• Cross-Cultural Studies
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• v.46
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• pp.85-112
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• 2017

Donald Trump, the $45^{th}$ president of the United States, has revived the 'English Only' policy since the beginning of his presidential campaign. The monolingualism not only underscores his extremely conservative ideas, but it also reflects the nativist tendency that prevents the demographic and cultural transformation of the US, which is accelerated by globalization and transnational migration. In particular, Donald Trump tries to reconfirm the mainstream American culture that is now thought to have been threatened by Hispanization and the growing number of Spanish speakers. This paper examines the effects of "code-switching" and the possibility of a bilingual community by contrasting Donald Trump with Gloria $Anzald{\acute{u}}a$, one of the representative Latina writers who created a "border language." Borderlands/La Frontera (1987) includes Spanish glossaries and expressions to represent her bilingual realities, while attempting to translate from English to Spanish, and vice versa. However, the text occasionally demonstrates the impossibility of translation. In doing so, $Anzald{\acute{u}}a$ indirectly states that it is indispensable to present both languages at the stage; she also invites monolingual readers to make more efforts to learn and better understand the Other's language. A "border language" she attempts to embody throughout the text is created in the process of encounters, conflicts, and negotiations among languages of different ethnicities, classes and generations. It does not signify an established form: rather it appears as a constantly transforming language, which can provide us with new perspectives and an alternative way of communication beyond monolingualism.

• Journal of Construction Engineering and Project Management
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.1-24
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• 2018

In the last decade, the use of Building Information Modeling (BIM) as a new technology has been applied with traditional Computer-aided design implementations in an increasing number of architecture, engineering, and construction projects and applications. Its employment alongside construction management, can be a valuable tool in helping move these activities and projects forward in a more efficient and time-effective manner. The traditional stakeholders, i.e., Owner, A/E and the Contractor are involved in this BIM system that is used in almost every activity of construction projects, such as design, cost estimate and scheduling. This article extracts major features of the application of BIM from perspective of participating BIM components, along with the different phrases, and applies to them a logistic analysis using a fuzzy performance tree, quantifying these phrases to judge the effectiveness of the BIM techniques employed. That is to say, these fuzzy performance trees with fuzzy logic concepts can properly translate the linguistic rating into numeric expressions, and are thus employed in evaluating the influence of BIM applications as a mathematical process. The rotational fuzzy models are used to represent the membership functions of the performance values and their corresponding weights. Illustrations of the use of this fuzzy BIM performance tree are presented in the study for the uninitiated users. The results of these processes are an evaluation of BIM project performance as highly positive. The quantification of the performance ratings for the individual factors is a significant contributor to this assessment, capable of parsing vernacular language into numerical data for a more accurate and precise use in performance analysis. It is hoped that fuzzy performance trees and fuzzy set analysis can be used as a tool for the quality and risk analysis for other construction techniques in the future. Baldwin's rotational models are used to represent the membership functions of the fuzzy sets. Three scenarios are presented using fuzzy MEAN, AND and OR gates from the lowest to intermediate levels of the tree, and fuzzy SUM gate to relate the intermediate level to the top component of the tree, i.e., BIM application final performance. The use of fuzzy MEAN for lower levels and fuzzy SUM gates to reach the top level suggests the most realistic and accurate results. The methodology (fuzzy performance tree) described in this paper is appropriate to implement in today's construction industry when limited objective data is presented and it is heavily relied on experts' subjective judgment.

• 재활복지
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.247-264
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• 2016

The Children's Home Inventory for Listening Difficulties (CHILD) questionnaire has been applied for assessing listening and communication difficulties in various home situations for children with hearing loss. The purpose of the study was to translate the CHILD questionnaire for parents into Korean and verify reliability and validity of Korean version of CHILD (CHILD-K). CHILD-K was completed by 55 parents of children (from ages 3~12 years) using cochlear implants (CI). Among the 55 children, 27 were in preschool and 28 in elementary. Internal consistency reliability of CHILD-K was verified by Chronbach's alpha. The mixed factorial ANOVA was conducted to compare the effects of the age group and situation factors (Quiet, Noise, Distance, Social, and Media factors) on the score of CHILD. The results indicated that CHILD-K showed excellent internal consistency reliability (${\alpha}=.96$). The CHILD scores among age groups were significantly different as the older age group resulted in higher scores in all situations except Distance. For both groups the mean scores for the Quiet situation were significantly higher than other situations, and the mean scores for the Social situation were significantly lower than other situations. Moreover, analysis showed that children with CI had difficulties in the Social situation combined with other situation factors. The results indicate that the Korean version of CHILD questionnaire is a reliable tool for the assessment of communication abilities in home situation in Korean-speaking children using CI.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.201-211
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• 2019

