• 보존과학연구
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• 통권11호
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• pp.87-105
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• 1990

Chemical and micro morphological changes of archaeological waterlogged woods from shipwrecked materials in marine situations were investigated which were submerged in seabed for over 900 years. Tested Wood species were Pinusdensiflora, Zelkova serrata, Quercus acutissima and Camellia japonica. The obtained results were summarized as follows; Chemical analysis showed that lignin content was increased, whereas the amout of holocellulose was heavily decreased in the degraded archaeological lwoods(DAW), when compared to the recent woods. The amount of alkalineextractives in the DAW was extremley high. IR spectra showed that disappearance of absortion band at $1,730㎝^-1$ intensity increase at 1,600, 1,500 and $1,270㎝^-1$ and the emergence of single band around $1,050㎝^-1$.Microscopic investigation showed that cell wall of latewood tracheids and fiber in the DAW were severely degraded while, early wood tracheids less degraded. Degradation in the cell wall was mainley occurred in $S_2$layer, while the middle lamella was the least degraded. The micro morphological characteristics of DAW were separation of secondary wall from middle lamella, cavities aligned with micro fibril angle in $S_2$layer and granular appearance of secondary wall by the bacterial attack.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.3-18
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• 1985

한국(韓國)에서는 리기다소나무 (Pinus rigida Miller, pitch pine) 지재(枝材)의 해부학적(解剖學的)인 특성(特性)에 관한 연구(硏究)가 광학현미경적(光學顯微鏡的)인 방법(方法)을 통하여 이(李)에 의하여 1972년(年) 발표(發表)되었다. 본 연구(硏究)에서는 리기다소나무 지재(枝材)의 해부학적(解剖學的)인 특성(特性)에 관한 이(李)의 연구(硏究) 속보(續報)로써 압축이상재(壓縮異常材) (compression wood), 대응재(對應材) (opposite wood) 및 측면재(側面材) (side wood)의 횡단면(橫斷面)과 방사단면(放射斷面)상의 조직학적(組織學的) 특성(特性)을 주사전자현미경(走査電子顯微鏡)을 통하여 비교(比較) 연구(硏究)한 바 얻어진 결과(結果)를 요약(要約)하여 보면 다음과 같다. 1. 압축이상재(壓縮異常材)에 있어서 춘재(春材)로부터 추재(秋材)로의 가도관(假導管) 이행(移行)은 극점(極漸)이며 가도관(假導管)의 배열(排列) 및 크기 역시 거의 균일(均一)한 상태(狀態)를 나타내지만 대응재(對應材) 및 측면재(側面材)에 있어서는 가도관(假導管)의 이행(移行)이 급(急)하며 가도관(假導管)의 배열(排列) 및 크기도 압축이상재(壓縮異常材)의 가도관(假導管)보다 불균일(不均一)하다. 또한 대응재(對應材)의 연륜폭(年輪幅)은 압축이상재(壓縮異常材)나 측면재(側面材)의 연륜폭(年輪幅)보다 좁으며 측면재(側面材)의 횡단면(橫斷面)상 방사조직(放射組織)은 압축이상재(壓縮異常材) 및 대응재(對應材)의 방사조직(放射組織)보다 더 명확(明確)하다. 2. 압축이상재(壓縮異常材)의 가도관(假導管) 특히 춘재(春材) 가도관(假導管)이 둥근 경향(傾向)을 나타내는데 반하여 대응재(對應材) 및 측면재(側面材)의 가도관(假導管)은 다소 모난 모양을 나타낸다. 그리고 세포간극(細胞間隙) (intercellular space), 나선강(螺旋腔) (helical cavity) 및 나선형(螺旋型) (spiral check)이 압축이상재(壓縮異常材)의 춘재(春材) 및 추재(秋材)에 모두 존재하는데 반하여 대응재(對應材)에 있어서는 춘재(春材) 및 추재(秋材) 모두에 존재(存在)하지 않는다. 3. 대응재(對應材) 및 측면재(側面材)에 있어서 추재(秋材) 가도관(假導管)의 막(膜) 두께가 춘재(春材) 가도관(假導管)의 것보다는 더욱 크지만 압축이상재(壓縮異常材)의 추재(秋材) 가도관(假導管)은 그 막(膜)의 두께가 춘재(春材) 가도관(假導管)의 것과 비슷하여 대응재(對應材) 및 측면재(側面材)의 가도관(假導管)과는 달리 압축이상재(壓縮異常材)의 가도관(假導管)에는 2차막(次膜)의 $S_3$ 층(層)이 존재(存在)하지 않는다. 4. 대응재(對應材) 및 측면재(側面材)의 가도관(假導管)과는 달리 압축이상재(壓縮異常材)의 가도관(假導管)은 종종 그 선단부(先端部)가 굴곡(屈曲)되어 있으며 압축이상재(壓縮異常材)의 가도관(假導管)에 존재(存在)하는 유연막공(有緣膜孔)은 대응재(對應材) 및 측면재(側面材)의 것과는 달리 세포막(細胞膜) 내표면(內表面)의 나선상(螺旋狀) (groove)에 존재(存在)한다. 5. 대응재(對應材) 및 측면재(側面材)의 가도관(假導管)의 방사막(放射膜)에 존재(存在)하는 유연막공(有緣膜孔)은 난형(卵形)이지만 압축이상재(壓縮異常材)의 가도관(假導管)의 유연막공(有緣膜孔)은 약간 변형(變形)된 난형(卵形)을 나타낸다. 6. 측면재(側面材)의 춘재(春材)에 있어서 소형(小形) 분야막공구(分野膜孔口)는 둥근 삼각형(三角形)을 나타내며 대형(大形) 분야막공구(分野膜孔口)는 2개의 소형(小形) 분야막공구(分野膜孔口)가 합병(合倂)되어 창상(窓狀)을 나타낸다. 그러나, 대응재(對應材)의 춘재(春材)에 있어서 소형(小形) 분야막공구(分野膜孔口)는 직립(直立)의 난형(卵形)을 그리고 대형(大形) 분야막공구(分野膜孔口)는 평복(平伏)의 난형(卵形)을 나타내며 압축이상재(壓縮異常材)의 분야막공구(分野膜孔口)는 가도관측(假導管側)의 막공연(膜孔緣)으로 인하여 춘재(春材)의 것이 양편 볼록렌즈형(形)을, 추재(秋材)의 것이 슬릿 (slit)형(形)을 나타낸다.

