• Exercise Science
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.243-254
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• 2012

This study tried to suggest the applicapability of soy protein supplementation and treadmill running exercise for the replacement theraphy on negative effects to estrogen metabolism in menopause. This study was analyzed the effects of 8 week soy protein supplementation and treadmill running exercise on the changes of body composition, blood concentrations of glucose, insulin, triglycerides, C-reactive protein (CRP) and estradiol, estrogen receptor gene expression of liver in ovariectomized rats. Ovariectomized groups showed the increasing responses of body weight, body fat percentage, and blood concentration of triglycerides, but these groups showed the decreasing responses of blood estradiol level and estrogen receptor gene expression in liver. Ovariectomized groups showed the positive responses of blood concentrations of lipid markers, insulin, estradiol, and estrogen receptor gene expression of liver except bone mineral contents after 8 week soy protein supplementation and treadmill running exercise. I could find the positive effects of 8 week soy protein supplementation and treadmill running exercise on the estrogen and lipid metabolism in ovariectomized rats, but this study could not confirmed the detailed replacement program of exercise intensity, duration, and soy protein volume for estrogen metabolism in ovariectomized rats.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.20 no.12
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• pp.1889-1895
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• 2010

The purpose of this present study was to investigate the effects of long-term treadmill running and aged garlic extract supplementation on weight, adipose tissue mass, lipid profiles and oxidative stress after exhaustion in high fat diet-induced obese rats. Thirty male Sprague-Dawley rats (3 weeks old) were used as subjects. High fat diets were fed to all subjects for 6 weeks in order to induce obesity. The subjects were divided into five groups - N (normal diet group), HD (high fat diet group), E (exercise group), EA (exercise with AGE diet group) and A (AGE diet group). Aerobic exercise was performed through treadmill running and AGE at a dosage of 2.86 kg/g was administered to rats 30 min before every exercise for 4 weeks. After 4 weeks, all groups completed acute treadmill running (speed increasing gradually to 25 m/min, 15% uphill grade) until exhaustion. Immediately after exhaustive treadmill exercise, the weight, adipose tissue mass, lipid profiles and oxidative stress of the rats were assayed. At the end of 6 weeks of high fat diets, body weight and body weight gain were significantly higher in the high fat diet groups than in the normal diet group (p<0.001). At the end of treadmill exercise with AGE intake for 4 weeks, body weight gain, visceral and epididymal fat of the E and EA groups were significantly decreased compared to other groups (p<0.05). There were no significant differences in gastrocnemius and soleus. T-C, HDL-C, TG and LDL-C were not significant in any of the groups. TBARS was significantly lower in the A group than in the E group (p<0.05). These results indicated that body weight gain, visceral and epididymal fat decreased in the E and EA groups, and TBARS levels were lower in the A group than the E group. Regular aerobic exercise intervention with AGE supplementation may also modify the adipose weight and improve the oxidant stress in obese rats.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.197-204
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• 2020

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of increased running speed on the magnitude of impact shock attenuation in high frequency (9~20 Hz) at support phase on the treadmill running. Method: Twenty-four healthy male heel-toe runners participated in this study. Average age, height, mass, and preference running speed were 23.43±3.78 years, 176.44±3.38 cm, 71.05±9.04 kg, and 3.0±0.5 m/s, respectively. Three triaxial accelerometer (Noraxon, USA) were mounted to the tuberosity of tibia, PSIS (postero-superior iliac spine), and forehead to collect acceleration signals, respectively. Accelerations were collected for 20 strides at 1,000 Hz during treadmill (Bertec, USA) running at speed of 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, and 4.0 m/s. Power Spectrum Density (PSD) of three acceleration signals was calculated to use in transfer function describing the gain and attenuation of impact shock between the tibia and PSIS, and forehead. One-way ANOVA were performed to compare magnitude of shock attenuation between and within running speeds. The alpha level for all statistical tests was .05. Results: No significant differences resulted for magnitude of the vertical and resultant impact shock attenuation between the tibia and PSIS, and forehead between running speeds. However, significant differences within running speed were found in magnitude of the vertical shock attenuation between tibia and PSIS, tibia and forehead at speed of 2.5, 3.0 m/s, respectively. Conclusion: In conclusion, it might be conjectured that muscles covering the knee and ankle joints and shoe's heel pad need to strengthen to keep the lower extremities from injuries by impact shock at relatively fast running speed that faster than preferred running speed.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.21-28
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• 2003

