• Current Optics and Photonics
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• 제4권4호
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• pp.368-372
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• 2020

We report the terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) of transdermal drug delivery in human skin. The time evolution of transdermal nicotine delivery in nicotine patches was assessed by detecting the transmission coefficient of sub-picosecond THz pulses and using a semi-analytic model based on the single-layer effective medium approximation. Using commercial nicotine patches (Nicoderm CQ^®, 7 mg/24 h), THz transmission coefficients were measured to quantitatively analyze the cumulative amounts of nicotine released from the patches in the absence of their detailed specifications, including multilayer structures and optical properties at THz frequencies. The results agreed well with measurements by conventional in vitro and in vivo methods, using a diffusion cell with high-performance liquid chromatography and blood sampling respectively. Our study revealed the ability of the THz-TDS method to be an effective alternative to existing methods for noninvasive and label-free assessments of transdermal drug delivery, showing its high promise for biomedical, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic applications.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제37권6호
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• pp.365-368
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• 2007

The primary aim of this study was to investigate the enhancement effect of low-frequency ultrasound on skin permeation. In vitro permeation experiments were performed using Franz modified diffusion cells with ketoprofen as model drug. The effect of various ultrasound factors-ultrasound application mode (continuous mode and discontinuous mode), ultrasound intensity (0.26 $W/cm^2$, and 0.29 $W/cm^2$) and duty cycle (3%, 16%, 50%, and 83%) were studied. The highest permeation was observed at 0.29 $W/cm^2$ intensity, 50% duty cycle, and discontinuous mode. The result suggested the feasibility of low frequency ultrasound application for the phonophoretic transdermal drug delivery system.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.181-184
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to develop transdermal drug delivery system (TDDS) for the combination of physostigmine and procyclidine. The effects of various pressure sensitive adhesives (PSA) on the percutaneous absorption of procyclidine across hairless mouse skin were evaluated to select an appropriate PSA. In addition, the influences of various vehicles on the percutaneous absorption of procyclidine from PSA matrix across hairless mouse skin were evaluated using flow-through diffusion cell system at $37^{\circ}C$. Physostigmine did not have any influence on the permeation rate of procyclidine. The flux of procyclidine was the highest in silicone and PIB and was relatively lower in SIS, Acryl, and SBS adhesive matrices, however, their use was limited by the crystallization of the drug in the matrix. Among acrylic adhesives, the permeability of procyclidine was the highest from poly (ethylene oxide) grafted acrylic adhesive. Some enhancers show different enhancing effect depending on the drug, however, many of the tested enhancers showed enhancing effect for the permeation of both procyclidine and physostigmine to some extent. $Crovol^{\circledR}$ EP 40 showed the highest enhancing effect on the permeation of both compounds. The size of TDDS to provide required permeation rate was estimated to be $35\;cm^2$ based on available information.

• 접착 및 계면
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.43-50
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• 2003

점착제는 경피흡수제제(transdermal drug delivery system, TDDS)의 중요한 구성요소 중의 하나이다. TDDS용 점착제는 일반적인 점착제의 역할 외에도 부착되는 피부에 적합해야 하고, 이것에 포함되는 약물 및 첨가제들과 양립하면서 약물의 전달을 효과적으로 지속해야한다. 본 총설에서는 흔히 사용되는 TDDS용 점착제인 polyisobutylenes, polyacrylates, silicones와 최근에 개발된 제품들을 소개한다.

• 대한임상전기생리학회지
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.45-56
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• 2003

This study investigated the effects of triamcinolone acetonide by iontophoretic transdermal drug delivery on anti-inflammatory action into the human which had excentric exercise-induced delayed onset muscle soreness in the non-dominant arm. The degree of anti-inflammation was evaluated creatine posphokinase(CPK) by serum enzyme activity and subjective pain threshold by soreness muscle scale in clinical study. The results Were as follows; 1. In a subjective pain scale, all groups showed non-significant difference but, showed a tendency to decrease numerical value in human. 2. In the serum CPK level, iontophoresis group showed more significant reduction than other groups at 24, 48 and 72 hours. From the results, the iontophoresis with triamcinolone acetonide is more effective than using each groups. The continuous study is needed for many interesting issues of iontophoretic transdermal drug delivery in new future.

