• 제목/요약/키워드: Transition metals

검색결과 291건 처리시간 0.012초

난연성 인계 에폭시를 기반으로 한 저점도 에폭시 설계 및 특성 분석 (Design and Characterization of Low Viscosity Epoxy Based on Flame Retardant Phosphorus Epoxy)

  • 박준성;우제완
    • 공업화학
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    • 제32권4호
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    • pp.449-455
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    • 2021
  • 복합재료는 단일물질이 갖는 각각의 특성을 복합화 함으로써 우수한 물성을 갖도록 구성한 물질로 금속 및 고분자의 성능을 뛰어넘는 재료로써 각광받고 있다. 다만, 생산시간이 길고, 단가가 비싼 단점이 있어 이를 극복하기 위해 많은 연구가 진행되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 복합재료의 대량생산 시 시간을 단축할 수 있는 에폭시 수지 경화제를 개발하였고, 난연성을 부여하여 이의 적용성을 확대하고자 하였다. 기본 물질로 사용한 에폭시 수지는 bisphenol F 및 resorcinol 구조의 에폭시 2종을 사용하였으며, 난연성을 부여하기 위하여 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenantrene-10-oxide(DOPO)를 이용하여 변성하였다. 첨가제로는 triethylphosphate (TEP) 및 bis[(5-ethyl-2-methyl-1,3,2-dioxaphosphorinan-5-yl)methyl] methyl phosphonate P,P'-dioxide (FR-001)을 사용하여 7종의 조성물을 배합하였고, 열적 특성(겔화시간, 유리전이온도), 난연 성능을 평가하여 high pressure resin transfer molding (HP-RTM) 공법에 적용 가능한 에폭시 기지재를 개발하였다.

Embedding Cobalt Into ZIF-67 to Obtain Cobalt-Nanoporous Carbon Composites as Electrode Materials for Lithium ion Battery

  • Zheng, Guoxu;Yin, Jinghua;Guo, Ziqiang;Tian, Shiyi;Yang, Xu
    • Journal of Electrochemical Science and Technology
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    • 제12권4호
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    • pp.458-464
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    • 2021
  • Lithium ion batteries (LIBs) is a kind of rechargeable secondary battery, developed from lithium battery, lithium ions move between the positive and negative electrodes to realize the charging and discharging of external circuits. Zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs) are porous crystalline materials in which organic imidazole esters are cross-linked to transition metals to form a framework structure. In this article, ZIF-67 is used as a sacrificial template to prepare nano porous carbon (NPC) coated cobalt nanoparticles. The final product Co/NPC composites with complete structure, regular morphology and uniform size were obtained by this method. The conductive network of cobalt and nitrogen doped carbon can shorten the lithium ion transport path and present high conductivity. In addition, amorphous carbon has more pores that can be fully in contact with the electrolyte during charging and discharging. At the same time, it also reduces the volume expansion during the cycle and slows down the rate of capacity attenuation caused by structure collapse. Co/NPC composites first discharge specific capacity up to 3115 mA h/g, under the current density of 200 mA/g, circular 200 reversible capacity as high as 751.1 mA h/g, and the excellent rate and resistance performance. The experimental results show that the Co/NPC composite material improves the electrical conductivity and electrochemical properties of the electrode. The cobalt based ZIF-67 as the precursor has opened the way for the design of highly performance electrodes for energy storage and electrochemical catalysis.

Structure and Physical Properties of Fe/Si Multiayered Films with Very Thin Sublayers