The purpose of this experiment was to compare the energy expenditure and the physiological response among two groups by percent body fat(group A: 30-35% body fat, B: 35-40% body fat) to walking and running at several equivalent speeds. Subjects in group A and B followed A group(mean$\pm$SD, age; 24.0$\pm$0.4yrs, body fat; 32.3$\pm$0.7) and B group (age; 25.2$\pm$0.7yrs, body fat; 36.7$\pm$0.9). The walking and running protocol consisted of treadmill speeds for five min at each of the following speeds: 5.0, 5.5, 6.0, 6.5, 7.0 km.$hr^{-1}$. The obtained data reveal in group A, the rate of oxygen consumption and energy expenditure was higher during walking compared to running ate treadmill speeds $\geq$ 6.6km.$hr^{-1}$. In group 5, the rate of oxygen consumption and energy expenditure was higher during walking compared to running ate treadmill speeds $\geq$ 6.8km.$hr^{-1}$. Heart rates and respiratory exchange ratio were higher at treadmill speeds $\geq$5.8 in group A and $\geq$5.5 in group B. these findings demonstrated that a difference of percent body fat in obese women have no large effect on energy efficiency of walking, but walking within speeds 6.5~7.0km/hr resulted in rates of energy expenditure that were as high or higher than jogging at the same speeds even though the relative stress was greater during walking.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.155-176
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• 2005

There is some evidence that one of major factors to produce plantar fasciitis depends on the magnitude of the foot arch strain. The orthotics that can reduce the foot arch strain during locomotion may be effective to prevent or treat plantar fasciitis. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of control condition and three types of foot orthotics on 3-dimensional foot arch strain that can produce plantar fasciitis during treadmill level and uphill walking and running. Sixteen male subjects are recruited and the arch length and height strain according to three types of foot orthotics with respect to control condition were measured by using two digital video cameras. The first hypothesis which the comfort of foot orthotics would be increased from arch pad, half length orthotics to full length orthotics was mostly accepted. It suggested that the types of the foot orthotics could be properly prescribed according foot regions that is pain or abnormal. The second hypothesis which the foot arch strain can be reduced by foot orthotics during level heel-toe walking and running and the third hypothesis which the foot arch strain can be reduced by foot orthotics during uphill heel-toe walking and running were rejected. The foot arch length and height strain during walking and running showed small and subject-specific characteristics and could not be optimal biomechanical variable to prove the overall comfort. The forth hypothesis which the foot arch strain cannot be reduced by foot orthotics during uphill toe walking and running was accepted. With the foot arch length and height strain during uphill toe walking and running the windlass mechanism suggested by Hicks can be explained successfully and excessive uphill toe walking and running can be one of cause of plantar fasciitis. The dynamic investigation on the foot arch such as walking and running should be carefully observed with integrated insights considering ligaments and foot bones as well as plantar fascia, extrinsic muscles and tendons, and intrinsic muscles and tendons.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.71-78
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• 2013

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of treadmill exercise on blood components and antioxidant system in hyperlipidemic rats. METHODS: Three weeks old male rats were randomly assigned into General diet(GD, n=10), High fat Diet(HD, n=10), and High fat diet+Treadmill exercise(HDT, n=10) groups. Treadmill exercise consisted of the treadmill running 5 times per week during 6 weeks(30 min/time for first 3 weeks and 60 min/time the other 3 weeks). RESULTS: The levels of triglyceride and total cholesterol were increased in HD group compared with GD group, and recovered to level of GD group by treadmill exercise(p<.05). Plasma glucose and insulin concentrations were increased in HD group compared with GD group, and recovered to level of GD group by treadmill exercise(p<.05). Glutathione(GSH) and glutathione reductase(GRD) concentrations were decreased in HD group compared with GD group, and these decreases returned to the level of GD group by treadmill exercise(p<.05). Xanthine oxidase(XO) and malondialdehyyde (MDA) concentrations were increased in HD group compared with GD group, and these increases retuned to the level of GD group by treadmill exercise(p<.05). CONCLUSION: This study showed that treadmill exercise application were effective treatment strategy on hyperlipidemia. Therefore, it could be considered as a treatment method in the patients with hyperlipidemia disease. Treadmill exercise, Hyperlipidemia, Blood components.

