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Effect of 4 Weeks' Walking Exercise with Blood Flow Restriction on Inflammatory index, Isokinetic Muscle Function, and Thigh Circumference in Obese Women (4주간의 혈류를 제한한 걷기운동이 비만여성의 혈중 염증지표와 등속성근기능, 대퇴둘레에 미치는 영향)

  • Park, Man-Soo;Zang, Seok-Am;Lee, Jang-Kyu
    • Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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    • v.18 no.10
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    • pp.480-489
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    • 2017
  • Blood flow restriction(BFR) exercise is defined as low intensity and short term exercise using pneumatic pressure belts at the top of limbs, which affects the physiological functions of the body. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of walking exercise with BFR on inflammatory index, isokinetic muscle function, and thigh circumference in obese women. Eleven obese women(> BMI $25kg/m^2$ & > body fat 30%) wore pneumatic pressure belts on both femurs and performed walking exercise twice per day, 3 days/wk for 4 weeks (walking 2 min; resting 1 min). Data analysis was carried out using paired t-test. Body weight, BMI, and body fat significantly decreased after exercise(p<.05), and right thigh circumference significantly decreased(p<.05). The concentration of plasma IL-6 significantly increased(p<.05) after exercise. TNF-${\alpha}$ level was not statistically different but tended to slightly increase. CRP slightly decreased, although it did not reach statistical significance after exercise. Muscle strength significantly increased in the $60^{\circ}/sec$ of right/left side extension, left side flexion, and $180^{\circ}/sec$ of left side extension after training(p<.05). These results suggest that 4 weeks of blood flow restriction walking exercise has positive effects on inflammatory index and isokinetic muscle function. Therefore, we consider that blood flow restriction exercise can be used for treatment of obesity, related chronic diseases, and metabolic syndrome. Further, blood flow restriction exercise for a short time has similar effects as a high intensity resistance program.

In vitro Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Effects of Ethanol Extracts from Sprout of Evening Primrose (Oenothera laciniata) and Gooseberry (Actinidia arguta) (달맞이순과 다래순 에탄올 추출물의 in vitro 항산화효과 및 항염증효과)

  • Kwak, Chung Shil;Lee, Ji Hyun
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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    • v.43 no.2
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    • pp.207-215
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    • 2014
  • To investigate the biological benefits of Korean traditional vegetables, anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects of ethanol extracts from blanched and dried sprouts of evening primrose (Oenothera laciniata, OL) and gooseberry (Actinidia arguta, AA) were measured. Total polyphenol and flavonoid contents of OL were higher than those of AA; OL contained 60.4 mg tannic acid/g dry weight and 31.9 mg rutin/g dry weight, while AA contained 33.0 mg tannic acid/g dry weight and 20.3 mg rutin/g dry weight. The $IC_{50}$ value for DPPH radical scavenging activity was $58.2{\mu}g/mL$ for OL ethanol extract and $122.1{\mu}g/mL$ for AA ethanol extract. The reducing power upon $500{\mu}g/mL$ of ethanol extract treatment was as strong as $52.1{\mu}g$ ascorbate eq./mL for OL and $45.3{\mu}g$ ascorbate eq./mL for AA. Regarding anti-inflammatory effects, inhibition rate against 5-lipoxygenase (LOX) and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 activities were 29.5% and 79.5% for OL, as well as 11.5% and 39.1% for AA, respectively at a concentration of $250{\mu}g/mL$. Lipopolysaccaride ($1{\mu}g/mL$)-treated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells subjected to OL ethanol extract at various concentrations ($0{\sim}25{\mu}g/mL$) showed significantly reduced synthesis of nitrite oxide (NO), prostaglandin (PG) E2, and IL-6 in a dose-dependent manner without cytotoxicity, although TNF-${\alpha}$ synthesis was not affected. In conclusion, both OL and AA sprouts showed strong antioxidative activity, whereas OL showed very strong anti-inflammatory activity via effective reduction of NO, PGE2, and IL-6 synthesis in LPS-activated macrophage cells.

