• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
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• 제38권5호
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• pp.219-226
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• 2017

Penalized-likelihood (PL) reconstruction methods for transmission tomography are known to provide improved image quality for reduced dose level by efficiently smoothing out noise while preserving edges. Unfortunately, however, most of the edge-preserving penalty functions used in conventional PL methods contain at least one free parameter which controls the shape of a non-quadratic penalty function to adjust the sensitivity of edge preservation. In this work, to avoid difficulties in finding a proper value of the free parameter involved in a non-quadratic penalty function, we propose a new adaptive method of space-variant smoothing with a simple quadratic penalty function. In this method, the smoothing parameter is adaptively selected for each pixel location at each iteration by using the image roughness measured by a pixel-wise standard deviation image calculated from the previous iteration. The experimental results demonstrate that our new method not only preserves edges, but also suppresses noise well in monotonic regions without requiring additional processes to select free parameters that may otherwise be included in a non-quadratic penalty function.

• 한국진공학회지
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.305-310
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• 2007

W-target 투과양극형 x-ray tube를 개발하고, 특성을 조사하였다. 관전압이 12kV이하에서는 연속 x-ray만 방출되었고, 12kV 이상에서부터 특성 x-ray가 관측되었다. 연속 x-ray와 특성 x-ray의 에너지 분포 및 선량 특성을 조사한 결과 알려진 결과와 잘 일치함을 알 수 있었다. 또한 상용화된 제품과의 비교에서, 기존 제품 이상의 성능을 가질 수 있음을 확인하였다. 따라서 본 연구에서 개발된 x-ray tube는 상용화할 수 있을 만큼 충분히 우수한 특성을 가지고 있음을 확인하였다.

• 생물정신의학
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.240-244
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• 1996

흰쥐에 항정신병약물인 haloperidol을 장기간 투여한 뒤 줄무늬체와 후결절 조직에서의 DA $D_2$양 수용체의 변동에 대해 조사하였다. 약물투여군 4군에게 haloperidol을 각기 0.05, 0.15, 0.5, 1.5mg/kg/day이 되게끔 4주간 투여하였다. DA수용체의 변동은 [$^3H$]spiperone을 이용한 결합반응법을 통해 알아 보았다. 정상대조군에 비해 4주 동안 haloperidol을 투여받은 군 모두에서 줄무늬체에서의 DA 수용체의 최대 결합치가 증가한 것으로 나타났다. 기존의 연구에서 사용한 용량보다 대단히 낮은 0.05mg/kg/day을 투여받은 군 역시 유의한 증가를 보여 낮은 용량의 haloperidol이 DA계에 영향을 미치는 것을 알 수 있었다. 후결절조직의 최대결합치는 haloperidol투여군 모두에서 증가한 경향을 볼 수 있었으나 정상대조군에 비해 1.5mg/kg/day투여군에서 유의한 증가를 볼 수 있었다. 본 실혐의 결과로 미루어 낮은 용량의 haloperidol을 장기간 투여했을 때 뇌내 DA계에 수용체증식이 나타나며 항정신병 효과의 발현과도 관련성이 시사된다. 이러한 결과는 최근 거론되고 있는 항정신병약물의 저용량투여를 간접적으로 지지하는 것으로 생각되며 DA계의 연동을 알리는 다른 생물학적 지표와의 관련성을 살피면 흥미로운 결과를 얻을 것으로 기대된다.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제7권6호
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• pp.295-301
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• 2003

Striatum plays a crucial role in the movement control and habitual learning. It receives an information from wide area of cerebral cortex as well as an extensive serotonergic (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) input from raphe nuclei. In the present study, the effects of 5-HT to modulate synaptic transmission were studied in the rat corticostriatal brain slice using in vitro extracellular recording technique. Synaptic responses were evoked by stimulation of cortical glutamatergic inputs on the corpus callosum and recorded in the dorsal striatum. 5-HT reversibly inhibited coticostriatal glutamatergic synaptic transmission in a dose-dependent fashion (5, 10, 50, and $10{\mu}M$), maximally reducing in the corticostriatal population spike (PS) amplitude to $40.1{\pm}5.0$% at a concentration of $50{\mu}M$ 5-HT. PSs mediated by non-NMDA glutamate receptors, which were isolated by bath application of the NMDA receptor antagonist, d,l-2-amino-5-phospohonovaleric acid (AP-V), were decreased by application of $50{\mu}M$ 5-HT. However, PSs mediated by NMDA receptors, that were activated by application of zero $Mg^{2+}$ aCSF, were not significantly affected by $50{\mu}M$ 5-HT. To test whether the corticostriatal synaptic inhibitions by 5-HT might involve a change in the probability of neurotransmitter release from presynaptic nerve terminals, we measured the paired-pulse ratio (PPR) evoked by 2 identical pulses (50 ms interpulse interval), and found that PPR was increased ($33.4{\pm}5.2$%) by 5-HT, reflecting decreased neurotransmitter releasing probability. These results suggest that 5-HT may decrease neurotransmitter release probability of glutamatergic corticostriatal synapse and may be able to selectively decrease non-NMDA glutamate receptor-mediated synaptic transmission.