• Korean Journal of Exercise Nutrition
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.37-44
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to investigate the change of bone metabolic parameters between climbing exercise training and treadmill running training with alpha lipoic acid supplementation in ovariectomized rats. Fifty-six Sparague-Dawley, 8 weeks of age, were assigned into nine groups: normal control at pre-test (Pre-NC), normal control at post-test (NC), sham-sedentary (SS), ovariectomized-control (OVX-Con), ovariectomized-ALA inject (OVX-ALA), ovariectomized-climbing exercise (OVX-CE), ovariectomized-ALA inject+climbing exercise (OVX-ACE), ovariectomized-treadmill exercise (OVX-TE) and ovariectomized-ALA inject+treadmill exercise (OVX-ATE). The climbing exercise group voluntarily climbed the 200 cm tower to drinking water from the bottle set at the top of it. The treadmill exercise group was performed the 60 min treadmill running with grade 6-8%, and velocity 10-15 m/min. The frequency of exercise training was performed 6 days per wk in both training intervention. For the comparison of bone metabolic responses following to different training intervention, the strength, length and weight of femur, total bone density, bone mineral contents, deoxypyridioline, osteocalcin and parathyroid hormone, estradiol and lutenizing hormone were measured in this study. The body weight was higher in the OVX-Con, OVX-ALA and OVX-TE groups as compared to NC group. The total bone mineral density of OVX-ACE showed a higher value than SS, OVX-Con, OVX-ATE and OVX-TE. But urine and blood metabolic parameters showed no significance among groups. In conclusion, this study results suggested that climbing exercise training and alpha lipoic acid supplementation may an effective intervention for prevention of osteoporosis in ovriectomized rats.

• International journal of advanced smart convergence
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.48-51
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• 2012

The conventional method for filtering force plate data, low-pass filtering, does not always give accurate results when applied to force data from a custom-made, instrumented treadmill. Therefore, this study compares low-pass filtered data to the same data passed through a wavelet filter. We collected data with the treadmill running. However these include motor noise with ground reaction force at two force plates. We found that he proposed wavelet method eliminated motor noise to result in more accurate force plate data than the conventional low-pass filter, particularly at high speed motor operation. In this study we suggested the convolution wavelet (CNW) which was compared to that of a low-pass filter. The CNW showed better performance as compared to band-pass filtering particularly for low signal-to-noise ratios, and a lower computational load.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.62-73
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• 2005

Objectives: This study was designed to identify the ergogenic effects of Red ginseng and Paeonia radix mixtures and optimal ratios. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted by administering treatments of Red ginseng and Paeonia radix mixtures to rats and by measuring the time to exhaustion by treadmill running. Results: The treatment of Red ginseng and Paeonia radix mixtures to the rats increased the time to exhaustion by treadmill running. The most potent inhibition of Red ginseng and Paeonia radix mixtures on the 5-HT synthesis and the TPH expression in the dorsal raphe was observed at the dose of 200 mg/kg and the optimal ratio of Red ginseng and Paeonia radix for the maximum efficacy was 50:50. Under normal conditions (not exercise), long-term treatment of Red ginseng and Paeonia radix mixtures did not affect the 5-HT synthesis and the TPH expression in the dorsal raphe, suggesting that Red ginseng and Paeonia radix mixtures does not alter serotonin level in the normal rats. The suppressive effect of Red ginseng and Paeonia radix mixtures on the 5-HT synthesis and the TPH expression during exercise is a possible ergogenic mechanism of these mixtures. Conclusions : Red ginseng and Paeonia radix mixtures reduce exercise-induced fatigue, and have the effect of acting as ergogenic aids on the time to exhaustion by treadmill exercise and on 5-HT synthesis and TPH expression.

• International Journal of Control, Automation, and Systems
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.243-252
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• 2008

It has been reported that long-term exercise on a treadmill (running machine) may cause injury to the joints in a human's lower extremities. Previous works related to analysis of human walking motion are, however, mostly based on clinical statistics and experimental methodology. This paper proposes an analytical methodology. Specifically, this work deals with a comparison of normal walking on the ground and walking on a treadmill in regard to the external and internal impulses exerted on the joints of a human's lower extremities. First, a modeling procedure of impulses, impulse geometry, and impulse measure for the human lower extremity model will be briefly introduced and a new impulse measure for analysis of internal impulse is developed. Based on these analytical tools, we analyze the external and internal impulses through a planar 7-linked human lower extremity model. It is shown through simulation that the human walking on a treadmill exhibits greater internal impulses on the knee and ankle joints of the supporting leg when compared to that on the ground. In order to corroborate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology, a force platform was developed to measure the external impulses exerted on the ground for the cases of the normal walking and walking on the treadmill. It is shown that the experimental results correspond well to the simulation results.