• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.143-163
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• 2006

The terms electronic trade, electronic trading and electronic commerce are often used interchangeably, and refer to trading transactions conducted using electronic media. Electronic trade is business-to-business transactions in an industrial context, while electronic commerce refers to retailing and the consumer sector as well as mass marketing. The Electronic trade process is defined as a flow of information (documents) exchanged between enterprises and trade-related firms (shipping companies, foreign exchange banks, forwarders, etc.) in the course of implementing a series of export and import procedures. Electronic trading systems exploit information technology to improve the efficiency of communications and/or to alter the nature of inter-organizational transactions. Many studies exist about the adoption of inter-organizational systems (IOS) and electronic data interchange (EDI), but few focus on electronic trade. The literature on exporting companies's electronic trade adoption and implementation, although extensive, consists mainly of exploratory studies focusing on technological characteristics such as barriers, benefits and usage. The purpose of this study is to broaden this perspective by investigating the environmental, organizational and technological drivers of business-to-business e-commerce adoption.

• Journal of Korea Trade
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.21-47
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• 2021

Purpose - Offshoring has emerged as one of the major trends in international trade and has become one of the strategies for achieving competitiveness in the global market. In spite of this, the expected gains of offshoring can be offset by hidden costs and risks, such as those associated with the COVID-19 pandemic, the trade war between the USA and China, and the ongoing trade dispute between Korea and Japan. To obviate such business failure and prevent critical business blunders, offshoring strategies that efficiently consider both risk elements and potential wealth creation are urgently need. The first purpose of this study is to contribute to the development of more advanced offshoring strategies to help host countries select the best locations to manage supply chain risks and create unique value. The second purpose is to specifically analyze the current status of Korea and provide Korean companies with implications to be considered when deciding whether to offshore or re-shore. Design/methodology - A Network DEA model was applied to measure the comparative location efficiency of national competencies for offshoring strategy from perspectives of wealth creation opportunities (profitability and marketability) and supply chain risk management. The location efficiencies are compared among a total 70 countries selected from the Global Competitiveness Index (GCI) and globally attractive locations outlined by Kearney (2017). For the secondary analysis of efficiency, a t-test examining the nature of competitive advantage and the level of sophistication in production processes was implemented in three divisions. We then analyzed differences in offshoring performance in terms of the identified national traits. Moreover, Tobit regression analysis is conducted to investigate the correlation between value-added business activities and each divisional efficiency, seeking to determine how each degree of value-added business activity influences the increase in offshoring productivity. Findings - Regarding overall location efficiency for offshoring performance, only the USA and Italy were identified as being efficient as host countries for offshoring, under circumstances of advanced development, such as productivity and risk management. Korea ranks 13th among 70 countries. The determinants of national competitiveness depend on national traits (the nature of competitive advantage and business sophistication). Countries with labor/resource advantages and labor-intensive industries are more competitive in terms of marketability than others. In contrast, countries with strong technology-intensive industries benefit offshoring companies, particularly in the technology sector, with the added advantage of supply chain risk management. As the perception of a value chain is broader in a country, it can achieve both production sophistication and competitive advantages such as marketability and SCRM. Originality/value - Existing studies focus on offshoring effectiveness from a company perspective. This paper contributes to comparing country efficiency in producing core competencies related to an offshoring strategy and also segments countries into three performance-based considerations associated with the global offshoring market. It also details Korea's position as an offshoring location according to national efficiency and competency.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.21 no.9
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• pp.67-79
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• 2023

Purpose: To investigate the intensity of bilateral international trade of the Silk Road Economic Belt (SREB) countries with Kazakhstan, its relationship with logistics (LPI), to assess their contribution to economic growth and distribution of commodity flows. Research design, data, and methodology: The method of analyzing the bilateral trade flow was applied by using the trade intensity index (TII) and a multidimensional regression model describing the relationship between LPI and its components, TII, the volume of exports and imports, GDP. Results: The nature and directions of the relationship between TII and the key components of logistics, the positive impact of LPI on the intensity of trade are established. It is revealed that the intensity of trade between the countries in the direction of the EAEU-Kazakhstan has a greater impact on the growth of LPI than in the opposite direction. At the same time, the higher the level of trade integration and the volume of GDP, the stronger their impact on the efficiency of logistics and distribution of commodity flows. Conclusions: Effective distribution of commodity flows will require the development of logistics components based on the direction of bilateral trade and the size of countries, the intensification of state reforms in the field of international trade and distribution logistics.

• Korea Trade Review
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• v.47 no.6
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• pp.269-289
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• 2022

The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted supply chains across the world. When the pandemic broke out, the disruptions were mainly due to the lockdowns imposed in various countries. The WTO has predicted that the pandemic might cause world trade to decline by 13 to 32 per cent in 2020. This paper will examine the implications of COVID-19 on digital trade, particularly the use of blockchain in the Asia Pacific. The Asia Pacific (particularly Singapore and Hong Kong) is a leader in the use of digital technologies. This paper will thus attempt to draw out lessons from the first movers for the rest of Asia. It will examine the bottlenecks in the application of this technology in the Asia Pacific countries, and the need for regulatory changes in the Asia-Pacific. It will trace the technology's barriers to adoption, both as regards interoperability, and regulatory framework. The advantages of blockchain technology in trade finance are clear; it can promote trade efficiency, mitigate risk and expand trade to other regions. However, earlier efforts to introduce digital technologies have failed. More collaborative efforts are required, so that networks can connect seamlessly on a single technology platform, and meet the demand for trade finance. The COVID-19 pandemic seems to have provided an enabling environment for the intensification of digital efforts, increasing their urgency; should these measures indeed successfully occur, they will improve the resiliency of supply chains across the region.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.63
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• pp.261-282
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• 2014

A Silk Road was connecting East and West with trade route. The role From the ancient, Silk Road is situated in the Central Asia such as Kazakhstan, thus logistics sector was important more than others. This theme is the study of the Export Competitiveness of Korea-Kazakhstan trade. This paper analyses between Korea and Kazakhstan's trade used by TSI(trade specification index), IITI(intra-industry trade index) and CTBI(contribution to trade balance index). The World Bank is already addressing Kazakhstan's logistics inefficiencies is the lowest tier. Thus, Kazakhstan governments should encourage efficiency in Logistic parts. And more Korea is supporting to decrease Logistic cost.