• 한국음향학회지
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• 제41권1호
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• pp.16-29
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• 2022

본 논문에서는 수중통신 장치가 수중에서 이동시 발생하는 도플러(Doppler) 편이를 극복하기 위한 도플러 편이 추정방법과 직접수열 확산대역 전송의 신호처리 방법을 제시한다. 제안한 방법은 도플러 편이에 강인하고, 자기 상관 특성이 우수한 64길이의 Frank 신호열을 두 번 반복하는 프리앰블을 사용하여 2단계로 도플러 편이를 추정한다. 또한, 제안한 방법을 직접수열 대역확산 전송을 사용하는 수중통신방식에 적용하여 수중이동통신용 패킷 설계와 RAKE 수신기를 설계한다. 설계한 확산대역 수중이동통신 변조방식은 데이터 심볼을 Differential-Quadrature Phase Shift Keying(DQPSK) 변조하여 수신시 위상추적이 필요 없고, RAKE 수신기에서 동위상 결합이 용이하게 할 수 있는 장점이 있다. 제안한 도플러 편이 추정방법을 포함하는 RAKE 수신방법은 약 17.5 m/s의 이동속도까지 가상으로 이동하는 송신기로부터 수신한 직접수열 대역 확산 신호를 성공적으로 수신한다.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.39-48
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• 2023

Spinal nerve injury causes mechanical allodynia and structural imbalance of neurotransmission, which were typically associated with calcium overload. Storeoperated calcium entry (SOCE) is considered crucial elements-mediating intracellular calcium homeostasis, ion channel activity, and synaptic plasticity. However, the underlying mechanism of SOCE in mediating neuronal transmitter release and synaptic transmission remains ambiguous in neuropathic pain. Neuropathic rats were operated by spinal nerve ligations. Neurotransmissions were assessed by whole-cell recording in substantia gelatinosa. Immunofluorescence staining of STIM1 with neuronal and glial biomarkers in the spinal dorsal horn. The endoplasmic reticulum stress level was estimated from qRT-PCR. Intrathecal injection of SOCE antagonist SKF96365 dose-dependently alleviated mechanical allodynia in ipsilateral hind paws of neuropathic rats with ED₅₀ of 18 ㎍. Immunofluorescence staining demonstrated that STIM1 was specifically and significantly expressed in neurons but not astrocytes and microglia in the spinal dorsal horn. Bath application of SKF96365 inhibited enhanced miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents in a dosage-dependent manner without affecting miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents. Mal-adaption of SOCE was commonly related to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in the central nervous system. SKF96365 markedly suppressed ER stress levels by alleviating mRNA expression of C/ EBP homologous protein and heat shock protein 70 in neuropathic rats. Our findings suggested that nerve injury might promote SOCE-mediated calcium levels, resulting in long-term imbalance of spinal synaptic transmission and behavioral sensitization, SKF96365 produces antinociception by alleviating glutamatergic transmission and ER stress. This work demonstrated the involvement of SOCE in neuropathic pain, implying that SOCE might be a potential target for pain management.

• 한국의학물리학회지:의학물리
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.111-116
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• 2016

This study is to evaluate the dosimetric impact of dosimetric leaf gap (DLG) and transmission factor (TF) at different measurement depths and field sizes for high definition multileaf collimator (HD MLC). Consequently, its clinical implication on dose calculation of treatment planning system was also investigated for pancreas stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT). The TF and DLG were measured at various depths (5, 8, 10, 12, and 15 cm) and field sizes ($6{\times}6$, $8{\times}8$, and $10{\times}10cm^2$) for various energies (6 MV, 6 MV FFF, 10 MV, 10 MV flattening filter free [FFF], and 15 MV). Fifteen pancreatic SBRT cases were enrolled in the study. For each case, the dose distribution was recomputed using a reconfigured beam model of which TF and DLG was the closest to the patient geometry, and then compared to the original plan using the results of dose-volume histograms (DVH). For 10 MV FFF photon beam, its maximum difference between 2 cm and 15 cm was within 0.9% and it is increased by 0.05% from $6{\times}6cm^2$ to $10{\times}10cm^2$ for depth of 15 cm. For 10 MV FFF photon beam, the difference in DLG between the depth of 5 cm and 15 cm is within 0.005 cm for all field sizes and its maximum difference between field size of $6{\times}6cm^2$ and $10{\times}10cm^2$ is 0.0025 cm at depth of 8 cm. TF and DLG values were dependent on the depth and field size. However, the dosimetric difference between the original and recomputed doses were found to be within an acceptable range (<0.5%). In conclusion, current beam modeling using single TF and DLG values is enough for accurate dose calculation.

• Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.936-942
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• 2018

The diagnostic multi-leaf collimator preventing unnecessary dose from entering into patients during the diagnostic examination was made in this study. The movement of the entire 50 leaves was embodied with the group of 25 ones thereof configured in a pair facing each other on the left and right of the median line. Dimensions of the length, width, and height of each shielding leaf were $5{\times}0.5{\times}0.5cm^3$ resulting in the maximum boost field of $10{\times}10cm^2$. The material of multi-leaf collimator had the excellence on the machinability with the use of the SKD-11 alloy tool steel having the high wear resistance against frequent movement, and it was devised to control both-side's shielding leaves by moving 2 motors unlike existing remedial multi-leaf collimator that use as many motors as the number of 50 shielding leaves. Thereafter, the transmission dose of leaves, cross-leaf leakage dose, and inter-leaf leakage dose were measured by the developed multi-leaf collimator attached to X-ray equipment. An ionization chamber was used to detect doses there from, and the comparative analysis was carried out by means of the radiographic film that was easy to detect the dose leakage in between each leaf. Results obtained from the test conducted in comparative analysis yielded approximately 98%, 96%, and 94% of shielding efficiency realized at each level of energy of 80kV, 100kV, and 120kV it was confirmed there was no dose leakage resulted from the varied level of irradiation energy. Thus the multi-leaf collimator to be developed based on this study is thought that it could fully reduce the unnecessary dose to patients in the diagnostic test and the shielding efficiency thereof is expected to be increasing if it is made in a miniaturized form with a way of increasing the thickness of each leaf later for an extended application to general diagnostic purposes.

• 한국방사선학회논문지
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• 제13권5호
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• pp.791-799
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• 2019

선량 증강 현상에서 발생하는 물리적 특성과 증강 물질과의 상호 작용으로부터 발생하는 이차입자 생성을 평가하였다. Geant 4, MIRD 두부 팬텀을 이용한 몬테카를로 전산 모사를 진행하였으며, 선형가속기에서 발생되는 4, 6, 10, 15, 18, 25 MV X선을 선원으로 적용하였다. 10, 20, 30 mg/g의 금(aurum), 가돌리늄(gadolinium) 증강 물질을 팬텀 내부 종양에 모사하였으며, 물리적 상호작용의 변화와 이차입자 발생에 따른 입자플루언스와 초기 에너지로부터 방사선가중인자를 고려하여 등가선량을 평가하였다. 방사선 선량 증강 물질에 의한 상호작용은 고 원자번호에서 기인하여 광전효과에 의한 에너지 흡수를 높이는 것으로 나타났으며, 10 MV 이상의 에너지에서는 광핵반응의 증가를 나타내었다. 이로 인해, 팬텀 내부에서 양성자, 중성자와 같은 이차입자 발생의 증가를 보였으며, 중성자에 의한 등가선량이 최대 424.2배 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구는 선량 증강 현상에서의 에너지 전달, 흡수의 물리적 과정을 모사하여, 증강 현상에서 발생하는 물리적 특성을 분석하고자 하였다. 이러한 결과는 향후 in-vivo, in-vitro 선량 증강 실험을 위한 기초 자료로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국의학물리학회지:의학물리
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.164-171
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• 2022

The number of facilities using radiation generators increases and related regulations are strengthened, the establishment of a shielding management and evaluation technology has become important. The characteristics of the radiation generator used in previous report differ from those of currently available high-frequency radiation generators. This study aimed to manufacture lead, iron, and concrete shielding materials for the re-verification of half-value layers, tenth-value layers, and attenuation curve. For a comparison of attenuation ratio, iron, lead, and concrete shields were manufactured in this study. The initial dose was measured without shielding materials, and doses measured under different types and thicknesses of shielding material were compared with the initial dose to calculate the transmission rate on 50-300 kVp X-ray. All the three shielding materials showed a tendency to require greater shielding thickness for higher energy. The attenuation graph showed an exponential shape as the thickness decreased and a straight line as the thickness increased. The difference between the measurement results and the previous study, except in extrapolated parts, may be due to the differences in the radiation generation characteristics between the generators used in the two studies. The attenuated graph measured in this study better reflects the characteristics of current radiation generators, which would be more effective for shield designing.