• Journal of Korean Society for Geospatial Information Science
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.27-37
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• 2013

A roof surface temperature monitoring, utilizing remotely sensed thermal infrared image has been specifically proposed to explore evidential data for heating load in winter by cool roof. The remotely sensed thermal infrared image made it possible to identify area-wide patterns of changing trends of surface temperature according to rooftop color (white, black, blue, green) which cannot be acquired by traditional field sampling. The temperature difference of cool roof having a higher solar reflectance were ranged from $3^{\circ}C$ up to $9^{\circ}C$, compared to the general roofs. It is confirmed that there is a significant potential to the energy saving by introducing the cool roof in a Korean climate since up to $18.46^{\circ}C$ difference in cool roof, compared to the general roofs in summer were already identified in Seoul, South Korea. It is anticipated that this research output could be used as a valuable reference in identifying heating load in winter by cool roof since an objective monitoring has been proposed based on the area-wide measured, fully quantitative performance of remotely sensed thermal infrared image.

• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.690-705
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• 2000

This ethnography was based on Kleinman's explanatory model of a health care system. It is conducted to make thick discription of illness conception of the elderly in a sociocultural context. The basic assumptions were as follows. 1) A health care system is a cultural system, and as with any other cultural system, it is a system of symbolic meanings anchored in a particular arrangement of social institutions and patterns of interpersonal relationships; 2) In all societies health care activities are more or less interrelated. Therefore, they need to be in a holistic manner as socially organized responses to disease that constitute a special cultural system; health care system; 3) Health and illness experiences are the natural process of disease. Individuals who recognized a for state of health, their family, neighbors, and communities define the state, search for causes of the health problems, and response to it. According by, they proceed to search for healing stratagies. So, understanding of the illness experience is the starting point for health care. The study participants were 12 elders aged 60 or more. The fieldwork was conducted in an agricultural clan village of Namwon city. The data collection and analysis were cyclic, from descriptive observation, domain analysis, focused observation, taxanomic analysis, selected observation, componential analysis, and finally cultural themes were all analysed. Proxemic and text analysis techniques were used according to the characteristics of the data. The data of sociocultural context and descriptive data were collected from 1990 to 1992. Informations on illness concepts were collected during 1994 using focused observation. Data confirming and contrast observations were conducted from 1997 and 1999. Illness concepts of the elderly were taxonomized supernatural cause, non-supernatural cause, immediate cause, and ultimate cause. The supernatural ones were ancestors, god of home, god of village, and ghost such as 'sal(evil force of dead man)' and 'gagqui(ghost of begger)'. The non-supernatural ones were Ki, natural phenomenones, natural objects, foods, human and human behaviors. Immediate ones were insufficiency and overflows, discretion and consolidation, disorder and out of order, cloudness and contamination, and fluctuation and stagnation of supernatural cause and non-supernatural ones. Ultimate causes were intrusion and loss of supernatural and nonsupernatural ones. The cultural themes of illness concepts of the elderly are: 1) illness concepts are not based on causality principle, but on reciprocal principle; 2) illness concepts are affected by social level and charicteristics of the patients; 3) the causes of disease are recognized as imposed both positive and negative effects on health based on interpretation of the indiviuals; 4) illness concepts reflects on principles of everyday life of the society members such as hierachial structure and group cohesiveness; 5) illness concepts are ruled on principle of reciprocity and spread; 6) illness concepts are interrelated with physical environment of the participants. It can be concluded that the illness concepts of the elderly in a traditional clan village are a component of health care system as a cultural system based on these results. The these results can be a useful basis for gerontological nursing practice and education.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.401-410
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• 1997