  • Baek, J.Y;Y.V.Kudryavtsev;J.Y.Rhee;Kim, K.W.;Y.P.Le
    • 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
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    • 한국진공학회 2000년도 제18회 학술발표회 논문개요집
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    • pp.173-173
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    • 2000
  • Multilayered films (MLF) consisting of transition metals and semiconductors have drawn a great deal of interest because of their unique properties and potential technological applications. Fe/Si MLF are a particular topic of research due to their interesting antiferromagnetic coupling behavior. although a number of experimental works have been done to understand the mechanism of the interlayer coupling in this system, the results are controversial and it is not yet well understood how the formation of an iron silicide in the spacer layers affects the coupling. The interpretation of the coupling data had been hampered by the lack of knowledge about the intermixed iron silicide layer which has been variously hypothesized to be a metallic compound in the B2 structure or a semiconductor in the more complex B20 structure. It is well known that both magneto-optical (MO0 and optical properties of a metal depend strongly on their electronic structure that is also correlated with the atomic and chemical ordering. In order to understand the structure and physical properties of the interfacial regions, Fe/Si multilayers with very thin sublayers were investigated by the MO and optical spectroscopies. The Fe/si MLF were prepared by rf-sputtering onto glass substrates at room temperature with a totall thickness of about 100nm. The thicknesses of Fe and Si sublayers were varied from 0.3 to 0.8 nm. In order to understand the fully intermixed state, the MLF were also annealed at various temperatures. The structure and magnetic properties of Fe/Si MLF were investigated by x-ray diffraction and vibrating sample magnertometer, respectively. The MO and optical properties were measured at toom temperature in the 1.0-4.7 eV energy range. The results were analyzed in connection with the MO and optical properties of bulk and thin-film silicides with various structures and stoichiometries.

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Fused Deposition Modeling of Iron-alloy using Carrier Composition

  • Harshada R. Chothe;Jin Hwan Lim;Jung Gi Kim;Taekyung Lee;Taehyun Nam;Jeong Seok Oh
    • Elastomers and Composites
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    • 제58권1호
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    • pp.44-56
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    • 2023
  • Additive manufacturing (AM) or three-dimensional (3D) printing of metals has been drawing significant attention due to its reliability, usefulness, and low cost with rapid prototyping. Among the various AM technologies, fused deposition modeling (FDM) or fused filament fabrication is receiving much interest because of its simple manufacturing processing, low material waste, and cost-effective equipment. FDM technology uses metal-filled polymer filaments for 3D printing, followed by debinding and sintering to fabricate complex metal parts. An efficient binder is essential for producing polymer filaments and the thermal post-processing of printed objects. This study involved an in-depth investigation of and a fabrication route for a novel multi-component binder system with steel alloy powder (45 vol.%) ranging from filament fabrication and 3D printing to debinding and sintering. The binder system consisted of polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) as a binder and thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) and polylactic acid (PLA) as a carrier. The PVP binder held the metal components tightly by maintaining their stoichiometry, and the TPU and PLA in the ratio of 9:1 provided flexibility, stiffness, and strength to the filament for 3D printing. The efficacy of the binder system was examined by fabricating 3D-printed cubic structures. The results revealed that the thermal debinding and sintering processes effectively removed the binder/carrier from the cubic structures, resulting in isotropic shrinkage of approximately 15.8% in all directions. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) patterns displayed the microstructure behavior, phase transition, and elemental composition of the 3D cubic structure.

Mo 도핑을 이용한 NiCo LDH 나노결정의 산소발생반응 향상 (Enhancement of oxygen evolution reaction of NiCo LDH nanocrystals using Mo doping)

  • 조경원;유정호
    • 한국결정성장학회지
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    • 제34권3호
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    • pp.92-97
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    • 2024
  • 수소 생산을 위한 물 분해 시스템의 효율성을 높이려면 산소 발생 반응(OER, Oxygen Evolution Reaction)에서 촉매로 인해 발생하는 전기화학 반응의 높은 과전압을 감소시켜야 한다. 그중 전이금속을 포함하는 LDH(Layered Double Hydroxide)와 같은 화합물은 현재 사용되고 있는 백금 등의 귀금속을 대체할 수 있는 촉매 소재로 주목받고 있다. 본 연구에서는 저렴한 금속 다공성 물질인 니켈 폼을 지지체로 사용하였고, 수열합성 공정을 통해 NiCo LDH 나노결정을 합성하였다. 또한, OER 특성을 향상시키기 위해 Mo를 도핑하여 합성한 Mo 도핑된 NiCo LDH 나노결정 시료의 형태, 결정구조, 물분해 특성의 변화를 관찰하였다.

