• Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.67-73
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• 2020

Objective: The purpose of this study was determine the effect of Balance Trainer training with Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) on spasticity and balance in persons with chronic stroke. Design: Randomized controlled trial. Methods: A total of 30 subjects with hemiparetic stroke were recruited and randomly divided into the Balance Trainer training with TENS group (n=15) and Balance Trainer training with placebo TENS group (n=15). The Balance Trainer training with TENS group practiced additional Balance Trainer training with TENS for 30 minutes a day, 5 days per a week during 4 weeks and the Balance Trainer training with placebo TENS group practiced additional Balance Trainer training with placebo TENS for the same period. Spasticity and balance were assessed by ability (static balance, dynamic balance) and were measured before and after the 4-week programs. Results: The result of spasticity and dynamic balance were improved significantly in both groups (p<0.05). The Balance Trainer training with TENS group showed significantly greater improvement in spasticity of the gastrocnemius & dynamic balance, compared to the Balance Trainer training with placebo TENS group (p<0.05). The Balance trainer training with TENS group showed a significant improvement in static balance, especially during the eye-closed condition (p<0.05). Conclusions: The Balance Trainer training with TENS was effective in improving spasticity and balance in subjects with chronic stroke. Based on these results, it is suggested that Balance Trainer training with TENS could clinically be used more actively in conjunction with conventional physical therapy.

• Journal of Institute of Control, Robotics and Systems
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• v.3 no.4
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• pp.415-421
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• 1997

A car driving trainer for beginners developed under PC-based environment is described in this paper. For this trainer, a hardware is implemented as a practice car, and a trainer program is designed by computer image generation method to display 3-dimensional images on a CRT monitor. The trainer program consists of 3 main parts, that is, a speed estimate part, a wheel trace calculation part and a driving image generation part. Furthermore, a map editor is also installed for taking any test drive. After comparing this driving trainer to specify it was verified that the developed car driving trainer showed has good performances, such as lower cost, higher resolution and better image display speed.

• International Journal of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.281-289
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• 2023

The purpose of this study was to objectively explore and discuss the effect of trainer's communication style on rehabilitation ability and rehabilitation satisfaction of elite athletes. we observed the relationship between rehabilitation trainers and injured athletes and found that communication between them plays an important role. In this study, we criticized that most of the studies related to rehabilitation were conducted from the point of view of natural science. The results of this study emphasized that rehabilitation-related research should broadly accept social science positions such as business administration. The main research findings are as follows. As a result of analyzing the relationship between trainer's communication style and rehabilitation ability, first, the trainer's cooperative and professional communication style affects emotional factors of injured players. Second, the trainer's cooperative and controlled communication style affects the cognitive factors of injured players. Third, the trainer's cooperative and professional communication style affects the behavioral factors of injured players. Fourth, the trainer's cooperative and professional communication style affects the rehabilitation satisfaction of injured players. Based on these results, this study was conducted to validate the necessity of discussing the trainer's communication style preference according to the individual background such as the injured player's gender, personality, and injury level, and the classification and composition of communication styles that match Korean culture and sentiment. As suggestions for follow-up research, active sharing of problems with adjacent disciplines such as sports sociology, sports education, and sports marketing, and parallel qualitative research centered on individual cases were suggested

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.303-309
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• 2013

TRAINER for Kids ($T4K^{TM}$, Myofunctional. Research Co, Australia) is a prefabricated myofunctional orthodontic appliance recommended to ClassII division1 malocclusion patients who have bad oral habits such as mouth breathing, tongue thrusting, inappropriate tongue position, thumb sucking and so on. Trainer has a soft texture and a small volume so that those advantages lead to an increase in the agreement rate of young patients of its use. This presentation is to analyze clinical efficacy of Trainer. The analysis is based on a result of regular follow-up on Class II division1 malocclusion patients who has been completely treated by Trainer in the Sanbon Dental Hospital of Wonkwang university. This case report is to present the satisfactory results gained by using Trainer on Class II patients. First, Trainer was applied in Class II malocclusion patients of mixed dentition with expected space insufficient to gain facial improvement. Second, excessive overjet, overbite were improved. Third, main effects are regarded to have been achieved by development of lingual slant of upper jaw, labial slant of lower jaw, and lower part of jaw bone.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.34 no.10
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• pp.1717-1722
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• 2021

Objective: Stroking calves during the postnatal period could effectively improve human-calf relationships. The objective of this study is to examine how daily calf stroking frequency during the postnatal period affects the establishment of human-calf relationships. Methods: Six calves were stroked by a trainer for 6 minutes once daily for 5 days after birth (D1). Six calves were stroked by a trainer for 3 minutes twice daily for 5 days after birth (D2). A further four calves were stared at but not stroked as the control group. The overall stroking or staring duration was the same for all groups, at 6 min/d and 30 min over 5 days. The tests for reactions to the stationary trainer in an unfamiliar environment and avoidance distance measurements for an approaching trainer were conducted at 1 month and 3 months after the treatment. Results: Calves in both stroking groups approached significantly closer to the stationary trainer, vocalized less, and looked at the trainer shorter than the control group at 1 month. However, at 3 months, there was no significant difference between the D1 and the control group, whereas the D2 approached significantly closer to the trainer and vocalized less, and looked at the trainer for a shorter time than the control group. For the avoidance distance, the trainer could approach closer to both stroking groups than the control at 1 month, however, there was no difference among groups at 3 months. Conclusion: Our results suggested that the difference in the calf stroking procedure affected the established human-calf relationships, even though the total stroking duration was the same for all stroked calves. It is likely to be more effective to stroke more frequently than intensively when the aim is to establish better human-calf relationships within limited labor time.

