• Title/Summary/Keyword: Traffic flow control

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A Method for Reducing Path Recovery Overhead of Clustering-based, Cognitive Radio Ad Hoc Routing Protocol (클러스터링 기반 인지 무선 애드혹 라우팅 프로토콜의 경로 복구 오버헤드 감소 기법)

  • Jang, Jin-kyung;Lim, Ji-hun;Kim, Do-Hyung;Ko, Young-Bae;Kim, Joung-Sik;Seo, Myung-hwan
    • Journal of IKEEE
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    • v.23 no.1
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    • pp.280-288
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    • 2019
  • In the CR-enabled MANET, routing paths can be easily destroyed due to node mobility and channel unavailability (due to the emergence of the PU of a channel), resulting in significant overhead to maintain/recover the routing path. In this paper, network caching is actively used for route maintenance, taking into account the properties of the CR. In the proposed scheme, even if a node detects that a path becomes unavailable, it does not generate control messages to establish an alternative path. Instead, the node stores the packets in its local cache and 1) waits for a certain amount of time for the PU to disappear; 2) waits for a little longer while overhearing messages from other flow; 3) after that, the node applies local route recovery process or delay tolerant forwarding strategy. According to the simulation study using the OPNET simulator, it is shown that the proposed scheme successfully reduces the amount of control messages for path recovery and the service latency for the time-sensitive traffic by 13.8% and 45.4%, respectively, compared to the existing scheme. Nevertheless, the delivery ratio of the time-insensitive traffic is improved 14.5% in the proposed scheme.

A Simplified Analytical Method for the Capacity and Level of Service of Signalized Intersections (신호교차로 용량 및 서비스수준에 대한 간략적 분석방법(4갈래 교차로 비포화 상태를 대상으로))

  • Hong, Soon-Jin
    • Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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    • v.22 no.4 s.75
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    • pp.43-56
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    • 2004
  • The KHCM procedure is a micro level analysis at signalized intersections requiring a lot of input variables and complex computations. The research was to investigate the possibility of simplifying the analysis procedures by using the generalized or the combined variables that less influence on the adjusted traffic volume and through-car equivalents of left or right turns. It was also tried to make lane grouping into directional flow ratio(v/s) based on a field surveys. The maximum and minimum values of each variables were compared with each other through the KHCM analysis procedures in terms of control delay. The lane grouping and the synthetical influence of a simplified method was evaluated with the scenario built in prevailing maximum and minimum conditions. The study showed that the control delay was not significantly sensitive to the selected variables and the lane grouping and their synthetical influence as well.

A Study about Microbiological Quality and Safety Control of a Central Commissary School Foodservice System in Daejeon City Area (대전지역 도시형 공동조리교 급식의 미생물적 품질관리에 관한 연구)

  • Kim, Heh-Young;Jeong, Hyo-Jin
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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    • v.10 no.1
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    • pp.67-74
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    • 1995
  • This study researched microbial change of quality according to the various phases of product flow of cooked pea and rice, cold cucumber and seaweed soup, soybean sprouts japchae feeding urban type of a commissary school and a satellite school in Daejeon area, also it suggested the possibility that the central commissary foodservice system can be established and utilized more developmental to identify its food of variation of temperature and state of safety unitl 3 hours after cooking for the case of delay of distribution and holding because of the satellite school of geographical location and traffic problem. The critical Control Points identified for each category of menu items were: Boiled pea and rice: inadequate distribution, holding and storing before assembly; Cold cucumber and seaweed soup: pre-preparation and post-preparation after cooking; Soybean sprouts japchae: Pre-preparation, post-preparation and storing. As the result of observation of the variation of temperature and microbial safety according to the delay of distribution and holding for each food, all of them were relatively safe until 3 hours after cooking, but cold cucumber and seaweed soup being stored for 3 hours, the value of E. coli is $10^3$ CFU/g. The variation of temperature was more extreme in soybean sprouts japchae than cooked pea and rice and cold cucumber and seaweed soup. It was proved that the stainless container was excellent and that adequate holding container should be used.