Transformation of Populus nigra × P. maximowiczii Using Agrobacterium tumefaciens vectors (Agrobacterium tumefaciens vector를 이용(利用)한 양황철의 형질전환(形質轉換))

  • Son, Suk Gyu;Hyu, Jung Oh
    • Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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    • v.87 no.2
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    • pp.164-172
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    • 1998
  • This study was conducted to find the optimum transformation condition using Agrobacterium harboring promoterless GUS gene. The optimal medium for shoot induction from leaves of Populus nigra${\times}$P. maximowiczii was MS medium supplemented with $0.1mg/{\ell}$ NAA, $0.5mg/{\ell}$ BAP(94% regeneration frequency and 11.5 average number of shoot) According to the test using pBI121, the concentration of antibiotics for selection marker gene was $100mg/{\ell}$ kanamycin or $60mg/{\ell}$ geneticin in the SIM(shoot inducing medium) 3. Two weeks later, callus was induced in the SIM 3 and this callus grew up to 0.5-1cm shoots after 6 weeks in the new SIM 3. And the treatment with methylation inhibitor(5-azacytidine) led to a dramatic increase in foreign gene expression rate from 5.7% to 26.7%. The vector systems showed. different transformation efficiencies based on the fluorometric and histochemical GUS assay. In this study the vector systems used for transformation seemed to affect transformation frequency, in which pEHA101 yielded more transformants(35.9%) than LBA4404/pBI121 did(5.7%). This result indicated that pEHA101 was effective to insert the promoterless foreign gene into a poplar genome.

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Effect of Microbial Phytase on Performance, Nutrient Absorption and Excretion in Weaned Pigs and Apparent Ileal Nutrient Digestibility in Growing Pigs

  • Zeng, Z.K.;Piao, X.S.;Wang, D.;Li, P.F.;Xue, L.F.;Salmon, Lorraine;Zhang, H.Y.;Han, X.;Liu, L.
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • v.24 no.8
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    • pp.1164-1172
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    • 2011
  • Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of Trichoderma reesei derived phytase for pigs fed diets with fixed calcium to total phosphorus ratios (1.5:1). In Exp. 1, 280 weaned pigs (initial BW of $10.32{\pm}1.94$ kg) were allocated to one of five dietary treatments on the basis of weight and gender in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were the low phosphorus (0.6% Ca, 0.4% total P and 0.23% available P) diets supplemented with 0, 250, 1,000, or 2,000 FTU phytase/kg of diet and a positive control diet (PC; 0.85% Ca, 0.58% total P and 0.37% available P). The treatments were applied to seven pens with eight pigs per pen, half male and half female. In Exp. 2, six barrows fitted with ileal T-cannula (initial BW = $35.1{\pm}1.6$ kg) were assigned to three dietary treatments with a double $3{\times}3$ Latin square design. The dietary treatments were the low-phosphorus diet (0.53% Ca, 0.34% total P and 0.14% available P), the low phosphorus diet plus 1,000 FTU phytase/kg and a positive control diet (0.77% Ca, 0.50% total P and 0.30% available P). In Exp. 1, there were linear increases (p<0.01) in weight gain, phosphorus absorption, bone strength, calcium and phosphorus content of fat-free dried bone and plasma phosphorus concentrations with increasing dose rate of phytase. The performance of pigs fed the diets with 250, 1,000, or 2,000 FTU of phytase/kg did not differ from pigs fed the PC diet. Pigs fed diets with 1,000 or 2,000 FTU of phytase/kg did not differ from pigs fed the PC diet in bone characteristics. The apparent digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, ash and energy was not affected by dietary treatment. However, pigs fed the PC diet excreted more fecal phosphorus (g/d, p<0.01) and fecal phosphorus per BW gain (g/kg) than pigs fed the diets with phytase. Phytase linearly decreased (p<0.01) fecal phosphorus excreted per BW gain (g/kg), plasma calcium concentration as well as plasma and bone alkaline phosphatase activity. In Exp. 2, phytase supplementation in the low-P diet increased (p<0.05) the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of Ca, P, leucine, lysine, phenylalanine, alanine and cysteine, tended to AID of crude protein, isoleucine, threonine, asparagine and serine. In conclusion, the novel phytase originated from Trichoderma reesei is effective in releasing Ca, P, and amino acids from corn soy based diet for pigs.