• The Journal of Information Technology
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.99-112
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• 2004

Internet is changing all of the commercial practices and customs on international business transaction. So called e-Trade in global marketing is expected to dominate the global trade in 21st century and thus is being introduced as a major mission assignment for exporting countries. e-Trade has the potential to accelerated existing threads and introduce new ways of carrying out global trade. It is especially important in Korea, which has a high dependency rate on trade. Trade efficiency through the channel of e-Trade is an alternative to strengthen international competition of korean small and medium sized global trading firm.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.55-73
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• 2010

The thesis examines new innovation of various aspect to overcome lots of problems which come by when we execute simplification of trade procedure and administration fairly. Practical implications regarding the innovation of electronic trade infrastructure are as follows. First, it will propel the standardization of electronic trade section in the technical side and the construction atmosphere of international authentication system must be created. The work process should be redesigned in order to implement export-import procedures that meet the relevant standards. Second, the improvement of system for electronic process is necessary in the law and institutional aspect. In order to eliminate any obstacles to the trade procedure, clearer legal grounds regarding legitimate controls and minimum necessity must be established. Also, laws should be revised to admit mutual recognition among certification organizations, in lieu of international agreement-based mutual recognition between government. Third, the detailed improvement for the integration of the electronic trade infrastructure will be demanded. Additionally, user-centered quality management protocols should be established via connections with the systems already existing in governmental bodies. Fourth, various trade institution should harmonized and interconnected with other partners through mutual cooperation for standardization of operational system. A system which can monitor and remotely diagnose and resolve system errors should be established to provide tailor-made service and improve operational efficiency. At the same time, it is necessary to build a cooperative system to share information and promote comprehensive management for efficient operation.

• Korea Trade Review
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.87-103
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• 2019

L/C(Letter of Credit) is a common payment term designed to prevent credit risk in international trade. However, most companies prefer T/T (Telegraphic Transfer) payment due to its time and cost efficiency. According to related statistics, more than 70% of international trade contracts are based on T/T rather than other payment terms. The time required from the export negotiation to the completion of the export transaction and collection in international trade is very long. In this process, disputes related to settlement are continuous, so caution should be exercised. Therefore, whether or not the export payment is recovered in a timely manner is the core issue of trade transactions for exporters. The purpose of this study is to identify problems that cause delayed payments during settlement by the remittance (T/T) method, which can lead to settlement risk, in order to investigate those factors which can lead to delays in payments and increased risk as well as to determine ways to prevent such factors in advance. According to empirical findings, trading experience, transaction duration, and contract contents can be important determinants in terms of payment delays. Industry uniqueness and market uncertainty were found to be in opposition to the hypothesized relationships. The results of this study will be useful for trading companies to reduce their payment risk.

• Journal of Korea Trade
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• v.23 no.7
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• pp.96-112
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• 2019

Purpose - "Trade Facilitation" aims the easier flow of trade across borders, driven not only by effective customs administration, the efficiency of appropriate authorities, but also by telecommunications, the quality of infrastructures and competent logistics. Facilitating trade will help lower trade development costs as well as improve economic development and enhance economic benefits for emerging economies at a time when imports and exports are sent in and out across borders several times in the form of intermediate and final products. Not only that, globalization is being accelerated, which in turn increases competitiveness and this makes logistics one of the key factors when it comes to international trade. Highly efficient logistics services promote product movement, ensure product safety and delivery speed, and reduce trade costs between countries. The purpose of this study is, by using the LPI indices based on gravity model estimates, to analyze the impact of each LPI component on trade with the 20 biggest exporting countries of Northeast Asian countries-Korea, Japan, and China-which account for 19.05% of global exports. Design/methodology - Also, this study statistically analyzes the impact of trade on Northeast Asian countries' top 20 exporting countries, using the LPI indices relevant to Trade Facilitation based on the gravity model estimates. Findings - As a result, it was turned out that the distance, GDP, and the LPI components have relevant impact on the trade exports of all three countries but demonstrated little relation to the demographic perspective. Originality/value - The study also found we can increase the trade volume by improving three countries' trade partners' LPI indices since Korea, Japan, and China share most of their 20 biggest trade partners.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.43
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• pp.397-422
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• 2009

Electronic trade reduces additional costs generated from the issuing and management of paper documents, and overcomes the physical limitations of commercial transactions as well as the geographical and time limitations resulting from trading with foreign countries. These characteristics of electronic trade guarantees better and more effective global marketing for companies. In addition, by expanding relative superiority of large corporations to medium-small sized companies, many medium-small companies have shown great interest in electronic trade to promote its exporting businesses, and implementing changes to facilitate electronic trade into their business system. Therefore, it is expected that the electronic trade will be more widely distributed and utilized by businesses of all sizes in the future. The adaptation and implementation of the electronic trade system can only have prosperous effects when there is a high efficiency in the utilization and service process of the concerned company. Under this premise, this research first examined electronic trade, characteristics of the company and information utilization as the key elements to determine the effectiveness of the utility aspect. Then it examines confirmation of product demand, registration of revenues, and authorization as the key elements to determine the level of service process.