Safety and security measures in the shipping industry play a pivotal role in ensuring efficient and reliable cargo and passengers operations at each stage of the supply chain. The ISPS Code was adopted into SOLAS convention to protect seafarers and vessels from security threats. Furthermore, according to the Manila amendments to STCW Convention in 2010, personnel employed on board are required to participate in security training. Effective seafarers' education and training programs are of major importance to guarantee satisfactory performance levels onboard to minimize security-related risks. The study's contribution focuses on empirically evaluating the relationship between personal level of awareness and security performance when seafarers undertake security training courses. Findings of this study suggest that (1) seafarers who undertake maritime security training have a higher awareness of ship security, (2) security training and security awareness have a positive influence on security performance, and (3) security awareness mediates the impact of security training and security performance. In conclusion, education and training programs are key tools in enhancing seafarers' security awareness and security performance which, from an industry viewpoint, can translate into major economic, operational and reputational benefits.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.54 no.3
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• pp.192-203
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• 2021

This paper investigates the process of change in the meaning of the term gongye (工藝) (nowadays it means craft) during Korea's transition to the modern era. The Annals of the Joseon Dynasty (朝鮮王朝實錄) will serve as the basis for the examination of pre-modern usage, and the Korea-United States Treaty of 1882 for the changes that occurred between the translation from Chinese and from Japanese following the opening of the port . After the port opened, the meaning of gongye, which once broadly referred to the wide range of work of people from different fields, was narrowed down to singularly represent the manufacturing industry. Following the example of Japan, the first East Asian country to succeed in modernization, this new meaning of gongye was generally used in the context of embracing Western culture and creating industry. As industrialization emerged as a national mission, and new terminology was needed to express these new concepts, the Chinese characters used by the Japanese to translate Western concepts were directly imported and used without making any changes. Gongye was similar in meaning to gongeop (工業) (nowadays it means industry) at the time, and the two terms were used interchangeably. However, following the Japanese annexation of Korea, the cultural administration of the Governor-General imbued the term with artistic concepts, and gongye was differentiated from gongeop, As such, examining the establishment of terminology and concepts can be helpful for understanding the contradictions and problems of the Korean crafts scene, which were derived from a period in the past called the modern era.

• The Journal of Korean Philosophical History
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• no.25
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• pp.293-313
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• 2009

A general sequence of moral instruction in elementary school is advanced to understanding of contents, application of understanding, reflection of application. The understanding of contents as first stage of instruction is related with abstract moral concepts. A model of concept analysis as one of the moral instruction models could be applied to understand on abstract moral concept. We can find rationale of that model from the 'analysis of concept' that is proposed by John Wilson. His 'analysis of concept' is thinking technique based on informal logics of ordinal language. These technique is constituted of 'Isolating questions of concept', 'Right answers', 'Model cases', 'Contrary cases', 'Related cases', 'Borderline cases', 'Invented cases', 'Social context', 'Underlying anxiety', 'Practical results', 'Results in language'. And these techniques could be categorized some of stages like finding a concept for analysis, finding a cases for understanding, concerning on the contexts about using context, concerning on the verification of defined concept. But it has difficulties that directly applicate these stages and technique to elementary school students. For instruction in elementary school, teacher should be translated these terms about each stages and technique to terms suited for students. And it is good for students that these activity can inspire students' interests. In this thesis, I'm trying to translate original terms about concept analysis technique to terms that elementary school students can understand. And then, I'm intending to propose of moral instruction method about truth telling as a example.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information Security & Cryptology
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.23-32
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• 2001

Since the LILI-128 cipher is a clock-controlled keystream generator, the speed of the keystream data is degraded in a clock-synchronized hardware logic design. Basically, the clock-controlled $LFSR_d$ in the LILI-128 cipher requires a system clock that is 1 ~4 times higher. Therefore, if the same clock is selected, the system throughput of the data rate will be lowered. Accordingly, this paper proposes a 4-bit parallel $LFSR_d$, where each register bit includes four variable data routines for feed feedback of shifting within the $LFSR_d$ . Furthermore, the timing of the propose design is simulated using a $Max^+$plus II from the ALTERA Co., the logic circuit is implemented for an FPGA device (EPF10K20RC240-3), and the throughput stability is analyzed up to a late of 50 Mbps with a 50MHz system clock. (That is higher than the 73 late at 45 Mbps, plus the maximum delay routine in the proposed design was below 20ns.) Finally, we translate/simulate our FPGA/VHDL design to the Lucent ASIC device( LV160C, 0.13 $\mu\textrm{m}$ CMOS & 1.5v technology), and it could achieve a throughput of about 500 Mbps with a 0.13$\mu\textrm{m}$ semiconductor for the maximum path delay below 1.8ns.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.551-561
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• 2021

