• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.51-58
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• 2017

The aim of the study is to assess the asymmetry of influence of factors of economic growth of national economies, which are included in the integration. Unlike previous research, the scientific significance of the obtained results consists in the use of a new method of study - external demand as a factor of economic growth, disaggregated into two components. The first is net exports mutual trade in goods within integration associations. The second is net exports of foreign trade in goods outside the integration. By use of these methods we have evaluated the contribution of these factors on economic growth of the Customs Union and the Common Economic Space (CU/CES), as well as Kazakhstan, Russia and Belarus. In the conducted analysis of scientific research was based on the fact that the economies of the member (CU/CES) are very different in scale, economic potential and volume of foreign trade. Based on this research we conclude: integration is developing successfully and efficiently only with the rise of the national economies of the member countries; to enhance economic growth and competitiveness of the countries of the Eurasian integration it is necessary to increase the volume of mutual trade of member countries of this integration.

• Korea Trade Review
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• v.46 no.6
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• pp.127-142
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• 2021

The Pohang Youngilman Port is the only international trade port in the Daegu-Gyeongbuk region, but its cargo throughput has been stagnated since its opening. Finding out ways to revitalize the port has been a big issue in the region, taking its potential business effects on the surrounding areas into consideration. This study, therefore, aimed to critically evaluate the government policies and empirically analyze business environments of the Pohang Youngilman Port as a fundamental to reach solutions for its revitalization. The policy evaluation showed that there are discrepancies in viewing contexts, implementations and mechanisms of the port at each government level, which resulted in implementing various but inconsistent solutions. Also, the interview results were analyzed to point out the fundamental problems, such as limited cargo volume due to weak hinterland development, lack of shuttle shipping between Busan New Port and Pohang Youngilman Port, and lack of large shippers to diverse the shipping network. This study has academic and managerial implications in suggesting measures for facilitation of the Pohang Youngilman Port by amalgamating various viewpoints of governments and stakeholders, which can be used for policy development as well as practical solutions for the port.

• Journal of Energy Engineering
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.34-46
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• 2002

Carbon accounting is a key issue in the discussions on global warming/CO$_2$mitigation. This paper applies both the IPCC Approach and the NEAT (Non-Energy use Emission Accounting Tables) model, a bottom-up approach, to estimate the potential CO$_2$ emissions (carbon storage) originating from the non-energy use as to assess the actual CO$_2$ emissions (carbon release) from the use of fossil fuels in Korea. The current Korean carbon accounting seems to overestimate the potential CO$_2$ emissions and with it to underestimate the actual CO$_2$ emissions. The estimation shows that the potential CO$_2$ emissions calculated according to the IPCC Approach are lower than those calculated using the NEAT model. This is because the IPCC default storage fraction for naphtha seems to be low for the Korean petrochemical production structure, on the one hand and because the IPCC Approach does not consider the trade with short life petrochemical products, on the other hand. This paper shows that a bottom-up approach like the NEAT model can contribute to overcome some of limitations of the IPCC guidelines, especially by considering the international trade with short life petrochemical products and by estimating the storage fractions of fossil fuels used as feedstocks for the country in consideration. This paper emphasizes the importance of accurate energy statistics for carbon accounting.

• Journal of the Society of Naval Architects of Korea
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• v.55 no.5
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• pp.415-420
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• 2018

The development of sail gas has increased the production of ethane as well as natural gas. The decline in the market price for ethane has led to a change in the petroleum-based ethylene production process into an ethane-based ethylene production process and an increase in the ethane/ethylene trade volume. Large-scale ethane/ethylene carrier have been needed due to an increase in long-distance trade from the US, and cargo type change have leaded to consider a liquefaction process to re-liquefy Boil-Off gas generated during the voyage. In this paper, the liquefaction system of Liquefied Ethane Gas carrier was evaluated with Low-GWP (Low-Global Warming Potential) refrigerant and process parameters, Boil-Off Gas pressure and expansion valve outlet pressure, were optimized. Low-GWP refrigerants were propane (R290), propylene(R1270), carbon dioxide(R744) was considered at two type of liquefaction process such as Linde and cascade cycle. The results show that the optimal pressure point depends on the individual refrigerant and the highest liquefaction efficiency of carbon dioxide (R744) - propane (R290) refrigerant.

• Journal of Korea Trade
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.47-64
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• 2021

Purpose - This paper empirically analyzed the determinants of the online food market in Korea and Vietnam as representatives of the developed market and emerging market. The online food market can be regarded as having a high potential value. This study aims to suggest the appropriate implications for each developed market and emerging market by empirically comparing and analyzing customers' online food purchase determinants in the growth change of the online food market. Design/methodology - The empirical model of this study was established with the motif of the TAM+Trust model suggested by Nguyen et al.'s (2019) existing theoretical framework. Davis's (1989) TAM model was adopted to establish a framework related to the determinants that consumers would accept, for the online food purchasing method. Then, the trust variable is added to the framework which is regarded as an important effector especially in food related researches. In this study's comparative analysis, the multi-group structural equation modeling analysis was implemented. Findings - The main finding of this study can be summarized as that the moderating effect of nationality is significant. This means that there is an obvious difference between the developed online food market and the emerging online food market. In addition, as the growth of the online market changes, the significant determinants of consumers' attitudes and purchase intentions are somewhat different. However, the usefulness of online food purchasing methods and the trust of websites were analyzed as significant factors. Originality/value - Although the potential of the online food market is abundant, studies on the determinants of customer's attitude and purchase intention are insufficient. Moreover, comparative studies between countries have not been conducted in existing studies. Therefore, the research value of this paper can be explained in that it has suggested implications for the continued growth of the online food market.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.89 no.3
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• pp.368-377
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• 2000