An acute pain is the common experience following surgery. Pain is a most miserable experience in person and most preoperative patients have fear o! postoperative pain. In nursing, it is very important to understand and relieve the pain of post oprative patients as much as possible. This study was designed to compare the descriptive patterns of pain between group of Patient Controlled Analgesia and group of traditional Muscular Injection in surgcal patients. This information can be utilited as data of understanding nursing care and treatment planning for pain in surgical patients. The subjects in this study were 45 post-hysterectomy patients in Gynecology ward in C. N. U. H., in Taejon. Data was collected from May 12 to June 27. 1996. The instrumants used for this study were subjective Visual Analog Scale, Objedive nonverbal pain scale composed of Facial Apperance. Vocal Sound Change, and Sweating score. and the Melzack's Mcgill pain Qusetionaire. nine Items of Developmental Pain Intensity Scale by Lee En Ok. Analysis of data was done by using S. P. S. S. percentage, t-test, x²-test. ANOVA, and Repeated measure ANOVA. Results were obtained as follows. 1. Hypothesis 1 : There was very highly statistically significant difference in subjective self-report pain score(Visual Analog Scale) between PCA Group and IM Group(P=0.0001). 2. Hypothesis 2 : There was very highly statistically significant difference in muscle strength score (Visual Analog Scale) between PCA Group and IM group(P0.0001). 3. Hypothesis 3 : There was very highly statistically significant difference in facial appearance score between PCA Group and IM group(P=0.0001). 4. Hypothesis 4 : There was very highly statistically significance difference in vocal sound change score between PCA Group and IM group(P=0.0001). 5. Hypothesis 5 : There was no statistically significant difference sweating scores between PCA group and IM group(F=2.50, P=0.1220). But, postoperation time of 12, 24 was statistically difference between two groups(P=0.0001). So, it was partially supported. 6. Hypothesis 6 : There was very highly statistically significant difference in vocabulary pain score between PCA Group and IM group. 7. Hypothesis 7 : There was very highly statistically significant difference in amounts of total analgesic between PCA Group and IM group. There was very highly statistically significant difference in Visual Analog Pain Score, Facial Appearance Score, Vocal Sound Change Score, Vocabulary Score, amounts of total analgesic between PCA group and IM group. So, It is verified to asses of postoperative pain with VAS, Checklist of facia appearance, vocal sound change, and sweating, and Vocabulary Scale.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.83 no.4
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• pp.429-440
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• 1994

This study attempt to evaluate the recreation space(two patterns ; one is open space ; forest, water-front space and free open space, the other recreational fercilities) located in the natural area based on clarifying the relationship between the physical conditions of these spaces and human response(users' cognitive evaluation and users' activity pattern). On this standpoint it was proceeded to analyses of the information which was collected by interviews to users who were in this open space at the natural park of Osaka Prefecture. Through this study, the results were summarized as follows ; 1) Forest and waterfront space are considered to be a basic factor of the composition in natural recreation areas. There was difference on the recreational value depending on condition of forest composition. The hardwood-forest apparently high in its efficiency. 2) Free open space is a definite recreational space surely wide in its scope of active of recreational use. The site should be setted up considering the plants conditions around and geographical features according to the recreational activities, and the ground cover should be well controlled. 3) The recreational facilities in natural settings such as the sightseeing tower, the insect display hall, and the camp site appeared to produce low value as a recreational space. It was desirable that recreational activities be allowed within the scope. Consequently, we should carefully consider environmental capacity and landscape to designing these spaces 4) Traditional history and cultural properties are recognized as part of recreational resource as and also as essence of the compositions. So continuos care and proportion of history and cultural properties should be guaranteed.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.32 no.7
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• pp.953-959
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• 2003

This study examined physicochemical properties of two waxy rice starches, shinsun and black rice starches. Proximate compositions of both samples were similar. The major minerals in the shinsun rice starches were Ca, Mg, P and Na, whereas those in black rice starches were Ca, P, Fe and Mg. The major particle size of shinsun rice starch was 6.97 micron and that of black rice starch was 6.27 micron. In iodine reaction, maximum absorbance wavelength (λmax) and absorbance at 625nm of black rice starch were higher than those of shinsun rice starch. Intrinsic viscosity of black rice starch (183mL/g) was higher than that of shinsun rice starch (178 mL/g). Water binding capacity was similar in both samples. Swelling power and solubility of black rice starch were lower than those of shinsun rice starch. X-ray diffraction patterns of all samples showed traditional A type of cereals as shown peaks at 15.2 (15.0), 17.2 (17.15), 18.05 (17.95), 23.25 (23.15)$^{\circ}$. The common shape of SEM was observed in both waxy rice starches.