Thyroid cancer is the most common endocrine malignancy. Patients with well-differentiated thyroid cancers, such as papillary and follicular cancers, have a favorable prognosis. However, poorly differentiated thyroid cancers, such as medullary, squamous and anaplastic advanced thyroid cancers, are very aggressive and insensitive to radioiodine treatment. Thus, novel therapies that attenuate metastasis are urgently needed. We found that both PDGFC and PDGFRA are predominantly expressed in thyroid cancers and that the survival rate is significantly lower in patients with high PDGFRA expression. This finding indicates the important role of PDGF/PDGFR signaling in thyroid cancer development. Next, we established a SW579 squamous thyroid cancer cell line with 95.6% PDGFRA gene insertion and deletions (indels) through CRISPR/Cas9. Protein and invasion analysis showed a dramatic loss in EMT marker expression and metastatic ability. Furthermore, xenograft tumors derived from PDGFRA geneedited SW579 cells exhibited a minor decrease in tumor growth. However, distant lung metastasis was completely abolished upon PDGFRA gene editing, implying that PDGFRA could be an effective target to inhibit distant metastasis in advanced thyroid cancers. To translate this finding to the clinic, we used the most relevant multikinase inhibitor, imatinib, to inhibit PDGFRA signaling. The results showed that imatinib significantly suppressed cell growth, induced cell cycle arrest and cell death in SW579 cells. Our developed noninvasive apoptosis detection sensor (NIADS) indicated that imatinib induced cell apoptosis through caspase-3 activation. In conclusion, we believe that developing a specific and selective targeted therapy for PDGFRA would effectively suppress PDGFRA-mediated cancer aggressiveness in advanced thyroid cancers.

• Journal of the Daesoon Academy of Sciences
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• v.36
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• pp.201-225
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• 2020

In the late Joseon Dynasty, ideas in folk religions were closely related to Daoist themes. There were, for instance, folk ideas centered on Prophecies of Jeong Gam (鄭鑑錄 jeonggamrok) that developed into 'raising island-armies (海島起兵說 hado gibyeongseol),' the future utopian movement known as the 'South Joseon Faith (南朝鮮信仰 namjoseon sinang),' and faith around 'Maitreya's Descensionist-Birth (彌勒下生 mireuk hasaeng).' People aimed to transform their country based on these ideas. Associated folklore tended to come from fengshui (風水) and books on prophecies and divination (圖讖 docham), and both of these drew heavily upon Daoist concepts. On the other hand, Daoist texts began being translated as national projects under King Cheoljong (哲宗), and many more were translated and published later under King Gojong (高宗). The nature of these Daoist texts mostly consisted of either morality books (善書 seonseo) or precious scrolls (寶卷 bogeon). The problem was that these ordinances and the Daoist texts of regents were among the main causes of civil war during the Qing Dynasty. In this regard, the translation of the Daoist texts conducted as a national project provided a theoretical basis for the people wishing to foment civil war or transformation. This raises the question of why King Gojong implemented a Daoist translation project in his nation. In an effort to answer this question, this article summarizes the popular ideas of the late Joseon Dynasty and explains how they were closely related to Daoism. In addition, this article summarizes the facts about how Daoism has emerged from a national crisis but developed a function of protecting the state (鎭護) in Korean history. Further described is the situation under which Daoism was summoned during the Japanese Invasion of Joseon (壬辰倭亂). Analysis is provided to show that King Gojong's intention was to translate Daoism due to Daoism's role in protecting the state. In addition, the relationship between current Daoist rites and customs in Korea and King Gojong's dissemination of Daoist oaths and vouchers is confirmed.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.67 no.1
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• pp.54-63
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• 2023

In this study, six types of 2015 revised curriculum ChemistryII textbooks were analyzed for conditions, definitions, whether or not critical points were displayed, and real-life examples of phase diagram. In this study, it was confirmed that the problems pointed out in several previous studies were not reflected in the 2015 revised curriculum ChemistryII textbook. The same as the situation defining the phase diagram, the translation of the phase diagram into a phase equilibrium diagram, the distinction between phase and state being unclear, the critical point not being shown in the phase diagram, real life examples are very limited what is being presented as is suggested as a problem. Therefore, it is necessary to reflect the results of various previous studies in the revised curriculum ChemistryII textbook that will be made in the future, specify the conditions under which the phase diagram is drawn, newly model the situation defining the phase diagram, and translate the phase diagram as a 'phase diagram'. It is necessary to use the term, clarify the distinction between phase and state, mark the critical point in the phase diagram, and develop various real-life examples.