3.4 mM 처리간에는 현저한 차이가 없었다. 배양액내 규산의 농도를 0.05 mM에서 4.10 mM까지 증가시켰을 때 잎당 병반수, 병반면적 및 발아관 길이는 규산의 농도 증가에 따라 감소하였다. 규산을 처리한 잎에서의 분생포자 발아율은 처리농도가 높아질수록 현저하게 감소하였으며, 저농도 처리구(1.40 mM 이하)에서는 $14.7%{\sim}20.3%$, 고농도처리구(1.85 mM 이상)에서는 $9.0%{\sim}12.4%$였다. 2% 물한천 배지에서의 농도시험에서는 발아율이 $1.1%{\sim}2.0%$로 일정한 경향을 나타내지 않았다. 규산칼륨을 17 mM의 농도로 희석하여 엽면살포한 결과 무처리에 비하여 흰가루병 발생이 현저히 억제되었으며, 방제효과 지속기간은 병원균 접종후 4일까지였다.

• 농약과학회지
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.275-282
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• 2009

선발된 PGPR 균주인 Bacillus subtilis C4와 Bacillus cereus D8 균주의 유채에 대한 생육촉진 및 무름병균인 Erwinia carotovora와 균핵병균인 Sclerotinia sclerotiorum에 대한 방제효과를 검정하기 위하여 실내검정과 온실검정을 실시하였다. 실내검정 결과, C4와 D8균주처리에 의하여 유채의 생육이 40.3%~74% 증가하였으며 무름병이 대조구에 비하여 80% 감소하였다. 실내검정에서 C4와 D8균주를 종자에 처리하였을 때 뿌리가 크게 신장되었다. 주요 식물병원균 Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Rhizoctonia solani, Botrytis cinerea, Fusarium oxysporum, Phytophthora capsici, Colletotrichum acutatum에 대하여 항균활성시험을 수행한 결과 두 균주 중 C4균주는 모든 병원성 곰팡이에 대하여 항균활성을 나타내었다. 온실검정에서 C4와D8균주처리는 대조구에 비하여 유채의 초장, 엽폭 및 엽장을 19.5%~24.9%, 11.3%~15.3%, 14.1%~20.7% 각각 증가시켰으며 균핵병균인 Sclerotinia sclerotiorum에 대한 억제효과가 우수하였다. 이와 같은 결과를 볼 때 C4, D8 균주 처리는 유채의 생육을 촉진시키며 유채에 저항성을 유도하므로 친환경생물방제에 적용할 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• 제47권6호
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• pp.715-719
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• 2009

본 연구에서는 DNA 정보를 상변화 물질의 전기저항 변화특성으로 검출할 수 있는 상변화 전극 기판을 개발하였다. 이를 위해 반도체 공정에서 사용하는 Al을 사용하여 전극 기판을 제작하였다. 하지만 주사전자현미경을 이용하여 Al 전극의 단면 상태를 확인해 본 결과 PETEOS(plasma enhanced tetraethyoxysilane) 내에서 보이드(void)가 발생하여 후속공정인 에치백과 세정공정 분위기에 과도하게 노출되어 심하게 손상되어 전극과 PETEOS 사이에 홀(hole)로 변형된다. 이 문제점을 해결하기 위하여 에치백 및 세정 공정을 진행하지 않으면서 $Ge_2Sb_2Te_5$(GST) 박막의 단차피복성(stepcoverage)을 좋게 할 수 있고, 열역학적으로 GST 박막과의 반응성을 고려했을 때 안정적이면서 비저항이 낮은 TiN 재료를 사용하여 상변화 전극 기판을 제작하였다. 주사전자현미경을 통하여 전극의 단면의 상태를 관찰하였으며 TiN 전극과 GST 박막이 정상적으로 연결되어 있는 것을 확인하였다. 또한 저항측정 장비를 사용하여 TiN 상변화 전극 기판 위에 증착된 GST의 비정질과 결정질의 저항을 측정하였고, GST의 비정질과 결정질저항의 차이는 약 1,000배 정도로 신호를 검출하는데 충분함을 확인하였다.