Exploration of optimum conditions for production of saccharogenic mixed grain beverages and assessment of anti-diabetic activity (잡곡당화음료 제조 최적 조건 탐색 및 항당뇨 활성 평가)

  • Lee, Jae Sung;Kang, Yun Hwan;Kim, Kyoung Kon;Yun, Yeong Kyeong;Lim, Jun Gu;Kim, Tae Woo;Kim, Dae Jung;Won, Sang Yeon;Bae, Moo Hoan;Choi, Han Seok;Choe, Myeon
    • Journal of Nutrition and Health
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    • v.47 no.1
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    • pp.12-22
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    • 2014
  • Purpose: This study was conducted to establish the production conditions through optimization of the production process of beverages using Aspergillus oryzae CF1001, and to analyze volatile compounds and antidiabetic activity. Methods: The optimum condition was selected using the response surface methodology (RSM), through a regression analysis with the following independent variables gelatinization temperature (GT, $X_1$), saccharogenic time (ST, $X_2$), and dependent variable; ${\Delta}E$ value (y). The condition with the lowest ${\Delta}E$ value occurred with combined 45 min ST and $50^{\circ}C$ GT. The volatile compounds were analyzed quantitatively by GC-MS. Results: Assessment of antidiabetic activity of saccharogenic mixed grain beverage (SMGB) was determined by measurement of ${\alpha}$-glucosidase inhibition activity, and glucose uptake activity and glucose metabolic protein expression by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and western blot analysis. Results of volatile compounds analysis, 62 kinds of volatile compounds were detected in SMGB. Palmitic acid (9.534% ratio), benzaldehyde (8.948% ratio), benzyl ethyl ether (8.792% ratio), ethyl alcohol (8.35% ratio), and 2-amyl furan (4.826% ratio) were abundant in SMGB. We confirmed that ${\alpha}$-glucosidase inhibition activity, glucose uptake activity, and glucose-metabolic proteins were upregulated by SMGB treatment with concentration dependent manner. Conclusion: Saccharogenic mixed grain beverage (SMGB) showed potential antidiabetic activity. Further studies will be needed in order to improve the taste and functionality of SMGB.

Recovery of Copper, Reuse of $TiO_2$, and Assessment of Acute Toxicity in the Photocatalytic Oxidation of Cu(II)-EDTA (Cu(II)-EDTA 광촉매 산화반응에서의 구리회수, $TiO_2$ 재사용 및 처리수 독성평가)

  • Yang, Jae-Kyu;Choi, Bong-Jong;Lee, Seung-Mok
    • Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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    • v.27 no.8
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    • pp.844-851
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    • 2005
  • The purpose of this study was to determine feasibility of application of regenerated or recycled $TiO_2$ on the successive treatment of Cu(II)-EDTA. The recovery of copper, the reuse of $TiO_2$ and the assessment of acute toxicity was studied in the total eight successive photocatalytic reactions. Aqueous solution of $10^{-4}\;M$ Cu(II)-EDTA was treated using an illuminated $TiO_2$ at pH 6 in a circulating reactor. Two different procedures were applied in the reuse of $TiO_2$: i) recycle of $TiO_2$ without acid wash ii) regeneration of $TiO_2$ with acid wash to remove adsorbed copper in a previous experiment. The averaged decomplexation rate constant($k'_{obs}$) of Cu(II)-EDTA in recycle of $TiO_2$ without acid wash was approximately 45% less than that in regeneration of $TiO_2$ with acid wash. Removal of Cu(II) was near complete after 180 minutes in the total eight successive photocatalytic reactions using the regenerated $TiO_2$ after acid wash. In contrast, removal of Cu(II) was minimum at total fifth successive photocatalytic oxidation using the recycled $TiO_2$ without arid wash. The recovered $TiO_2$ was approximately 86% in average in each procedure. The recovered Cu(II) was 67.9% in average. The acute relative toxicity of the treated water rapidly declined at an initial reaction time up to 60 minutes but little declination was observed after 60 minutes due to little degradation of DOC. Relative toxicity of treated water using the recycled $TiO_2$ without acid wash we some what well correlated with the concentration of dissolved Cu(II). From this work, it is suggested that Cu(II)-EDTA can be effectively treated using an integrated cyclic photocatalytic oxidation with recovery of $TiO_2$ and Cu(II).

