• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.665-676
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• 2017

Over the past several years, sea trade have increased traffic by ships which highlighted a problem of unwanted species invading the surrounding seas through ship's ballast water discharge. Maritime trade volume has continuously increased worldwide and the problem still exists. The respective countries are spending billions of dollars in an effort to clean up the contamination and prevent pollution. As part of an effort to solve marine environmental problem, BWM(Ballast Water Management) convention was adopted at a diplomatic conference on Feb. 13 2004. In order to comply harmoniously this convention by each country. This convention will be effective after 12 months from the date which 30 countries ratified accounting for more than 35% of the world merchant shipping volume. On Sep. 8 2016, Finland ratified this convention and effective condition was satisfied as 52 states and world merchant vessel fleet 35.1441%. Thus, after Sep. 8 2017, all existing vessels shall be equipped with BWTS(Ballast Water Treatment System) in accordance with D-2 Regulation, which physically handles ballast water from ballast water exchange system(D-1 Regulation). In this study, we analyzed in detail the optimal design method using the Risk Analysis and Evaluation technique which is mainly used in the manufacturing factory or the risky work site comparing with the traditional design concept method applying various criteria. The Risk Assessment Method is a series of processes for finding the Risk Factors in the design process, analyzing a probility of the accident and size of the accident and then quantifying the Risk Incidence and finally taking measures. In this study, this method was carried out for Electrolysis treatment type on DWT 180K Bulk Carrier using "HAZOP Study" method among various methods. In the Electrolysis type, 63 hazardous elements were identified.

• Journal of Convergence for Information Technology
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• v.8 no.5
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• pp.243-249
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• 2018

This study is to verify the accommodation attitudes and intention of use of the end-users to use the drone distribution delivery service that is to be introduced in Korea. For a research purpose, the research model and hypothesis in this study have been set based on by using the SPSS 22.0. Upon these, the extended technology acceptance model has been used to verify the correlation service of new technology, and the result has shown that the user of drone distribution delivery service has a causal relationship with individual innovation and that the accommodation behavior and intention of use have a causal relationship with economic efficiency and convenience. However, there was no causal relation from a perceived risk. Hence, based on the results of study about accommodation behaviors and intention of use of the end users of drone distribution delivery service, the marketing implications have been provided for commercialization of drone delivery service.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.209-227
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• 2006

This paper analyse current interpretation of the "causal link" that in particular, focuses principally on the so-called "non-attribution" requirement of Article 4.2(b) of the Safeguards Agreement. The safeguard measures are justified as a temporary economic adjustment to harm that is caused by an increase in imports. The problem with this justification is that there are other kinds of economic forces that may injure domestic industries, such as changes in consumer tastes, government spending or a lack thereof, and economic downturns. These problems do not justify government-imposed remedies. When factors therefore other than increased imports are causing injury to the domestic industry at the same time, such injury shall not be attributed to increased imports. The Appellate Body stressed that a contribution of third-party imports to the existence of serious injury must be sufficiently clear as to establish the existence of the causal link required, it found that Article 4.2(b) does not suggest that increased imports be the sole cause of the serious injury, or that other factors causing injury must be excluded from the determination of serious injury. The interest in separation is to ensure that a measure is not applied to remedy harm not caused by imports, but this basic point assumes that the harm is distinguishable in the first place. It also assumes that the safeguard is designed to respond to harm caused by imports. In fact safeguards were never intended to respond to this kind of unfair trade, but rather to provide whatever emergency relief might assist an ailing domestic industry if imports happened to be a part of that injury. The Appellate Body's insistence in breaking cause and effect down to minutia in the non-attribution analysis seems to be so overly intricate that it conflicts with it's broader focus on evaluating factors that effect harm on the industry as a whole.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.97-119
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• 2014

This study measures the efficiency of intellectual capital of Korea's banks, financial investment companies, and insurance companies using the Value Added Intellectual Coefficient (VAICTM) model, which was developed by A. Pulic and investigates into the relationship of each of VAIC's elements - efficiency of human, structural, and material capital -with business performance of the institution. we found, first, average VAIC and human capital efficiency(HCE) of Korean financial institutions during 2001 - 2012 were highest among banks, followed by insurance companies and securities firm. Secondly, in general, banks in advanced countries tend to have higher HCE and VAIC compared with the banks of developing countries. Thirdly, Korean financial institutions' HCE and VAIC are lower than those of Australia and even Taiwan and Thailand and have been on the decrease in recent years. This suggests that Korean financial institutions should enhance VAIC and HCE to build-up the international competitiveness.

