• 미술자료
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• 제98권
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• pp.78-103
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• 2020

사경은 표지화(表紙畫), 변상도(變相圖), 경문(經文)으로 구성되지만 여러 요인으로 인해 일부가 소실되기도 한다. 특히 권말(卷末) 혹은 권수(卷首) 부분의 사성기(寫成記)에는 사경의 조성 시기와 발원자 정보가 기록되어 있는데 확인이 어려운 경우 기년작과의 양식 비교를 통해 편년을 추정한다. 보물 제978호 <백지금니대방광불화엄경(白紙金泥大方廣佛華嚴經) 권(卷)29>(이하 <백지금니화엄경 권29>)은 사성기가 소실된 사경으로, 양식 비교를 통해 조선 초에 조성된 것으로 소개되고 있다. 시기 추정의 중요한 근거가 되는 것은 서체와 변상도 표현 일부이지만 이는 조선 초 사경 일부에서만 확인되어 시기를 대표하는 특징으로 말하기 어렵다. 또한 이와 유사한 양식은 고려 말 사경에서도 확인되는데 서체를 제외한 표지화, 변상도의 표현이 1350년 전후의 작례와 유사하다. 고려 말 사경은 세밀하고 사실적인 표현이 시간이 지남에 따라 점차 형식화, 도식화되는 양상을 보이며 이런 흐름은 조선 초로 이어진다. <백지금니화엄경 권29>는 변화의 전후 표현을 모두 확인할 수 있으며 표지화의 마엽문(麻葉文)과 변상도 사주(四周)의 경우 다른 사경에서는 확인되지 않는 독특한 표현으로 주목된다. 한편 <대방광불화엄경(大方廣佛華嚴經) 권(卷)26>(이하 <백지금니화엄경 권26>)은 지금까지 연구에서 소개되지 않은 사경으로 표지화, 변상도, 경문이 모두 온전하게 남아있다. 이 사경은 <백지금니화엄경 권29>과 크기, 구성, 세부 표현까지 모두 동일하여 조성 시기, 발원자(發願者)가 동일한 것으로 추정된다. 권말에 남아 있는 사성기에는 1348년 기철(奇轍)(?~1356)의 발원으로 조성된 것으로 기록되어 있으며 양식을 통한 편년 추정 시기와도 일치한다. <백지금니화엄경 권29>은 사성기가 소실되었기 때문에 조성 시기를 추정할 수밖에 없지만 지금까지 알려진 조선 초가 아닌 고려 말에 조성된 것은 분명하다. 그리고 <백지금니화엄경 권26>을 통해 두 사경은 고려 1348년 표현이 변화하는 시기에 수준 높은 장인에 의해 조성된 사경임을 다시 한번 확인할 수 있다.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.101-109
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• 2021

목적: 사람 코로나바이러스(human coronavirus [HCoV]) 감염은 보통 경미한 임상 양상을 보이는 경우가 많으므로, HCoV에 대한 연구가 다른 호흡기 바이러스들에 비해 상대적으로 잘 이루어지지 않고 있다. 본 연구는 국내 소아청소년에서의 HCoV 역학 및 임상적 특성을 기술하고자 하였다. 방법: 2015년 1월부터 2019년 12월까지 서울대학교 어린이병원에서 수집한 호흡기 검체의 호흡기바이러스 검사 결과를 분석하였다. 다중 reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction을 이용하여 바이러스를 검출하여 역학을 조사하였고, 이전 건강했던 어린이에게서 HCoV가 검출된 경우에 한하여 임상 진단을 분석하였다. 결과: 총 9,589 개 검체 중 5,017개(52.3%)에서 1개 이상의 호흡기바이러스가 검출되었고 463개(4.8%)가 HCoV 양성이었다(OC43 2.8%, NL63 1.4%, 229E 0.7%). 3가지 유형 모두 겨울철(11월-2월)에 유행하였으며 유형별로 역학적 차이를 보였다. HCoV-OC43이 가장 흔하였으며 매년 겨울에 유행하였다. HCoV-NL63은 1월-3월과 11월-2월 사이에 유행하였다. 한편, HCoV-229E는 2015/2016 및 2017/2018 겨울에 격년으로 유행하였다. 연령군을 0-1세, 2-4세, 5-19세로 분류하였을 때, HCoV 감염의 빈도는 2-4세에서 가장 높았고, 5-19세에서 가장 낮았다. HCoV 양성 검체의 40.8%에서 다른 호흡기바이러스가 함께 검출되었다. 리노바이러스 및 호흡기세포융합바이러스의 동시검출률이 각각 13.2%, 13.0%로 높았고, 인플루엔자 바이러스는 4.3%로 낮았다. 이전에 건강했던 135 명의 어린이에게서 가장 흔한 임상 진단은 상기도감염(60.0%)이었고, 폐렴(14.8%), 크루프(8.1%), 세기관지염(6.7%) 순이었다. 크루프는 NL63 양성인 어린이의 임상 진단 중 17.0%를 차지했다. 결론: 본 연구는 소아청소년에서의 HCoV (OC43, NL63, 229E) 감염의 역학적, 임상적 특성을 기술하였다. 소아청소년에서의 HCoV 감염에 대한 지속적인 감시가 필요하며, 추가적으로 HCoV-HKU1을 진단 패널에 포함한다면 HCoV 감염의 임상역학적 특징을 파악하는 데 더 도움이 될 것이다.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제72권6호
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• pp.493-500
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• 2012