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Performance Evaluation of GFC Protocol Based on HMR with Dynamic Quota Allocation (동적 쿼타할당방식 HMR을 적용한 GFC 프로토콜의 성능평가)

  • 두소영;전병천;김대영;김태균
    • The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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    • v.19 no.7
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    • pp.1256-1271
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    • 1994
  • In this paper a GFC protocol based on HMR(High-speed Multimedia Ring) with a dynamic quota allocation is proposed and the performance of proposed protocol is evaluated by simulation. The HMR a medium access protocol proposed for Gbit ATM-LAN, can be applied to the GFC protocol without any modification because it uses only 4 bits for medium access of several topologies such as bus, ring and stared-bus, and priority control for satisfaction of different QoS(Quality of Service) requirements. The quota allocation method of HMR called static quota allocation has a problem of excessive access delay for the traffic with high burstness. In this paper a dynamic quota allocation method which allocates quota to the nodes according to the queue length is proposed and the performance of HMR with dynamic quota allocation is evaluated by seven simulation scenarios of CCITT. The HMR with proposed method shows better shows better access delay characteristics than the HMR with static quota allocation. Also the simulation results show that access delay performance of HMR is better than that of ATMR proposed by Japan and is similar to that of DQDB proposed by Australia.

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Physical Layer Diversity and its Effects on the Performance of WLANs (물리 계층의 다양성과 무선 랜의 성능에 미치는 영향)

  • Choi, Sunwoong;Park, Kihong;Kim, Chong-Kwon
    • Journal of KIISE:Information Networking
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    • v.32 no.6
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    • pp.723-731
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    • 2005
  • Wide spread deployment of infrastructure WLANs has made Wi Fi an integral part of today's Internet access technology. Despite its crucial role in affecting end to end performance, past research has focused on MAC protocol enhancement, analysis and simulation based performance evaluation without sufficient consideration for modeling inaccuracies stemming from inter layer dependencies, including physical layer diversity, that significantly impact performance. We take a fresh look at IEEE 802.11 WLANs, and using experiment, simulation, and analysis demonstrate its surprisingly agile performance traits. Contention based MAC throughput degrades gracefully under congested conditions, enabled by physical layer channel diversity that reduces the effective level of MAC contention. In contrast, fairness and jitter significantly degrade at a critical offered load. This duality obviates the need for link layer flow control for throughput improvement but necessitates traffic control for fairness and QoS. We use experimentation and simulation in a complementary fashion, pointing out performance characteristics where they agree and differ.

The Effect of Decentralized Rainwater Tank System on the Reduction of Peak Runoff - A Case Study at M Village - (빗물저류조의 분산배치에 따른 첨두유출 저감효과 분석 - M 마을 사례 -)

  • Han, Moo-Young;Kum, So-Yoon;Mun, Jung-Soo;Kwak, Dong-Geun
    • Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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    • v.45 no.1
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    • pp.65-73
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    • 2012
  • Recently climate change and increase of surface runoff caused the urban flooding. Traditional way of dealing with urban flooding has been to increase the sewer capacity or construction of pumping stations, however, it is practically almost impossible because of time, money and traffic problems. Multipurpose DRMS (Decentralized Rainwater Management System) is a new paradigm proposed and recommended by NEMA (National Emergency Management Agency) for both flood control and water conservation. Suwon City has already enacted the ordinance on sound water cycle management by DRMS. In this study, a flood prone area in Suwon is selected and analysis of DRMS has been made using XP-SWMM for different scenarios of RT installation with same total rainwater tank volume and location. Installing one rainwater tank of 3,000$m^3$ can reduce the peak flow rate by 15.5%. Installing six rainwater tanks of 500$m^3$ volume in the area can reduce the peak flow rate by 28%. Three tanks which is concentrated in the middle region can reduce peak rate more than evenly distributed tanks. The method and results found from this study can be used for the design and performance prediction of DRMS at a flood prone area by supplementing the existing sewer system without increase of the sewer capacity.

