• Journal of Arbitration Studies
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.147-175
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• 2014

In contracts for the international sale of goods, a seller must deliver appropriate goods and hand over relevant documents according to a contract, which will transfer the ownership of the goods to a buyer. In this case, if there are defects in the contracted goods, the warranty liability will occur. However, in the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG), a term-the conformity of the goods to the contract-is used universally instead of the warranty. According to the CISG, a seller must deliver goods in conformance with the relevant contract in terms of quantity, quality, and specifications, and they must be contained in vessels or in packages according to the specifications in the contract. In addition, a certain set of requirements for conformity will be applied implicitly except when there is a separate agreement between parties. Further, the base period of conformity concerning the defects of goods is the point when the risk is transferred to the buyer. A seller shall be obliged to deliver goods that do not belong to a third party or subject to a claim then, and such obligations shall affect the right or claim of a third party to some extent based on intellectual property rights clauses. If the goods delivered by the seller lack conformity, or incur right infringement or claim of a third party, then it shall be regarded as a default item per the obligation of the seller. Thus, the buyer can exercise diverse means of relief as specified in Chapter 2, Section 3 (Article 45-Article 52) of the CISG. However, such means of relief have been utilized in various ways for individual cases as shown in judicial precedents made until now. Contracting parties shall thus keep in mind that it is best for them to make every contract airtight and they should implement each contract thoroughly and faithfully to cope with any possible occurrence of a commercial dispute.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.217-226
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• 2018

Objectives: Despite the positive effects of Off-site risk assessment (ORA) system such as prevention of chemical accidents, some problems have been constantly raised. The purpose of this study is to analyze the problems that have occurred through the implementation of the ORA system for the past three years and to suggest reasonable directions for improvement in the future. Methods: In order to identify the problems with the methodology and procedure of ORA system, we analyzed statutes, administrative rules and documents related to the ORA system. A survey of ORA reviewers in National Institute of Chemical Safety was conducted to investigate the weight of determinants considered when judging the level of total risk in ORA. Results: In this study, we found out the uncertainty of the estimation of the number of people in the impact range in the procedure of the risk assessment of individual handling facilities, the lack of quantitative risk analysis methods for environmental receptors, and the ambiguity of the criteria for the total risk. In addition to suggesting solutions to the problems mentioned above, we also, suggested a decision tree for total risk in ORA. Conclusion: We anticipate that the solutions including the systematic decision tree for total risk suggested will contribute to the smooth operation of the ORA system.

• Journal of Korean Society for Geospatial Information Science
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• v.12 no.4 s.31
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• pp.21-26
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• 2004

Annually repeated flood damage is bringing about the rapid increasement of the loss of human lives and properly, and the enormous social cost for the restoration work is required. The annual amount of flood damage caused by the abnormal climate is reached about 1% of GDP, so more effective management of the flood control operation is needed to prevent the repetitive flood occurred same region. Also, the systematic planning and management or river improvement works are keenly required for the more effective execution of government working budget that expense to recover or to prevent the flood damage. The several organizations of government - Ministry of Construction & Transportation, Ministry of Government Administration and Home Affair, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Ministry of Environment, Ministry of Science & Technology, Korea Meteorological Adminstration and so on - are promoting the flood prevention operations, but those promotion system makes it difficult to maintain the consistency of works. In this study, we try to develop the Web-GIS system prototype that will be able to effectively manage the nationwide river improvement works and to establish a framework that will be able to maintain the consistency of river improvement works. To achieve the study goals, we analysed current system of flood prevention operations, gathered related documents, had interviews with many government employees, and developed the Web-GIS system prototype.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.374-381
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• 2020

According to international regulations, it is mandatory for navigators or engineers to acquire suitable skillsets before their designation as a duty officer on board. One of the most important elements is Maritime English (ME), wherein students are taught a required set of basic skills that enable them to process various documents related to accidents, ship conditions, and inspections. Students have to be equipped not only with the use of general English skills but also with the coherent use of technical terms and phrases. However, due to the unique circumstances that exist in the maritime domain, the methods used for imparting maritime knowledge and the manner in which it is evaluated are restricted. Hence, this study aims to utilize an online Maritime English learning and testing platform that can be accessed on smart devices to analyze its impact on the students' learning process. An experiment was conducted on two groups of cadets, one that used the platform and another group that did not. After six-week, the experiment results showed a significant difference between the ME test scores of the two groups. The test scores were further analyzed by incorporating the students' personal elements to measure the ef icacy of the ME test platform. Therefore, the learning and evaluation processes are expected to be implemented in ways that are appropriate and convenient to specific circumstances and be widely used in the field of maritime education in the future.