Background: This study investigated the clinical characteristics and risk factors of the severity of pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009 infection in pediatric patients in Busan and Gyeongsangnam-do. Methods: Cases of influenza A (H1N1) 2009 in patients under the age of 18 years, confirmed by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, at Pusan National University Hospital and Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital from the last week of August 2009 through the last week of February 2010 were retrospectively analyzed. Results: Of the 3,777 confirmed cases of influenza A (H1N1) 2009, 2,200 (58.2%) were male and 1,577 (41.8%) were female. The average age of the patients was $8.4{\pm}4.8$ years. The total cases peaked during 44th to 46th week. Most of the patients were in the 5- to 9-year-old age group. Oseltamivir was administered to 2,959 (78.3%) of the patients. 221 patients (5.9%) were hospitalized, age an average of $6.7{\pm}4.5$ years. The average duration of hospitalization was $7.4{\pm}5.6$ days. One hundred cases (45.2%) had pneumonia. Risk factors for hospitalization included male gender, <2 years of age, and underlying disease. Children with asthma were at very high risk of hospitalization, over 20 times the non-asthmatic children (odds ratio [OR], 21.684; confidence interval [CI], 13.295~39.791). Likewise the children with neurologic deficits faced a 16 times higher risk (OR, 15.738; CI, 7.961~31.111). Ten of the patients (4.5%) were admitted to the intensive care unit, and eight (3.6%) required mechanical ventilation. Conclusion: Of the pediatric patients with pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009, most of the patients were in the 5- to 9-year-old age group. Risk factors for hospitalization included male gender, <2 years of age, and underlying disease. The most common complication was pneumonia. The very high risk of severe morbidity in children with asthma or neurologic disease shows the critical importance of targeted vaccine coverage, special awareness and swift care by both guardians and primary care providers.

• 대한지구과학교육학회지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.285-298
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• 2022

본 연구는 공학 설계를 적용한 과학 수업이 참여 학생들의 창의공학적 문제해결성향에 미치는 효과를 알아보기 위한 연구이다. 본 연구에서 사용된 공학 설계를 적용한 과학 수업은 미국 미네소타대학과 퍼듀대학에서 공동 제작한 10차시의 프로그램을 번역하여 사용하였으며, P 광역시에 소재한 H 초등학교 6학년 24명의 학생들에게 적용하였다. 본 연구의 주요 데이터는 연구 사전과 사후에 수집한 창의공학적 문제해결성향 검사지이다. 창의적 공학문제해결력 검사는 대응표본 t-검증과 계층적 군집분석을 통해 분석하였다. t-검증 결과 공학 설계를 적용한 과학 수업은 전반적으로 참여 학생들의 창의공학적 문제해결성향에 긍정적인 효과를 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 군집분석 결과 창의공학적 문제해결성향은 2가지 군으로 분류할 수 있다는 것을 확인하였으며, 5명의 학생의 경우 사전과 사후에 유의미한 차이로 성향(분류군)이 바뀐 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 군집의 변화가 생긴 5명의 학생들을 인터뷰하여 중심도 분석을 실시하고 하이브리드 분석 방법에 따라 해석한 결과, 학생들이 공통적으로 경험한 것은 '협업을 통한 문제해결'과 '반복실험(재설계)를 통한 문제해결', 그리고 '과학 지식의 활용'으로 나타났으며, 소수반응으로 '최선의 실험방법 선택'과 '과학과 공학의 차이' 등이 나타났다.