• The Korean Journal of Applied Statistics
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.795-835
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• 2019

Big data has been generated in various fields. Many companies have now tried to make profits by building a system capable of analyzing big data based on artificial intelligence (AI) techniques. Integrating AI technology has made analyzing and utilizing vast amounts of data increasingly valuable. In particular, demand forecasting with maximum accuracy is critical to government and business management in various fields such as finance, procurement, production and marketing. In this case, it is important to apply an appropriate model that considers the demand pattern for each field. It is possible to analyze complex patterns of real data that can also be enlarged by a traditional time series model or regression model. However, choosing the right model among the various models is difficult without prior knowledge. Many studies based on AI techniques such as machine learning and deep learning have been proven to overcome these problems. In addition, demand forecasting through the analysis of stereotyped data and unstructured data of images or texts has also shown high accuracy. This paper introduces important areas where demand forecasts are relatively active as well as introduces machine learning and deep learning techniques that consider the characteristics of each field.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.332-336
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• 2008

Ginger is widely used as a traditional herbal medicine. Both ginger and its extracts have been used to treat many chronic inflammatory conditions via the inhibition of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-${\kappa}B$) activation, which results in the suppression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression. However, the mechanisms as to how ginger extracts mediate their health effects are largely unknown. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) trigger anti-microbial innate immune responses, recognizing conserved microbial structural molecules that are known as pathogen-associated molecular patterns. All TLR signaling pathways culminate in the activation of NF-${\kappa}B$. The activation of NF- ${\kappa}B$ leads to the induction of inflammatory gene products, including cytokines and COX-2. This study reports the biochemical evidence that 6-shogaol, an active compound in ginger, inhibits NF-${\kappa}B$ activation and COX-2 expression induced by TLR2, TLR3, and TLR4 agonists. Furthermore, 6-shogaol inhibited NF-${\kappa}B$ activation induced by the following downstream signaling components of the TLRs: MyD88, $IKK{\beta}$, and p65. These results imply that ginger can modulate immune responses that could potentially modify the risk of many chronic inflammatory diseases.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Library and Information Science
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.209-228
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• 2011

Web search behavior has evolved. People now search using many diverse information devices in various situations. To monitor these scattered and shifting search patterns, an improved way of learning and analysis are needed. Traditional web search studies relied on the server transaction logs and single query instance analysis. Since people use multiple smart devices and their searching occurs intermittently through a day, a bundled query research could look at the whole context as well as penetrating search needs. To observe and analyze bundled queries, we developed a proprietary research software set including a log catcher, query bundling tool, and bundle monitoring tool. In this system, users' daily search logs are sent to our analytic server, every night the users need to log on our bundling tool to package his/her queries, a built in web survey collects additional data, and our researcher performs deep interviews on a weekly basis. Out of 90 participants in the study, it was found that a normal user generates on average 4.75 query bundles a day, and each bundle contains 2.75 queries. Query bundles were categorized by; Query refinement vs. Topic refinement and 9 different sub-categories.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.42 no.1 s.118
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• pp.121-132
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• 2007

This paper examines the spatial and temporal variability in the water depth caused by artificial structures in Geum Estuary of South Korea. Water depth data set extracted from marine maps of 1979, 1990, 1996 and 2004 were used in a GIS to derive volumetric estimates of gains and losses of sedimentary material. Artificial structures caused above 2m in water depth to be shallow between 1979 and 2002 in the estuary system, particularly through disturbance of a natural transport in suspended sediment concentrations. The mutt significant change in suspended sediment transport were observed in area affected by embankment for fresh water, inducing the water depth shallower than before in almost 80% of the area. This was probably because of an continuous abundant mud supply from coastal river oven after blocking the fresh water. The spatial analysis made it possible to identify area wide patterns of water depth change subject to many different type of artificial structures, which tanner be acquired by traditional field sampling. It is anticipated thai this research could be used as a valuable reference to confirm the outputs from past field researches for sedimental process in more visual and quantitative manner.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.919-929
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• 2015

This study aims to develop a modeling-based learning program about geologic structures and to reveal the relationship between the argumentation patterns and levels of students' mental models. Participants included 126 second grade high school students in four sessions of modeling-based learning regarding continental drift, oceanic ridges, transform faults, and characteristics of faults. A modeling-based learning program was implemented in two classes of the experimental group, and teacher-centered traditional classes were carried out for the other students in the comparison group. Science achievement scores and the distribution of students' mental models in experimental and comparison groups were quantitatively compared. The video-taped transcripts of five teams' argumentation were qualitatively analyzed based on the analytic framework developed in the study. The analytic framework for coding students' argumentation in the modeling-based learning was composed of five components of TAP and the corresponding components containing alternative concepts. The results suggest that the frequencies of causal two-dimensional model and cubic model were high in the experimental group, while the frequencies of simple two-dimensional model and simple cross sectional model were high in the comparison group. The higher the frequency of claims, an argumentation pattern was proven successful, and the level of mental model was higher. After the rebuttal was suggested, students observed the model again and claimed again according to new data. Therefore, the model could be confirmed as having a positive impact on students' argumentation process.