• 대한화장품학회지
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• 제38권2호
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• pp.139-145
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• 2012

모발표면에는 독특한 형태의 지방산이 있다. 18-methyleicosanoic acid (18-MEA)는 모발 큐티클의 최외각 층에 공유결합된 특이한 ante-iso 형태의 지방산이다. 18-MEA 층은 CMC의 ${\beta}$-층 위에 위치하면서 모발의 외부 표면에 표면에너지와 마찰저항 을 낮춰준다. 18-MEA 분자의 높은 유동성은 계면 전단력을 감소시켜 외부로부터 전달되는 지질들이 쉽게 퍼지도록 한다. 본 연구에서는 C10 - 40 isoalkyl acid의 말단에 관능기로 N-hydroxyl succinimidyl ester를 도입하여 모발 표면의 공유결합 지방산 층을 회복시켜보고 자 하였다. 모발 표면의 재 소수화를 확인하기 위하여 접촉각을 측정하였다. 서로 다른 습도 조건(40, 55, 70 %RH)에서 모발의 내부 수 분 함유량은 전자 수분 분석기를 이용하여 실시하였다. Hydroxysuccinimidyl C10 - 40 Isoalkyl Acidate (HCIA)로 처리한 모발의 표면은 큐티클을 접착하는 것과 같이 지방산 단분자층이 공유결합을 형성하여 큐티클의 균열을 채워줌으로써 매끄럽고 균일할 것으로 생각되었다. 이러한 접착 효과는 atomic force microscope (AFM) 영상의 라인 프로필(line profile)을 통해서 확인되었다. 따라서 모발 내부 구 성 물질과 수분이 쉽게 용출되지 않고, 외기의 습도가 변하는 경우에도 최적의 모발 습도가 항상 유지된다. AFM을 사용한 lateral force microscopy (LFM) 결과에 따르면 HCIA를 처리한 모발 표면의 마찰력이 감소되었고, 이에 대해 15회 샴푸 과정을 수행한 이후에도 동일한 마찰력 값을 나타내었다.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.123-127
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• 2003

Chemical burns onto oral mucosa which are infrequent, may result from contact with a wide variety of chemical agents. The degree of injury depends on the chemical, its concentration, duration of contact, and the natural penetrability and resistance of the tissues involved. Chemicals do not usually "burn" in that they do not cause destruction by hyperthermic activity. Rather, they damage tissue by causing coagulation of protein by one of several processes, reduction, oxidation, desiccation, corrosion, or vesication. Paraquat(Gramoxon) is the most frequently agricultural chemicals that induce the severe toxic reactions onto the organs of human body in Korea. The toxic reaction are composed of pulmonary edema and fibrosis, formation of hyaline membrane, inflammatory reaction and bleeding tendency, owing to the cell damage by the production of superoxide radicals. The contents of essential treatment in paraquat intoxication are commonly airway and breathing maintenance, gastric lavage, much hydration and diuresis, hemoperfusion and medications for the removal of the chemicals and the prevention of various complications. The sedative oral dressings, such as, orabase ointment application, warm saline gargling, lidocaine viscous gargling and oral gargling by the mixed solutions(tetracycline, prednisolone and 10% dextrose water) are important for the improvement of chemical oral mucositis and the comfortable feeding of diet. The authors managed properly two cases of oral chemical mucositis that were occurred by the incorrect use of agricultural chemicals(paraquat) and report the cases with the review of literatures about care of the chemical intoxication and oral mucositis.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제16권7호
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• pp.2645-2651
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• 2015

Background: The phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase/Akt (PI3K/Akt) pathway is a key regulator for HER2-overexpressing breast cancer, but data about whether activation of PI3K/Akt is associated with poor prognosis and resistance to trastuzumab therapy is controversial. In this study we investigated predictive and prognostic significance of expression of p27, Akt, PTEN and PI3K, which are components of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, in HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer (MBC), retrospectively. Materials and Methods: Fifty-four HER2-positive MBC patients who had received first-line trastuzumab-based therapy were recruited for the study group. All of the patient's breast tissue samples were examined for p27 and Akt expression. In addition, twenty-five patients with sufficient amount of tumor tissue were also examined for PTEN and PI3K expression. p27, Akt, PTEN and PI3K were evaluated by immunohistochemistry and their relationship with patient demographic features, tumor characteristics, response to trastuzumab-based treatment and survival outcomes were analyzed. Results: p27, Akt, PTEN and PI3K were positive in 25.9%, 70.4%, 24% and 96% of the cases, respectively. Nomne were significantly associated with response to trastuzumab and time to progression (TTP). A trend toward statistical significance for longer overall survival (OS) was found for PTEN-positive patients (p=0.058); there was no significant relationship between the other immunohistochemical variables and OS. When we analyzed groups regarding co-expression, the PTEN-negative/Akt-negative group had a significantly lower objective response rate (ORR) (20% vs 80%, p=0.023) and the PTEN-negative/p27-negative and PTEN-negative/Akt-negative groups had significantly lower median OS compared to other patients (26.4 months vs 76.1 months, p=0.005 and 25.6 months vs 52.0 months, p=0.007, respectively). Conclusions: p27, Akt, PTEN and PI3K expression is not statistically significantly associated with ORR, TTP and OS, individually. However, the combined evaluation of p27, Akt and PTEN could be helpful to predict the response to trastuzumab-based therapy and prognosis in HER2-positive MBC.