• 대한약학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한약학회 2003년도 Proceedings of the Convention of the Pharmaceutical Society of Korea Vol.2-2
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• pp.230.1-230.1
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• 2003

In case of oral application of quinupramine, antidepressants, it may cause adverse effects such as diarrhea, nausea due to transient high blood concentration. Ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) which is heat-processible, flexible, inexpensive material was used for transdermal drug delivery. The purpose of this study was to develop the new transdermal delivery system of quinupramine using EVA polymer matrix that can provide sustained release and avoid the side effects. The EVA matrix containing quinupramine was prepared by solvent-evaporation method. (omitted)

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제40권3호
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• pp.167-173
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• 2010

Repeated oral administration of hydrochlorothiazide, a loop diuretic, due to transient high blood levels, may cause adverse effects such as gastric disturbance, nausea, high blood sugar, and hyper lipidemia. Transdermal administration could avoid some of these systemic side effects and gastric disorders. We have developed a matrix using ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA), a heat-processible and flexible material, for transdermal delivery of hydrochlorothiazide. Drug solubility was highest at 40% PEG-400 volume fraction. Drug release increased as concentration increased with a linear relationship between the release rate and the square root of loading dose. Increasing temperature increased drug release from the EVA matrix. The activation energy, measured from the slope of log P versus 1000/T, was 11.9 kcal/mol for a 2.5% loading dose from EVA matrix. Diethyl phthalate had the highest plasticizing effects on the release of hydrochlorothiazide. To increase the skin permeation of hydrochlorothiazide from the EVA matrix, enhancers such as the saturated fatty acids, the unsaturated fatty acids, and the non-ionic surfactants were added to the EVA matrix, and skin permeation was evaluated using a modified Keshary-Chien diffusion cell fitted with intact excised rat skin. Polyoxyethylene 23-lauryl ether showed the highest enhancing effects. In conclusion, transdermal delivery of hydrochlorothiazide could be improved from an EVA matrix containing plasticizer and permeation enhancer.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제36권3호
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• pp.185-192
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of iontophoresis on transdermal delivery of procaine hydrochloride in healthy volunteers, as well as to the synergic effect of high voltage current or ultrasound on the efficacy of transdermal delivery of iontophoresis. Forty healthy volunteers were randomly assigned to four groups topical application group (TA), iontophoresis group (IT), pre-treatment of high voltage current stimulation with iontophoresis (HVS + IT), and pre-treatment of ultrasound application with iontophoresis (US + IT). All subjects received procaine iontophoresis on the forearm using direct current with 4 mA f3r 15 minutes. All subject was measured the duration of local anesthesia, pressure pain threshold, pain perception threshold using rectangular wave at 0.2 ms, 1 ms, 50 ms of rectangular current stimulation after procaine iontophoresis. For comparisons of the sensory characteristics and efficacy of iontophoresis between the groups, an one-way ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis were used. The significant difference the duration of local anesthesia were found between the groups (p<0.001). The local anesthetic duration of IT, HVS+IT were significantly longer than TA. Meanwhile, the local anesthetic duration of US+IT was significantly longer than HVS+IT, IT and TA group (p<0.05). Also, the pressure pain threshold, pain perception threshold at 0.2 ms, 1 ms, 50 ms were significant difference between the groups (p<0.001). All sensory characteristics including pressure pain threshold, pain perception threshold of IT, HVS+IT was significantly increased than TA, whereas, US+1T was significantly increased HVS+1T, IT and TA (p<0.05). This study showed that the procaine iontophoresis have increase the duration of local anesthesia concomitantly pressure pain threshold and pain perception threshold of sensory nerve fibers such as $A-{\beta}$, $A-{\delta}$ and C fiber. This findings suggest that the iontophoresis enhanced the transdermal delivery of drug ions in vivo. The combination of ultrasound application and iontophoresis synergized the transdermal delivery of drug ions. It is suggests that an electric field, mechanical and heating property of ultrasound may contribute to synergic effect due to temporary changes of structure in the stratum corneum.

• 약학회지
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.161-165
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• 1990

An automated, simple, and reliable method was developed for determining in vitro drug release rate from transdermal delivery dosage forms. The patch is held in position in the heating block by sandwiching it between the middle plate and the bottom plate of diffusion cell. The dissolution profile of the commercially available transdermal scopolamine patch was determined over a 72-h period, and the results were compared with those obtained with other methods; paddle-over-disk method, reciprocating method, and diffusion cell method. It was demonstrated that the flow-through method is equivalent in terms of release rate profile and accumulated released drug amount over the lifetime of the dosage form tested. Also this method is simple, reliable and reproducible. Therefore, this technique can be used in a quality control for assuring product uniformity.

• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.127-132
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• 1997

Recently there has been increased interest in the use of iontophoresis for the transdermal delivery of drugs, both ionic and nonionic. The use of iontophoresis has been rare over the years due to the lack of domestic supplies of the instrument and the expensive iontophoresis instrument made by foreign country. The purpose of this study was to design a commercially available iontophoresis system (WIT- 1 ). The efficacy of WT- 1 system was well defined. In clinical trial, procaine iontophoresis produced local anesthesia of significantly longer duration than swabbing and placebo groups. The 4% procaine iontophoresis using WIT-1 significant difference in anesthetic duration between WIT- 1 system and IontopherTM PM system. The result of this study suggest that WIT-1 system can be used for the transdermal delivery of drugs in various clinical conditions.