온산공업지역 산성 토양 프로화일 내에서의 점토광물의 생성과 중금속 이온의 거동에 관한 광물학적 연구 (Mineralogical Study on the Clay Formation and Heavy Metal Speciation in the Acidified Soil Profile of the Onsan Industrial Area)

  • 이상수;김수진
    • 한국광물학회지
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    • 제15권1호
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    • pp.1-10
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    • 2002
  • 이 논문은 온산공업단지 내 화강암의 풍화 및 토양화 과정, 그리고 토양 내 중금속 오염과 토양 광물간의 관계에 관한 연구이다. 프로화일 연구를 위해 각 깊이별로 토양시료를 채취하여 각 샘플에 대한 실험분석을 실시하였다. X선 회절분석 결과 주 구성 점토광물은 캐올린 광물과 버미큘라이트, 그리고 미량의 일라이트이다. 포름아마이드 처리를 통해 프로화일 내 토양 중의 캐올린 광물의 종류에 대해 분석한 결과 프로화일 하부에 존재하는 캐올린 광물은 대부분 할로이사이트 임이 밝혀졌으며, 지표면으로 갈수록 상대적으로 캐올리나이트에 대한 할로이사이트의 양이 감소하는 경향을 보이는데, 이는 상부로 갈수록 할로이사이트에서 캐올리나이트로의 전환이 이루어지고 있음을 의미한다. $110^{\circ}C,\;300^{\circ}C,\;550^{\circ}C$ 열처리를 한 결과 X선회절분석 그래프 상의 $10\;{\AA}에서\;14\;{\AA}$ 사이의 피크가 분화된 형태를 보여주는 것이 관찰된다. 이는 시료상에 수산화알루미늄 혼합층 버미큘라이트가 존재함을 지시한다. 이것은 구연산나트륨 처리실험을 통해 버미큘라이트 층간 불순 알루미늄 이온을 추출하여 원형상으로 전환시킴으로써 열처리시 $14\;{\AA}$피크가 다시 $10\;{\AA}$으로 변화하는 것을 관찰함으로써 재확인하였다. 토양의 수소이온농도 분포 양상이 하부에서 3.9, 상부에서 3.6으로 상부로 갈수록 산성화경향이 심해지는 경향을 보여주는데, 이는 산성화된 토양에서 안정적으로 나타나는 수산화알루미늄 혼합층 버미큘라이트의 존재를 뒷받침하고 있다. 토양 내 중금속 이온의 존재양상에 대한 연구를 위해 연속추출실험을 실시하였다. 그 결과 상대적으로 많은 양의 중금속 이온이 프로화일의 상부의 철/망간 산화물과 유기물에 흡착되어 있으며 점토광물에는 적은 양만이 흡착되어 있는 것으로 밝혀졌다. 이러한 결과는 대부분의 중금속 오염물들이 상부 토양에 농집되어 있고 점토광물에는 낮은 중금속 함량을 보여주는 것은 산성화된 토양을 이루고 있는 주 점토광물인 캐올린광물과 수산화알루미늄 혼합층 버미큘라이트가 낮은 흡착능력을 가지고 있기 때문인 것으로 판단한다.

비철금속(非鐵金屬)의 생산(生産), 소비(消費), 시세(時勢)의 추이(推移) (The Transition of Production, Consumption and Price of Non-ferrous Metals)