Development and Application of the High Speed Weigh-in-motion for Overweight Enforcement (고속축하중측정시스템 개발과 과적단속시스템 적용방안 연구)

  • Kwon, Soon-Min;Suh, Young-Chan
    • International Journal of Highway Engineering
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    • v.11 no.4
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    • pp.69-78
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    • 2009
  • Korea has achieved significant economic growth with building the Gyeongbu Expressway. As the number of new road construction projects has decreased, it becomes more important to maintain optimal status of the current road networks. One of the best ways to accomplish it is weight enforcement as active control measure of traffic load. This study is to develop High-speed Weigh-in-motion System in order to enhance efficiency of weight enforcement, and to analyze patterns of overloaded trucks on highways through the system. Furthermore, it is to review possibilities of developing overweight control system with application of the HS-WIM system. The HS-WIM system developed by this study consists of two sets of an axle load sensor, a loop sensor and a wandering sensor on each lane. A wandering sensor detects whether a travelling vehicle is off the lane or not with the function of checking the location of tire imprint. The sensor of the WIM system has better function of classifying types of vehicles than other existing systems by detecting wheel distance and tire type such as single or dual tire. As a result, its measurement errors regarding 12 types of vehicle classification are very low, which is an advantage of the sensor. The verification tests of the system under all conditions showed that the mean measurement errors of axle weight and gross axle weight were within 15 percent and 7 percent respectively. According to the WIM rate standard of the COST-323, the WIM system of this study is ranked at B(10). It means the system is appropriate for the purpose of design, maintenance and valuation of road infrastructure. The WIM system in testing a 5-axle cargo truck, the most frequently overloaded vehicle among 12 types of vehicles, is ranked at A(5) which means the system is available to control overloaded vehicles. In this case, the measurement errors of axle load and gross axle load were within 8 percent and 5 percent respectively. Weight analysis of all types of vehicles on highways showed that the most frequently overloaded vehicles were type 5, 6, 7 and 12 among 12 vehicle types. As a result, it is necessary to use more effective overweight enforcement system for vehicles which are seriously overloaded due to their lift axles. Traffic volume data depending upon vehicle types is basic information for road design and construction, maintenance, analysis of traffic flow, road policies as well as research.

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Edge to Edge Model and Delay Performance Evaluation for Autonomous Driving (자율 주행을 위한 Edge to Edge 모델 및 지연 성능 평가)

  • Cho, Moon Ki;Bae, Kyoung Yul
    • Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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    • v.27 no.1
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    • pp.191-207
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    • 2021
  • Up to this day, mobile communications have evolved rapidly over the decades, mainly focusing on speed-up to meet the growing data demands of 2G to 5G. And with the start of the 5G era, efforts are being made to provide such various services to customers, as IoT, V2X, robots, artificial intelligence, augmented virtual reality, and smart cities, which are expected to change the environment of our lives and industries as a whole. In a bid to provide those services, on top of high speed data, reduced latency and reliability are critical for real-time services. Thus, 5G has paved the way for service delivery through maximum speed of 20Gbps, a delay of 1ms, and a connecting device of 106/㎢ In particular, in intelligent traffic control systems and services using various vehicle-based Vehicle to X (V2X), such as traffic control, in addition to high-speed data speed, reduction of delay and reliability for real-time services are very important. 5G communication uses high frequencies of 3.5Ghz and 28Ghz. These high-frequency waves can go with high-speed thanks to their straightness while their short wavelength and small diffraction angle limit their reach to distance and prevent them from penetrating walls, causing restrictions on their use indoors. Therefore, under existing networks it's difficult to overcome these constraints. The underlying centralized SDN also has a limited capability in offering delay-sensitive services because communication with many nodes creates overload in its processing. Basically, SDN, which means a structure that separates signals from the control plane from packets in the data plane, requires control of the delay-related tree structure available in the event of an emergency during autonomous driving. In these scenarios, the network architecture that handles in-vehicle information is a major variable of delay. Since SDNs in general centralized structures are difficult to meet the desired delay level, studies on the optimal size of SDNs for information processing should be conducted. Thus, SDNs need to be separated on a certain scale and construct a new type of network, which can efficiently respond to dynamically changing traffic and provide high-quality, flexible services. Moreover, the structure of these networks is closely related to ultra-low latency, high confidence, and hyper-connectivity and should be based on a new form of split SDN rather than an existing centralized SDN structure, even in the case of the worst condition. And in these SDN structural networks, where automobiles pass through small 5G cells very quickly, the information change cycle, round trip delay (RTD), and the data processing time of SDN are highly correlated with the delay. Of these, RDT is not a significant factor because it has sufficient speed and less than 1 ms of delay, but the information change cycle and data processing time of SDN are factors that greatly affect the delay. Especially, in an emergency of self-driving environment linked to an ITS(Intelligent Traffic System) that requires low latency and high reliability, information should be transmitted and processed very quickly. That is a case in point where delay plays a very sensitive role. In this paper, we study the SDN architecture in emergencies during autonomous driving and conduct analysis through simulation of the correlation with the cell layer in which the vehicle should request relevant information according to the information flow. For simulation: As the Data Rate of 5G is high enough, we can assume the information for neighbor vehicle support to the car without errors. Furthermore, we assumed 5G small cells within 50 ~ 250 m in cell radius, and the maximum speed of the vehicle was considered as a 30km ~ 200 km/hour in order to examine the network architecture to minimize the delay.