• Journal of Arbitration Studies
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.31-56
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• 2007

The purpose of this thesis lies on building the foundation for the further activation of trade among the Northeast Asian countries such as South Korea, Japan, China, Russia, and North Korea through an analytical comparison of their arbitration systems. Further activation of trade cannot be reached without previously building safety measures on the negotiation of exports, the control on defective imported merchandise, the returns on investments, and the stable management of businesses. Throughout this thesis an analytical comparison of these five countries' most important areas on arbitration will be carried out. These areas are the arbitration laws and organizations; the structures of the laws; scope of arbitration; form of arbitration agreement, appointment of arbitratiors, place of arbitration, hearing, court assistance in taking evidence, governing law, decision making by panel of arbitrators, form and contents of awards, effective of award, recourse against award, recognition and enforcement of awards. etc. It was found in each of the areas cases to be identical, similar or verydifferent; also, cases unable to arbitrate. This phenomenon was found to occur due to the differences in political and economic systems and perception of arbitration among these countries. Additionally, this thesis points out what should each country do for its integration. It is also suggested the organization of a common arbitration research body to continue the efforts for raising the awareness, building trust, and mutual recognition among the countries to ultimately create a common arbitration system. Lastly, it is a personal will that this thesis will serve as the starting point for in depth researches in each of the presented areas.

• Convergence Security Journal
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• v.15 no.6_2
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• pp.141-149
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• 2015

Modern society is to have an significant impact on the competitiveness of the country in which the economic value is very high occupancy and ensure a state-of-the-art science and technology. The country's core technology or industry security crimes going seized state-of-the-art technology firms can threat of damage to the country's economic security. In particular, the defense industry serious crime that is directly related to national security. The company's core technology and trade secrets leaked once the industrial countries must prevent security breaches and offenses of strict punishment measures because it is impossible to recover. Also, some advanced countries directly has been operating industrial security crime for the country's economy and national security. In recent years, Nation core technology infringement cases are rapidly increasing in the country. In addition, industrial security crime threat to national security. Therefore, the industry security crimes damage to the national security that infringe on the business secrets of core technologies and businesses. It is necessary to identify that industry security crime associated with the visibility of the broad scope of intellectual property protection.

• Journal of Agricultural Extension & Community Development
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.101-119
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• 2000

Agricultural Extension Services in Korea have accomplished a significant role in self- sufficiency of rice, a national staple food, through green revolution in 1970's; supplying green vegetables even during the winter season through white revolution in 1980's; and establishing technical agriculture by organizing rural leaders and 4-H members. In 1990s changes were made in international situations under the Uruguay Round multilateral trade negotiations and inauguration of the World Trade Organization. This was followed by localization of the extension staffs and the functions of extension services in Korea changed dramatically from national government to local governments. Thus, a weakened national function resulted in loosening of the linkages of research and extension in central government and local extension offices. Difficulties were reported in diffusion of new agricultural technology and efficient management of extension personnel. Developmental tasks for better extension services for the 21st century in Korea would include recovering national functions of agricultural extension, and developing a new paradigm for extension service. This should include the following measures; 1) Cooperative extension service should be adapted to involve national as well as local governments and non-government organization. 2) The target groups for extension services should be expanded to include farmers, noel residents as well as urban consumers. 3) The role of the extension service should cover agricultural technological diffusion of innovations as well as managerial skills and leadership development for rural organizations. 4) Extension services should be introduced to small farmers as well as consultation services for advanced farms. Diversified approaches should be employed for mama effective services. 5) Pre-service as well as in-service education should be offered to secure better extension educators equipped with knowledge, understanding and abilities on agricultural technology, information, agricultural philosophy, instructional methods and communication skills.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.699-706
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• 2007