  • 문원주
    • 자원환경지질
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    • 제2권3호
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    • pp.1-25
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    • 1969
  • In considering the mining industry, it is necessary to study the production, consumption and price of ore and metals in every country of the world in order to determine the trend of the industry in the present and for the future. This study is necessary especially for exporting domestically produced are which is in excess of domestic consumption and for importing are, or metal where local production does not meet domestic demand. It will be treated of Au, Ag, Cu, Pb, Zn, W, Mo, which are the most important non-ferrous metals, and which greatly affect the mining industry of Korea. The presentation will concern itself only with the free world. About 1, 200 ton of gold are produced annually with little fluctiation in recent years. Most of the gold produced is consumed by advanced countries for industrial uses as well as for producing precious objects. The U.S.A. expends yearly about four times its domestic production and Japan about three times its domestic production for industry and arts. Because of the instability of the currency of the U.S.A., England and France, recently, the price of gold has been $ 41-42 per ounce, whereas the official price is $35.00 per ounce. It will be expected that the official price will be raised in the near future. As for silver, about 6,500 tons are produced annually with no special fluctuation change in recent years. However, the annual consumption is about 14,000 ton, so the supply and demand is extremely unbalanced. The shortage is made up by the sale of the U.S. treasury's reserve stock and the reclaiminig of silver from coins and other scrap. As the Treasury'S reserves will be exhausted in a year or two, the price of silver which is $1. 64 per ounce, will go up drastically in about a year. As for copper, 5,257,000 ton's were mined in 1966. It's production is being increased about 5% annually. However, consumption exceeds production by about 100,000 ton a year. The recent Foreign refinery copper price in the U.S.A is $ 60 per pound. The supply of copper being insufficient to meet international demands, the price will go up and with no prospect of being lowered in the near future even with the slight annual increase in production. About 2,100,000 to 2,200,000 tons of lead are produced annually. Consumption exceeds production by about 50,000-60,000 tons annually. The current price of lead in New York is $ 155 per pound. As the supply of lead is internationally stable, It will be believed that there will be no significant change in its price in the near future. In 1967, 3,926,000 tons of Zinc were produced. There is annual increase of 4-7% in production. The annual consumption exceeds production by 100,000 to 200,000 tons. The current zinc price in the St. Louis market inthe U.S.A. is $ 145 per pound. Even though its supply is stable and sufficient world wide, the consumption rate will increase at a faster pace than before; hence, the price will slowly go up. Tungsten mines yield about 11,000 tons a year. Its production has been relatively constant in the past few years. The amount of its consumption increases slowly world wide, but in the free world· there has been a slight annual decrease. However, since Red China has not been exporting their tungsten to other countries for several months, the price on the London market of S.T.U. of $Wo_3$ has increased to $ 44~46. Should Red China begin to export actively again the price will drop to $ 40~42. In 1967, 56,000 tons of Molybdenum were produced. Production exceeds consumption by 200,000 -30,000 tons annually. The current price in the U.S.A. is $ 1.72 per Mo pound. Since the rate of production in the U.S.A. is on the increase with large amounts of ore reserve, the price of molubdenum should not go up.

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흥진태맥 석탄광 산성광산배수 침전물의 광물학적 및 지구화학적 특성 (Mineralogical and Geochemical Characteristics of the Precipitates in Acid Mine Drainage of the Heungjin-Taemaek Coal Mine)

  • 신지환;박지연;김영규
    • 자원환경지질
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    • 제54권2호
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    • pp.299-308
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    • 2021
  • 광산 활동에서 비롯된 Fe(II)은 광산 배수를 따라 지표의 산화 환경에 노출되어 다양한 Fe(III)-산화수산화물로 침전된다. 대표적인 Fe(III) 침전 광물 중 하나인 페리하이드라이트는 결정도가 매우 낮아 비표면적이 크기 때문에, 중금속 및 다른 오염물질을 흡착하기에 용이하다. 페리하이드라이트는 자연 환경에서 열역학적으로 좀더 안정적인 침철석으로 전이된다. 페리하이드라이트에서 침철석으로 전이되는 동안 일어나는 중금속의 거동을 예측하기 위해서 산성광산배수에서 일어나는 페리하이드라이트에서 침철석으로의 전이와 이와 연관된 중금속의 유동성에 대한 정보는 중요하다. 광물 전이와 중금속 거동을 분석하기 위해 흥진태맥 석탄광의 산성광산배수 정화 시설의 코어 시료에 대하여 X-선 회절 분석(XRD), 화학 분석, 통계 분석이 시행되었다. XRD 결과는 페리하이드라이트가 코어 시료 상단에서 하단으로 점차 침철석으로 전이되었음을 보여주었다. 화학 분석 결과 코어시료에서 As의 상대적 농도는 배수에 비하여 매우 높아 As가 철옥시수산화물에 강하게 흡착 되었거나 공침되었을 가능성이 큼을 지시한다. 상관 분석 결과 또한 As와 Fe의 높은 친화도를 보여주어, 철광물이 침전하는 동안 As가 광산 배수에서 쉽게 제거될 수 있음을 나타냈다. 코어 시료에서 깊이가 깊어질수록 Fe에 대한 As, Cd, Co, Ni, Zn의 농도비는 대체로 감소하여, 광물 전이 시 배수 내 이들의 농도를 증가시킬 수 있음을 나타냈다. 이와 반대로 Fe에 대한 Cr의 농도는 깊이가 증가할수록 증가하였는데 이 것은 chromate과 철광물과의 화학결합과 페리하이드라이트와 침철석의 표면 전하로 인한 것으로 생각된다.