• The Journal of Industrial Distribution & Business
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• v.9 no.6
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• pp.77-85
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• 2018

Purpose - The purpose of this study is to subdivide trade transaction-centered structure in a logistics/distribution industry system to apply blockchain, to establish and resolve with which types of technology, and to provide policy direction of government institution and technology to apply blockchain in this kind of industry. Research design, data, and methodology - This study was conducted with previous researches centered on cases applied in various industry sectors on the basis of blockchain technology. Results - General fields of blockchain application include digital contents distribution, IoT platform, e-Commerce, real-estate transaction, decentralized app. development(storage), certification service, smart contract, P2P network infrastructure, publication/storage of public documents, smart voting, money exchange, payment/settlement, banking security platform, actual asset storage, stock transaction and crowd funding. Blockchain is being applied in various fields home and abroad and its application cases can be explained in the banking industry, public sector, e-Commerce, medical industry, distribution and supply chain management, copyright protection. As examined in the blockchain application cases, it is expected to establish blockchain that can secure safety through distributed ledger in trade transaction because blockchain is established and applied in various sectors of industries home and abroad. Parties concerned of trade transaction can secure visibility even in interrupted specific section when they provide it as a base for distributed ledger application in trade and establish trade transaction model by applying blockchain. In case of interrupted specific section by using distributed ledger, blockchain model of trade transaction needs to be formed to make it possible for parties concerned involved in trade transaction to secure visibility and real-time tracking. Additionally, management should be possible from the time of contract until payment, freight transfer to buyers through land, air and maritime transportation. Conclusions - In order to boost blockchain-based logistics/distribution industry, the government, institutionally, needs to back up adding legal plan of shipping, logistics and distribution, reviewing standardization of electronic switching system and coming up with blockchain-based industrial road maps. In addition, the government, technologically, has to support R&D for integration with other high technology, standardization of distribution industry's blockchain technology and manpower training to expand technology development.

• The Journal of The Korea Institute of Intelligent Transport Systems
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.144-151
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• 2020

The number of drones used in various fields expected to 50,000 commercial drones by 2026. is to purchase business liability insurance only for commercial drones, as the scope of use of drones expands, it necessary to improve the drone insurance system, which imposes legal obligations aircraft duties. In particular, due to the diversification of aircraft characteristics of drones, an insurance system according to the degree of risk is required. To this end, a survey on the current status of drone operation in Korea, a review of documents related to drone insurance at home and abroad, collection and analysis of drone-related data, insurance systems for each transportation method, and analysis of data on overseas drone insurance products. o derive an improvement plan for the drone insurance system for drone insurance by aircraft characteristics and operation missions, and establish insurance standards by aircraft characteristics and operation missions, derive implications through required insurance surveys by sector such as users, users, and insurance companies. Detailed insurance standards were established by calculating the degree of risk according to the physical characteristics of the aircraft, and the liability for damage according to the operation mission was specified.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.919-929
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• 2022

As a new type of healthy public space, greenway users carry out leisure activities, exercise, sightseeing and necessary transportation in greenway. However, at present, there is little research on greenway users' evaluation and perception of greenway, and there is no comprehensive exploration of Greenway environment from a humanistic perspective. Combined with the research and actual situation of the existing representative greenways in Chinese cities, this paper refers to a large number of documents, applies the semantic difference method and multiple regression analysis method, analyzes the current situation of the Dongfengqu greenway, explores the influencing factors and impact evaluation of the greenway environment from the perspective of greenway users' perception, and puts forward suggestions on the optimization of the greenway environment in Zhengzhou from multiple levels. The main conclusion of this paper comes from the data conclusion obtained by semantic difference method, which is feasible in the resident evaluation of greenway use. The feedback results of post use evaluation can provide a reliable reference for the planning and design of similar greenways in the future.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.17-26
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• 2024

Quality management work at construction sites demands substantial time and effort, involving the preparation of documents in Excel, approval processes, and the execution of quality tests. These Excel-based tasks include printing quality test reports, performing quality tests, generating and approving test reports, and preparing management ledgers. This division of processes extends the duration of work and diminishes efficiency. Accordingly, a cloud-based construction site quality management system was developed to enhance the productivity of quality management work. The purpose of this study is to analyze the productivity of the construction site quality management system, which is in the early stages of implementation at construction sites. This study implemented the construction site quality management system at a road construction site and scrutinized subsequent alterations in the quality management workflow before and after the implementation. Additionally, a survey was conducted among quality control engineers to collect data on work time both before and after the introduction of the construction site quality management system. Based on the collected data, the Monte-Carlo simulation method was applied to analyze the productivity improvement effect of the construction site quality management system, and the results were presented. The results of this study can serve as foundational data for future research endeavors focused on the automation of quality management works.