Evaluation of Landfilling Method of Organic Sludge from Mix of Pre-treated Organic Sludge and Municipal Solid Waste (전처리된 유기성오니와 생활폐기물 혼합에 따른 유기성오니 매립방법 평가)

  • Ko, Jae-Young;Phae, Chae-Gun;Do, In-Hwan;Park, Joon-Seok
    • Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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    • v.30 no.3
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    • pp.278-285
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    • 2008
  • This research was performed to evaluate the landfilling method of organic sludge from mix of pre-treated organic sludge (OS) and municipal solid waste(MSW). Organic sludges were dried, composted, and solidified as pre-treatment and the OS and MSW were mixed in ratios of 2 to 8 and 4 to 6. Approximately 1,800$\sim$2,500 L of landfill gas(LFG) was generated in the lysimeter with solidified-OS, which was higher than 1,150$\sim$1,650 L of the dried- and composted- ones. Maximum H$_2$S concentration was found in the following order : Composted-20(80 ppmv) > Composted-40(55 ppmv) > Dried-20(30 ppmv) > Dried-40 $\fallingdotseq$ Solidified-20 $\fallingdotseq$ Solidified-40 (20 ppmv). BOD$_5$ at initial leachate generation period was 38,000 mg/L for Composted-40, 28,000 mg/L for Dried-40, 26,000 mg/L for Dried-20, 21,000 mg/L for Composted-20 and Solidified-40, and Solidified-20 for 17,000 mg/L. In the final period of experiment, BOD$_5$ was low as 300$\sim$500 mg/L in the lysimeter with solidified-OS and MSW and showed 2,000$\sim$3,500 mg/L in dried- and composted- ones. As the results, landfilling by mix of solidified-OS and MSW was evaluated as the most appropriate method for biodegradable organics. Direct landfilling of OS is permitted for landfill site with CDM facility. Therefore, mixed landfilling of solidified-OS and MSW should be considered for much more LFG generation as methane.

Dynamics of the Community of Phytoplankton and Periphytic Algae on Reed in the Shihwa Constructed Wetland (시화호 인공습지의 식물 플랑크톤과 갈대 부착조류 군집의 동태)

  • Kim, Yong-Jae;Kwun, Soon-Kuk
    • Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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    • v.23 no.1
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    • pp.59-67
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    • 2004
  • The Shihwa constructed wetland was established for the treatment of severely polluted water from Banwoul, Donghwa and Samhwa streams. This study was focused on investigating dynamics of phytoplankton communities in open waters and periphytic algae on reed (Phragmites communis) planting area at 5 stations from October 2001 to July 2002. The concentration of T-N and T-P of inlet stations from the streams were decreased by flowed through the wetland. However, the TN/TP ratios at all stations were shown as a little over 16 indicating that the T-P will play some role as a limitation factor. Phytoplankton communities were identified as a total 413 taxa which were composed of 375 species, 21 varieties, 2 forma and 15 unidentified species. Standing crops of phytoplankton communities and chlorophyll-a concentrations ranged from $330{\sim}36,420\;cells/mL$ and $2.5{\sim}170.7\;{\mu}g/L$ respectively, and showed the decreasing tendency after flowing through the wetland at almost all stations. Dominant species were 14 taxa at all stations which were Euglena oblonga and Synura spinosa etc. Periphytic algae on the reed were a total 329 taxa which were composed of 295 species, 13 varieties, 3 forma and 17 unidentified species. The species numbers were recorded in order of Chlorophyceae-Bascillariophyceae-Cyanophyceae-Euglenophyceae-Chrysophyceae. The relative abundance (%) was showed a seasonal variation from Cyanophyceae to Bascillariophyceae and to Chlorophyceae. Chlorophyll-a concentrations, ie. the biomass of periphytic algae were ranged from $5.5{\sim}363.8\;mg/m^2$. Dominant species were 16 taxa which were Lyngbya angusta of Cyanophyceae in the early investigation, and were changed to Stigeoclonium lubricum of Chlorophyceae, and Nitzschia plea of Bacillariophyceae etc. in the late. Species number, standing crops and chlorophyll-a concentrations of phytoplankton and perphytic algae were shown higher values at the inlet stations than the stations after flowing through the wetland.