Computational Analysis on the Control of Droplet Entrained in the Exhaust from the Spray Type Scrubber system (스프레이형 스크러버의 배출가스에 포함된 액적의 제어방법에 관한 전산해석적 연구)

  • Lee, Chanhyun;Chang, Hyuksang;Koo, Seongmo
    • Clean Technology
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    • v.21 no.3
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    • pp.191-199
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    • 2015
  • The SOx emission from the ship diesel engines will do a negative influence to the human health and the environment. To reduce the negative environmental effect of the SOx emission caused by the high traffic of ship movements, the SECA (SOx emission control area) has been set on several province around world to carry out the severe emissions control and to meet the emissions control standard. To cut down the SOx emission from the ships, the wet type scrubber is being used widely. In this work, we prepared a numerical model to simulate the spray type scrubber to study the motion of liquid droplets in the flow of the scrubber. For the analysis, the CFD (computational fluid dynamics) method was adopted. As a special topic of the study, we designed the wave plate type of mist eliminator to check the carry over of the uncontrolled water droplet to the exhaust. Numerical analysis is divided into two stages. At the first stage, the analysis was done on the basic scrubber without the mist eliminator, and then the second stage of analysis was done on the scrubber with the mist eliminator on several condition to check and compare with the basic scrubber. On the condition of the basic scrubber, 42.0% of the distributed water droplets were carried over to the exhaust. But by adding the designed droplet eliminator at the exhaust of the scrubber, only 3.4% of the distributed water droplets supplied to the scrubber was emitted to the atmosphere.

Improvement of the HCM Delay Estimation Model for Exclusive Permitted Left Turns (비보호 좌회전 지체도 추정모형의 개선)

  • 김진태
    • Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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    • v.21 no.2
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    • pp.107-118
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    • 2003
  • Highway Capacity Manual (HCM) provides an analytical delay estimation model to assist the evaluation of traffic at a signalized intersection. The model revised and included in the HCM published in the year 2000 reflects the results of recent studies and is utilized in various fields of transportation studies. For the implementation of the model in the case of permitted left turns, the HCM supplement provides a computational procedure to adjust the saturation flow rate of permitted left toms. The model however, is originally designed for a protected movement and thus underestimates the delay of permitted left turns due to its difference right-of-way nature. This document describes (1) a review of the theoretical background of the HCM delay estimation model, (2) problems embedded in the model for the delay estimation of permitted left turns, (3) a proposed model developed in this study to improve the delay estimation for permitted left turns and (4) a set of verification tests. In order to reflect various traffic and control conditions in the test, simulation studies were performed to by using the field data based on 120 different permitted left-turn scenarios. Comparison studies conducted between sets of delays estimated by the HCM and the proposed models against a set of the CORSIM delays and showed that the proposed model improved the estimation of the permitted left-turn delays. The explanatory variable of the relationship between the HCM delay and the simulation delay was 0.47 and the one between the delay estimated by the proposed model and the simulation delay was 0.77.