• Archives of design research
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• v.19 no.4 s.66
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• pp.61-70
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• 2006

The functions and roles in the various fields of modern society are changing into the unified and multiplex structure, which is simultaneous and virtual communication environments beyond physical space and time, by the digital IT technology. The urban traffic system is also being intellectualized in order to solve urban traffic problems and convenient services by using digital IT technology. The bus, which is the one of the most common public transportation, are suffering in the decrease of bus service quality and the bus passengers rate because of the development of other public transportation systems such as the subway and electric railway and by rapidly increasing private cars. By recognizing these problems, many domestic and overseas cities are promoting to introduce the Bus Information System (BIS) to improve service quality of buses through the intelligent traffic system. According to the construction of this new information system called the Bus Information System (BIS), the new bus stop configuration system and design plans are being required to solve the existing bus stop information system. Therefore, this research was conducted to suggest an effective BIS configuration system plan and synthetic design goals based on the investigation the problems of the information system and the BIS configuration system for Busan city. Also, this research are conducted the below actions as follows: First, the literature survey was conducted, such as theoretical documents on the bus stop and the Bus Information System(BIS), Also, the design trend of the BIS was examined through domestic and overseas BIS cases studies. Scondly, the problems related to the information system in Busan city bus stops were investigated to investigate the present state and problems of the Bus Information System (BIS). Finally, as a result of this research, the effective BIS configuration system plan and design approach methods of bus stops were proposed for by Busan city based on the above investigation results.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.87-107
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• 2002

Recently, the industrialized world is suffering from accidents referring from the lack of safety consciousness. According to Korean Safety Regulation Department(1996), students at junior high schools are mostly involved in safety accidents, and this is due to lack of safety consciousness. To prevent these accidents, we need to have safety consciousness and attitude. To make junior high school students who are mostly affected in these accidents act safely, they need to know their level of safety consciousness. The purpose of this study is to develop a guideline of measuring the scale of safety consciousness and analyze the relationship between safety education, accident experiences and safety consciousness. This study is based on a survey of 708 junior high students in Seoul, which was carried out from 12 November, 2001 to 21 November, 2001. 1. The main fields of safety consciousness are home safety, school safety, fire safety, emergency management based on documents. Home safety is again divided into facility safety and livelihood safety, school safety is divided into facility safety, livelihood safety and laboratory safety, traffic safety is divided into pedestrian safety, bicycling safety and public transportation safety, fire safety divided into prevention and escaping during fire breakouts, emergency management safety is divided into general principles and escaping during emergency situations. 2. The primary safety consciousness scale was made according to every field of safety consciousness. A preliminary examination based on the scale and a study of reliance and the factors was held. Based on these results, 27 questions which were concerned to be impairing reliability or lacking in factor were deleted on the secondary safety consciousness scale development The secondary safety consciousness scale which constituted of 73 questions was put into another preliminary study and after analyzing reliability and the factors, 12 questions of low reliabilities were deleted and with these results, the third scale were made consisting of 61 questions. 3. A study based on the third safety scale which is made of 61 questions, were held and with a analysis of the reliability and factors made, the relationship between safety education, accident experience and safety mind were examined. (1) The study of reliability and factors show that Cronbach's coefficient in home safety fields is .7598, in school safety .7924, in traffic safety .8306, in emergency treatment .7775, in fire safety .7247. The questions indicating low reliability were deleted. The factor analysis revealed that home safety is converged on facility safety and livelihood safety. But one question was deleted because it showed incongruence of validity. School safety was converged on facility safety, livelihood safety and laboratory safety. But 2 questions showed incongruence of validity and these were deleted. Traffic safety fields were converged on pedestrian safety, bicycle safety and public transportation safety. One question showing incongruence of validity was deleted. Emergency treatment fields converged on general principles and acting in emergency situations and three questions showing incongruence of validity were deleted. Fire safety was converged on prevention and acting in fire breakouts. Totally, eight questions were removed and the final scale were consisted of 53 questions (2) The 3/sup rd/ grade students scored higher average safety mind scales than 1st graders(p〈.05). And students who had high scores at school tend to have a higher scale than those who do not(p〈.001). (3) Average scale of students who had experience in safety education were higher(p〈.001). Students who had previously been involved in home safety accidents had a low score(p〈.001). This was same to students with experience in school safety accidents(p〈.001). Students with traffic safety accidents and fire safety accidents tend to have a lower scale too(p〈.05, p〈.001).