Effects of Dietary Supplementation of Whole Garlic Powder on Semen Characteristics and Blood Antioxidant Level in Boars (수퇘지의 정액 성상과 혈중 항산화물 농도에 대한 통마늘분말 급여의 영향)

  • Park, Jun-Cheol;Cho, Kyu-Ho;Ryu, Jae-Weon;Hong, Joon-Ki;Lee, Sung-Dae;Sa, Soo-Jin;Kim, In-Cheul;Lee, Sang-Cheul
    • Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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    • v.52 no.5
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    • pp.407-412
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    • 2010
  • The objective of this study was to determine the effects of dietary supplementation of whole garlic powder (WGP) on semen characteristics and blood antioxidant level in boars. For this study, nine Duroc boars of 12 months age were used. Semen and blood samples were collected for 13 weeks, once in each week. The boars were fed the basal diet (BD; control) or BD supplemented with 3% WGP. There were no significant differences in the semen volume and sperm concentration between control and WGP group on all collection weeks. However, total sperm number per ejaculate was higher in the WGP group than that in the control group on collection weeks 6, 7 and 8 (P<0.05). Also, on collection weeks 5, 6, 7 and 8, mean of total ejaculated sperm numbers per boar were significantly higher in the WGP group compared to control group (P<0.05). On the other hand, ejaculation frequency per boar (boar's libido) and total ejaculated sperm number per boar were significantly increased in the WGP group compared to the control group, respectively (P<0.05). Although there was no difference in polyphenol level in seminal plasma between two treatment groups, polyphenol level in blood serum was significantly higher in the WGP group on collection weeks 9, 12 and 13 (P<0.05). These results indicate that dietary supplementation of 3% WGP improves boar libido and semen productivity such as ejaculation frequency per boar, total sperm number per ejaculate, mean of total ejaculated sperm number per head, and elevate the blood level of antioxidant (polyphenol) in boar serum.

Development of a Vertical Multi-stage Ammonia Stripping Reactor for Recovering Ammonia from wastewater with High Nitrogen Concentrations(I) (고농도 질소폐수로부터 암모니아 회수를 위한 다단수직형 암모니아스트리핑조 개발(I))

  • Lee, Jae Myung;Choi, Hong-bok
    • Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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    • v.25 no.2
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    • pp.41-48
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    • 2017
  • A vertical multi-stage ammonia stripping reactor using E-PFR, which has been proved to be superior in anaerobic and aerobic treatment, was developed and a lab scale experiment was conducted. According to the change of stage number condition, the removal rate of the ammonia nitrogen in the reactor with 0-stage was about 52.5% after 8 hours (pH 10, temperature $35^{\circ}C$, and the air/liquid ratio $3min^{-1}$) However, in the reactor with 5-stage, the removal efficiency was about 62.6%. According to the change of pH condition, the removal rate of ammonia nitrogen was about 42.6% at pH 9 after 8 hours, and was about 74.4% at pH 11 (5-stage reactor, temperature $35^{\circ}C$, and the air/liquid ratio $3min^{-1}$). According to the change of temperature condition, the removal rate of the ammonia nitrogen was about 51% at $25^{\circ}C$ after 8 hours (5-stage reactor, pH 10, and the air/liquid ratio $3min^{-1}$), and was about 87.2% at $45^{\circ}C$. According to the change of air injection volume condition, the removal rate of the ammonia nitrogen was about 45.8% at $2min^{-1}$ after 8 hours (5-stage reactor, pH 10, and at $35^{\circ}C$). and was about 75% at $4min^{-1}$. Based on these results, we will follow up the applicability of the actual plant in the future through continuous operation evaluation.