InGaZnO active layer 두께에 따른 thin-film transistor 전기적인 영향

  • 우창호;김영이;안철현;김동찬;공보현;배영숙;서동규;조형균
    • 한국전기전자재료학회:학술대회논문집
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    • 한국전기전자재료학회 2009년도 추계학술대회 논문집
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    • pp.5-5
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    • 2009
  • Thin-film-transistors (TFTs) that can be prepared at low temperatures have attracted much attention because of the great potential for transparent and flexible electronics. One of the mainstreams in this field is the use of organic semiconductors such as pentacene. But device performance of the organic TFTs is still limited due to low field-effect mobility and rapid degradation after exposing to air. Alternative approach is the use of amorphous oxide semiconductors as a channel. Amorphous oxide semiconductors (AOSs) based TFTs showed the fast technological development, because AOS films can be fabricated at room temperature and exhibit the possibility in application like flexible display, electronic paper, and larges solar cells. Among the various AOSs, a-IGZO has lots of advantages because it has high channel mobility, uniform surface roughness and good transparency. [1] The high mobility is attributed to the overlap of spherical s-orbital of the heavy post-transition metal cations. This study demonstrated the effect of the variation in channel thickness from 30nm to 200nm on the TFT device performance. When the thickness was increased, turn-on voltage and subthreshold swing was decreased. The a-IGZO channels and source/drain metals were deposited with shadow mask. The a-IGZO channel layer was deposited on $SiO_2$/p-Si substrates by RF magnetron sputtering, where RF power is 150W. And working pressure is 3m Torr, at $O_2/Ar$ (2/28 sccm) atmosphere. The electrodes were formed with electron-beam evaporated Ti (30 nm) and Au (70 nm) bilayer. Finally, Al (150nm) as a gate metal was thermal-evaporated. TFT devices were heat-treated in a furnace at 250 $^{\circ}C$ and nitrogen atmosphere for 1hour. The electrical properties of the TFTs were measured using a probe-station. The TFT with channel thickness of 150nm exhibits a good subthreshold swing (SS) of 0.72 V/decade and on-off ratio of $1{\times}10^8$. The field effect mobility and threshold voltage were evaluated as 7.2 and 8 V, respectively.

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A facile synthesis of transfer-free graphene by Ni-C co-deposition

  • An, Sehoon;Lee, Geun-Hyuk;Jang, Seong Woo;Hwang, Sehoon;Yoon, Jung Hyeon;Lim, Sang-Ho;Han, Seunghee
    • 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
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    • 한국진공학회 2016년도 제50회 동계 정기학술대회 초록집
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    • pp.129-129
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    • 2016
  • Graphene, as a single layer of $sp^2$-bonded carbon atoms packed into a 2D honeycomb crystal lattice, has attracted much attention due to its outstanding properties. In order to synthesize high quality graphene, transition metals, such as nickel and copper, have been widely employed as catalysts, which needs transfer to desired substrates for various applications. However, the transfer steps are not only complicated but also inevitably induce defects, impurities, wrinkles, and cracks of graphene. Furthermore, the direct synthesis of graphene on dielectric surfaces has still been a premature field for practical applications. Therefore, cost effective and concise methods for transfer-free graphene are essentially required for commercialization. Here, we report a facile transfer-free graphene synthesis method through nickel and carbon co-deposited layer. In order to fabricate 100 nm thick NiC layer on the top of $SiO_2/Si$ substrates, DC reactive magnetron sputtering was performed at a gas pressure of 2 mTorr with various Ar : $CH_4$ gas flow ratio and the 200 W DC input power was applied to a Ni target at room temperature. Then, the sample was annealed under 200 sccm Ar flow and pressure of 1 Torr at $1000^{\circ}C$ for 4 min employing a rapid thermal annealing (RTA) equipment. During the RTA process, the carbon atoms diffused through the NiC layer and deposited on both sides of the NiC layer to form graphene upon cooling. The remained NiC layer was removed by using a 0.5 M $FeCl_3$ aqueous solution, and graphene was then directly obtained on $SiO_2/Si$ without any transfer process. In order to confirm the quality of resulted graphene layer, Raman spectroscopy was implemented. Raman mapping revealed that the resulted graphene was at high quality with low degree of $sp^3$-type structural defects. Additionally, sheet resistance and transmittance of the produced graphene were analyzed by a four-point probe method and UV-vis spectroscopy, respectively. This facile non-transfer process would consequently facilitate the future graphene research and industrial applications.

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