This study was conducted to examine the recent developments in timber certification schemes at global level such as FSC certification and ISO 14001 system and to analyze their potential impacts on the Korean forest products trade. Data and information on standards and procedure of timber certification and certified forest lands were collected from relevant papers, statistics and reports published by regional and international organizations. In order to analyze the impacts on the Korean forest products trade, questionnaire survey to the affected parties was conducted on acknowledge of key words relating to environment and trade and on the additional amount of willingness to pay for a labeled timber from environmentally sound and sustainably managed forests. Quantities of certified timbers supplied would continue to increase due to lots of timber certification schemes developed and implemented at national, regional and global levels and growing interests in certification from many countries. Demand for certified timbers, however, is far from clear at this stage. The deciding factor would be consumer reaction to the certified products. In the short run, the timber certification would have a little impacts on forest products imports into Korean markets since domestic purchasers do not have much interests in environment related trade measures and their willingness to pay price premiums for certified timbers is not high. However, it could be expected that timber certification has negative impacts on exports of forest products, such as flooring and plywood, to developed European markets where timber certification is used as a trade barrier.

• International Area Studies Review
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.3-30
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• 2011

When the European Union countries (EU27) are viewed as the composition between the old member countries (EU15) and the new member states (NMS12), the statistics exhibit that the EU15 is the largest trade partner of the NMS12. According to the Korea-EU FTA agreement, the existing patterns of trade among the EU15, the NMS12, and Korea may create not only the increase in trade opportunity between the NMS12 and Korea, but also the higher rivalry threat on export from the NMS12 to the EU15 destination due to the potential increase in export from Korea to the EU15 market. This research examines in both potential impacts at the 3-digit level of SITC Rev.3 industry, in the point of view of the NMS12. Various conventional trade indices are employed in the study. However, the existing trade index exhibits the limitation for measuring the different degree of rivalry threat on exports of two different exporters in the same export destination. Hence, this study develops a new trade index, the so-called Rivalry Threat Index (RTI), to measure the export competition between the NMS12 and Korea in the EU15 destination. The results indicate that from the point of view of the NMS12, the EU-Korea FTA agreement may cause Korea acts as a trade partner and as an export competitor simultaneously.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Navigation
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.89-102
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• 1997

Since 1979, the People's Republic of China has been opeining their marke tprogressively toward all over the world for developing its own domestic economy and international trade. China also has paid a great attention to the international maritime transport due to the fact that its volume of international trade has increased continuoulsy. Under such circumstance, the Chinese Maritime Code was issued in 1992 in which the regulation with regard to carrier's liability occupied an important position. The author, therefore, selected this issue for demonstration of the legal proinciples about carrier's liability which is provided in the Chinese Maritime Code. The study on the issue is under guidance of related international conventions. On the basis of the above, the differences between the Code and relevant conventions have been pointed out in order to make the people in the field of shipping understood for legal system with regard to carrier's liability in China which is a great potential partner of Korea in shipping and trade.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.227-242
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• 2006

The rapid expansion of regionalism has resulted in the creation of blocs of the global economy, so that those countries not belonging to one or more blocs can be discrimiated. Though signed on the bill of FTA with Chile, Korea is actually alienated from major stream of the blocs. Therefore, Korea government makes efforts to contract more FTAs with countries such as Singapore and Japan, others. FTA is believed to be an important method to secure export and national competitiveness. Therefore, we need to exactly understand critical issues and the long-run effort of FTA. This paper tries to find out important issues and potential strategies relating to electronic commerce in Korea's FTA with other countries. In these means, relationship between FTA and e-Trade are closely related to global business chance. In these means, we should use FTA potentials for encouraging global commerce by e-Trade and develop e-FTA in the foreseeable future.

• Asian Journal of Business Environment
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.59-66
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• 2015

Purpose - The aim of the study is to analyze the impact of the European Union's (EU) focus on innovation and consumption, after the EU Eastern enlargement, on trade, investment, and technology cooperation patterns of Korea to formulate a pan-European marketing strategy, with a special emphasis on the mobile phone industry. Research design, data, and methodology - This study compares the intersection of the pivotal areas in the markets in the "post-new normal" era to identify outlets to commercialize development and innovation in this region. The EU would like to realize potential trade and investment opportunities with the Central European Economic Community (CEEC) from this enlargement. Results - The study analysis suggests a positive impact for innovation and consumption from the EU Eastern enlargement on trade, investment, and technology cooperation patterns of Korea to formulate a pan-European marketing strategy with a special emphasis on the mobile phone industry or motorcar e-strategy. Conclusions - Due to the evolving close interdependencies some hubs have emerged between regional, small markets and the central, larger ones such as Germany and France.