• 한국동물생명공학회지
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• 제38권4호
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• pp.275-290
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• 2023

Background: Porcine pluripotent stem cells (pPSCs) would provide enormous potential for agriculture and biomedicine. However, authentic pPSCs have not established yet because standards for pPSCs-specific markers and culture conditions are not clear. Therefore, the present study reports comparative pluripotency characteristics in porcine induced pluripotent stem cells (piPSCs) derived from different viral transduction and reprogramming factors [Lenti-iPSCs (OSKM), Lenti-iPSCs (OSKMNL) and Sev-iPSCs (OSKM)]. Methods: Porcine fibroblasts were induced into Lenti-iPSCs (OSKM) and Lenti-iPSCs (OSKMNL) by using Lentiviral vector and Sev-iPSCs (OSKM) by using Sendaiviral vector. Expressions of endogenous or exogenous pluripotency-associated genes, surface marker and in vitro differentiation in between Lenti-piPSCs (OSKM), Lenti-iPSCs (OSKMNL) and Sev-piPSCs (OSKM) were compared. Results: Colonial morphology of Lenti-iPSCs (OSKMNL) closely resembles the naïve mouse embryonic stem cells colony for culture, whereas Sev-iPSCs (OSKM) colony is similar to the primed hESCs. Also, the activity of AP shows a distinct different in piPSCs (AP-positive (+) Lenti-iPSCs (OSKMNL) and Sev-iPSCs (OSKM), but AP-negative (-) Lenti-iPSCs (OSKM)). mRNAs expression of several marker genes (OCT-3/4, NANOG and SOX2) for pluripotency was increased in Lenti-iPSCs (OSKMNL) and Sev-iPSCs (OSKM), but Sev-iPSCs (OSKM). Interestingly, SSEA-1 of surface markers was expressed only in Sev-iPSCs (OSKM), whereas SSEA-4, Tra-1-60 and Tra-1-81 were positively expressed in Lenti-iPSCs (OSKMNL). Exogenous reprogramming factors continuously expressed in Lenti-iPSCs (OSKMNL) for passage 20, whereas Sev-iPSCs (OSKM) did not express any exogenous transcription factors. Finally, only Lenti-iPSCs (OSKMNL) express the three germ layers and primordial germ cells markers in aggregated EBs. Conclusions: These results indicate that the viral transduction system of reprograming factors into porcine differentiated cells display different pluripotency characteristics in piPSCs.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제27권5호
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• pp.743-748
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• 2014

The objective of this study was to determine the molecular characteristics of the horse vascular endothelial growth factor alpha gene ($VEGF{\alpha}$) by constructing a phylogenetic tree, and to investigate gene expression profiles in tissues and blood leukocytes after exercise for development of suitable biomarkers. Using published amino acid sequences of other vertebrate species (human, chimpanzee, mouse, rat, cow, pig, chicken and dog), we constructed a phylogenetic tree which showed that equine $VEGF{\alpha}$ belonged to the same clade of the pig $VEGF{\alpha}$. Analysis for synonymous (Ks) and non-synonymous substitution ratios (Ka) revealed that the horse $VEGF{\alpha}$ underwent positive selection. RNA was extracted from blood samples before and after exercise and different tissue samples of three horses. Expression analyses using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and quantitative-polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) showed ubiquitous expression of $VEGF{\alpha}$ mRNA in skeletal muscle, kidney, thyroid, lung, appendix, colon, spinal cord, and heart tissues. Analysis of differential expression of $VEGF{\alpha}$ gene in blood leukocytes after exercise indicated a unimodal pattern. These results will be useful in developing biomarkers that can predict the recovery capacity of racing horses.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제33권8호
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• pp.2508-2512
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• 2012

Cold shock proteins (CSPs) are a family of proteins induced at low temperatures. CSPs bind to single-stranded nucleic acids through the ribonucleoprotein 1 and 2 (RNP 1 and 2) binding motifs. CSPs play an essential role in cold adaptation by regulating transcription and translation via molecular chaperones. The solution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) or X-ray crystal structures of several CSPs from various microorganisms have been determined, but structural characteristics of psychrophilic CSPs have not been studied. Therefore, we optimized the purification process to obtain highly pure Lm-Csp and determined the three-dimensional structure model of Lm-Csp by comparative homology modeling using MODELLER on the basis of the solution NMR structure of Bs-CspB. Lm-Csp consists of a ${\beta}$-barrel structure, which includes antiparallel ${\beta}$ strands (G4-N10, F15-I18, V26-H29, A46-D50, and P58-Q64). The template protein, Bs-CspB, shares a similar ${\beta}$ sheet structure and an identical chain fold to Lm-Csp. However, the sheets in Lm-Csp were much shorter than those of Bs-CspB. The Lm-Csp side chains, E2 and R20 form a salt bridge, thus, stabilizing the Lm-Csp structure. To evaluate the contribution of this ionic interaction as well as that of the hydrophobic patch on protein stability, we investigated the secondary structures of wild type and mutant protein (W8, F15, and R20) of Lm-Csp using circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy. The results showed that solvent-exposed aromatic side chains as well as residues participating in ionic interactions are very important for structural stability. Further studies on the three-dimensional structure and dynamics of Lm-Csp using NMR spectroscopy are required.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제38권6호
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• pp.506-517
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• 2015