The importance of the standards and its related texts established by Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC) had been increased by the Agreement of Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS Agreement) in World Trade Organization (WTO). To meet the needs of WTO SPS Agreement, biennial CAC meeting had been changed to every year. This study was conducted to analyze the effects on interval between CAC meetings. The years of adoption, revision and amendment of CAC texts were collected from the official standard list and individual texts from CAC homepage. The period since establishment of CAC was divided into four groups by starting negotiation of Uruguay Round, WTO foundation and reducing the interval between CAC meetings. The collected data were analyzed by SPSS program. The numbers of CAC standards, guidelines, recommendations, maximum residue levels, and miscellaneous texts were 202, 56, 46, 3 and 5, respectively. Since 8 documents didn't contain the adoption year, these texts were eliminated to analyze adoption year. For adoption, annually 11.26 texts were established since establishment of CAC and there were no significant difference among the 4 groups. However the average numbers of revisions and amendments of adopted texts for overall periods and for each period were 7.56, 0.93, 6.50, 17.20 and 19.75, respectively. The average numbers of overall decisions, defined as summation of adoption, revision and amendment of texts, for overall periods and for each period were 12.37, 6.27, 9.00, 17.40 and 29.25, respectively. There were significant differences by the WTO foundation and the interval between CAC meetings. The reduced interval of CAC meetings influenced to increase number of revisions and amendments of adopted texts, but not yet adoption of new text.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF PACKAGING SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.42-58
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• 1999

Packaging materials and articles that are used in food contact applications can transfer constituents in the foodstuffs. This kind of risk of possible health hazards to consumers has been generally recognized for a long time with the consequence of establishing corresponding food regulations in most developed countries. However, the language of these laws, their interpretation, and their level of enforcement vary from country to country. Accordingly, the actual migrating levels from packaging materials can be varied depending on the migration testing methods as prescribed in the national legislation in each countries. Therefore, there are needs of elimination of non-tariff trade barriers raised by sanitary and phytosanitary or technical measures under the Final Act of the UR Agreement. In this connection, the EU and USA are currently in an ongoing process of legislation harmonization to overcome potential barriers to free trade. In general, regulations governing component transfer in the USA are more complicated and comprehensive than similar regulations in Europe. In future, standard migration testing procedures for microwave heat susceptor materials and for the use of fatty food simulant should be established and also harmonized among countries. The objective of this investigation is to compare the current regulations for migration testing for plastic containers and packaging materials in USA, EU and Korea or Japan. For those regulations, Korean standards are required to be kept up with the international standards. By doing this, the related Korean regulation could be amended along with the worldwide progress for harmonization.

• STI Policy Review
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.27-53
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• 2013

Technology research and development (R&D) expenditures have increased as most countries recognize that technological innovation is a significant factor for continued economic growth. R&D subsidies by governmental entities were permitted in accordance with the Subsidy and Countervailing Measure (SCM) Agreement under the World Trade Organization (WTO) system. However, according to Article 31 of the SCM Agreement the provision for R&D subsidies have been terminated as of January 2000 and legal disputes over R&D subsidies are likely to increase. The aircraft industry has been the only industry where R&D subsidies have become an issue under the WTO. This paper examines international trade disputes within the aircraft industry in regards to measures by Canada and bilateral disputes between the U.S. and the European Communities (EC). In these cases, various R&D subsidies on civil aircraft are found to be inconsistent with WTO rules. This study summarizes the WTO decisions on various R&D subsidies disputed in the aircraft cases and examines the type of R&D subsidies found to be inconsistent (or consistent) with the WTO to provide guidelines for current and future R&D subsidy policies in high-tech industries. The Canada-Aircraft case indicates that R&D subsidies directly targeted towards near market R&D projects with a high export potential will likely be in violation of current WTO rules. Furthermore, findings from the EC-Aircraft and the U.S.-Aircraft cases suggest that the forms (or the methods) of R&D subsidy distribution were not a sufficient condition for the WTO ruling; instead, what ultimately mattered was whether and specifically to whom the benefits of the R&D subsidies are conferred by the government entities.