• Journal of Aerospace System Engineering
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.19-24
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• 2015

Export basic trainer was designed to add armed configuration required by customer. Design configuration of main wing was changed to satisfy changed internal load caused by armed configuration. It was verified that design changed main wing airframe of export basic trainer satisfy the requirement through the structural detail analysis, structural ground test and flight test. This paper presents the durability test procensure and test result for the main wing of export basic trainer.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 2006

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of electromechanical gait trainer therapy in stroke patients. The gait trainer was designed to provide nonambulatory subjects the repetitive practice of a gait-like movement without overstraining therapist. To simulate normal gait, discrete stance and swing phase, lasting 60% and 40% of the gait cycle respectively, and the control of the movement of the centre of mass were required. Methods : This preliminary study investigated during 8 weeks therapy on the gait trainer could improve gait ability in 5 subacute and chronic hemiparetic stroke patients. Gait ability(time up & go [TUG], comfortable and maximal gait speed and functional ambulation category[FAC]), functional movement of lower extremity(Fugl-Meyer Assessment [FMA] and composite spasticity score [CSS]) and sensory of lower extremity(Fugl-Meyer Assessment sensory [FMA-s])were the measured. Results : TUG, comfortable and maximal gait speed and FMA were improved significantly. Although FAC, FMA-s and CSS were improved, there were not statistically significant. Conclusion : Therefore, the gait trainer enabled affected patients the repetitive practice of a gait-like movement, which is important for the restoration of walking ability.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.39-50
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• 2016

Purpose - The purpose of this study was to substantiate the relationship between on-the-job training (OJT) characteristic factors and OJT outcomes and the moderating effect of the tie strength between a trainer and a trainee on the relationship. OJT characteristic factors were composed of a unit of work to be learned, trainee's motivation, trainer's ability, OJT design, and OJT support. OJT outcomes included job satisfaction and organizational commitment in the research. The tie strength means a sense of intimacy with a trainer. All of the OJT characteristic factors, OJT outcomes, and the tie strength were defined operationally as the perceived ones by a trainee. Research design, data, and methodology - This study analyzed the data of 302 employees in a domestic travel agency as early career for seven years or less. The main methods for the analysis were multiple linear regression analysis and moderating effect analysis. The whole process of the data analysis was conducted using the SPSS 21.0 for windows. Results - The results of the study are as follows: First, every five element of OJT, including unit of work to be learned, trainee's motivation, trainer's ability, OJT design, and OJT support, showed positive influence on OJT outcomes - job satisfaction and organizational commitment. Second, the tie strength between a trainer and a trainee was positively related with OJT outcomes. Finally, the strength of ties between the trainer and the trainee was found positively to moderate the relationship of a unit of work to be learned, OJT design, or OJT support, with OJT outcomes. However, the moderating effect of the tie strength was not significant statistically between the trainee's motivation or the trainer's ability, and OJT outcomes. Conclusion - In the study, it was demonstrated that every OJT characteristic factors have a positive contribution to job satisfaction and organizational commitment for early career employees. In addition, the study showed the need to pay attention to improve the quality of relationships between trainers and trainees, in order to increase the impact of a unit of work to be learned, OJT design, and OJT support. These findings suggest the implications in the three factors as external factors that constitute OJT. The three factors are made by HRD practitioners who are involved in design and operation of the program as well as their interventions to improve the quality of the relationship between trainers and trainees. On the other hand, it was demonstrated in the research that trainee's motivation and trainer's ability, regardless of their tie strength, have a direct impact on OJT outcomes by itself. Moreover, the trainee's motivation and trainer's ability are intrinsic characteristics, rather than external factors that constitute OJT. Therefore, they are unlikely to be changed by HRD practitioners' interventions. In conclusion, it was argued in the research that the trainee's motivation and trainer's ability should be a consideration in selecting and matching partners in OJT participants before starting OJT.

• Journal of the Korea Fashion and Costume Design Association
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.101-115
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• 2014

This study evaluated the effect of image type of the beauty trainer on satisfaction and stress regarding the major. The data were analyzed by spss 18.0. Frequency analysis, causal analysis, reliability analysis, T-test, one-way variance analysis, and multiple regression analysis were carried out, and the result is as following. First, as the result of analysis the image of beauty trainer, we defined inner, outer, and social image. Second, the difference between images of beauty trainers revealed that people with high interest in the major ranked the inner image of beauty trainer the highest. Respondent with the lowest and the higher class satisfaction also deemed inner image important. The same was for respondents with beauty awareness. For outer image, people with the lowest class satisfaction ranked outer image the highest. And people with beauty awareness recognized beauty trainer's outer image more important. Respondents who said the major have bleak future deemed outer image even important. While the social image was recognized the highest by respondents with lowest class satisfaction. Third, as we analyzed the correlation between the image type of beauty trainer and major stress/satisfaction, the higher the satisfaction for the trainer's outer and social image gave higher class satisfaction. And less stress about the major resulted in higher major satisfaction. Fourth, we evaluated the effect of trainer's image on the class satisfaction and stress. Fifth, the lower the awareness of inner image and the higher awareness of social image resulted in higher major stress. Lower inner image gave high major satisfaction, while high social image resulted in high major stress.

• The Journal of the Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.9-18
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• 2013

In this paper, we have developed the intellectual kegel trainer with the biofeedback. The pelvic muscles of female are composed of a slow twitch fiber and a fast twitch fiber. If two twitch fiber be not well done, then the urine be frequently called by nature. In order to recover the function of pelvic muscles, we use the kegel trainer with biofeedback training. Such a trainer make strengthen the weakness pelvic muscles by biofeedback training and get exercise the pelvic muscles in physical suppress of 10 kg. The biofeedback training against the physical suppress can have strengthen the pelvic muscles and can display the operation graph of strengthen movement in monitor.