Arabidopsis Shaggy-like protein kinases (ASKs) are Arabidopsis thaliana homologs of glycogen synthase kinase 3/SHAGGY-like kinases (GSK3/SGG), which are comprised of 10 genes with diverse functions. To dissect the function of $ASK{\beta}$ (AtSK32), $ASK{\beta}$ antisense transgenic plants were generated, revealing the effects of $ASK{\beta}$ down-regulation in Arabidopsis. Suppression of $ASK{\beta}$ expression specifically interfered with pollen development and fertility without altering the plants' vegetative phenotypes, which differed from the phenotypes reported for Arabidopsis plants defective in other ASK members. The strength of these phenotypes showed an inverse correlation with the expression levels of $ASK{\beta}$ and its co-expressed genes. In the aborted pollen of $ASK{\beta}$ antisense plants, loss of nuclei and shrunken cytoplasm began to appear at the bicellular stage of microgametogenesis. The in silico analysis of promoter and the expression characteristics implicate $ASK{\beta}$ is associated with the expression of genes known to be involved in sperm cell differentiation. We speculate that $ASK{\beta}$ indirectly affects the transcription of its co-expressed genes through the phosphorylation of its target proteins during late pollen development.

• Genomics & Informatics
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.205-210
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• 2016

Interleukin-10 (IL10) plays an important role in initiating and maintaining an appropriate immune response to non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). Previous studies have revealed that the transcription of IL10 mRNA and its protein expression may be infl uenced by several single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the promoter and intron regions, including rs1800896, rs1800871, and rs1800872. However, the impact of polymorphisms of the IL10 gene on NHL prognosis has not been fully elucidated. Here, we investigated the association between IL10 polymorphisms and NHL prognosis. This study involved 112 NHL patients treated at the National Cancer Center, Korea. The median age was 57 years, and 70 patients (62.5%) were men. Clinical characteristics, including age, performance status, stage, and extra-nodal involvement, as well as cell lineage and International Prognostic Index (IPI), were evaluated. A total of four polymorphisms in IL10 with heterozygous alleles were analyzed for hazard ratios of overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) using Cox proportional hazards regression analysis. Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma was the most common histologic type (n = 83), followed by T-cell lymphoma (n = 18), mantle cell lymphoma (n = 6), and others (n = 5). Cell lineage, IPI, and extra-nodal involvement were predictors of prognosis. In the additive genetic model results for each IL10 polymorphism, the rs1800871 and rs1800872 polymorphisms represented a marginal association with OS (p = 0.09 and p = 0.06) and PFS (p = 0.05 and p = 0.08) in B-cell lymphoma patients treated with rituximab plus cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone (R-CHOP). These findings suggest that IL10 polymorphisms might be prognostic indicators for patients with B-cell NHL treated with R-CHOP.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제46권5호
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• pp.599-609
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• 2020

Objectives: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) first emerged in December 2019 in Wuhan, China, and has rapidly become a global pandemic with over 26.4 million confirmed cases and approximately 871,000 fatalities worldwide as of this writing. In the Republic of Korea, disease clusters frequently occurred in long-term care hospitals where the majority of residents are elderly with underlying medical conditions. Despite the fact that public health authorities and local community health centers have put tremendous efforts into preventing the spread of disease, positive cases have continued to occur. Thus, the Korea Centers for Disease Control & Prevention rapid response team decided to conduct an environmental investigation of a long-term care hospital to identify whether environmental contamination has remained and contributed to the spread of COVID-19. Methods: An environmental investigation was conducted at Hospital A. The characteristics of the facility and its HVAC system were assessed by checking the layout and interviewing the people in charge. A total of 64 surface samples were collected from areas of concern, including patient rooms, toilets, elevators, and nurses' station. These samples were tested by a regional health and environmental research institute using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Results: All samples from Hospital A were confirmed to be negative. Through interviews with high-level personnel at the regional community health center, we found that extensive disinfection is frequently performed on potentially contaminated areas in Hospital A in accordance with government guidelines. Conclusion: The environmental control measures implemented in Hospital A had been sufficient for mitigating the risk of further infection, suggesting that such measures may also be effective for other long-term health care facilities.