• 한국가구학회지
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.248-258
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• 2017

A study was carried out to observe the 1% aqueous safranine solution flow speed in longitudinal and radial directions of softwood Thuja orientalis L., diffuse-porous wood Gmelina arborea Roxb., and ring-porous wood Phellodendron amurense Rupr., Longitudinal flow was considered from bottom to top while the radial flow was considered from bark to pith directions. In radial direction, ray cells and in longitudinal direction tracheids, vessel and wood fiber were considered for the measurement of liquid penetration speed at less than 12% moisture contents(MC). The variation of penetration speed for different species was observed and the reasons behind for this variation were explored. The highest radial penetration depth was found in ray parenchyma of T. orientalis but the lowest one was found in ray parenchyma of P. amurense. The average liquid penetration depth in longitudinal trachied of T. orientalis was found the highest among all the other cells. The penetration depth in fiber of G. arborea was found the lowest among the other longitudinal cells. It was found that cell dimension and also meniscus angle of safranine solution with cell walls were the prime factors for the variation of liquid flow speed in wood. Vessel was found to facilitate prime role in longitudinal penetration for hardwood species. The penetration depth in vessel of G. arborea was found highest among all vessels. Anatomical features like ray parenchyma cell length and diameter, end-wall pits number were found also responsible fluid flow differences. Initially liquid penetration speed was high and the nit gradually decreased in an uneven rate. Liquid flow was captured via video and the penetration depths in those cells were measured. It was found that even in presence of abundant rays in hardwood species, penetration depth of liquid in radial direction of softwood species was found high. Herein the ray length, lumen area, end wall pit diameter determined the radial permeability. On the other hand, vessel and fiber structure affected the longitudinal flow of liquids. Following a go-stop-go cycle, the penetration speed of a liquid decreased over time.

• 한국가구학회지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.23-32
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• 1999

The ultrastructural characteristics of shear fracture surfaces of laminated wood prepared from major four Korea wood specimens were examined. Commercial urea and urethan resin were used as adhesives for laminated woods of both homospecies and heterospecies. The morphology of fracture surface was observed using an optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Three anatomical failure types were recognized : intercell failure, intrawall failure and transwall failure. In dry specimen, failure occurred mainly in woods. Laminated woods of softwoods showed mostly intrawall failure and transwall failure of tracheids, and them of hardwoods indicated mainly intrawall failure and interwall failure. Laminated woods prepared with urethan resin showed coarse fracture surface, on the other hand, those prepared with an urea formaldehyde resin had clean surface. In wet specimen, failure occurred dominantly in glue line. Intrawall failure and flags were characterized in laminated wood prepared with urethan resin. In heterospecies laminated woods, failure was occurred mainly in softwood. Consequently, fracture morphology of laminated wood may be influenced by adhesives, moisture content, species and anatomical characteristics.

• 생약학회지
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• 제6권3호
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• pp.131-135
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• 1975

In continuation of studies on the Umbelliferous fruits the inner morphology of 'Kobon' fruit was examined, 'Kobon' is an original plant of Korean Gaoben, its scientific name being given Angelica tenuissima NAKAI or Ligusticum tenuissimum KITAGAWA. The arrangement of vascular bundles is the same as those of the genus Ligusticum or Tilingia and Conioselinum. The tracheids reach nearly the top of the ribs, and this is similar to that of the genus Conioselinum. From these characters and the results of studies on the inner morphology of the fruits of Umbelliferous plants related to 'Kobon,' the origin of 'Kobon' was identified as the genus Conioselinum.

• 한국식물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국식물학회 1999년도 제13회 식물생명공학심포지움 New Approaches to Understand Gene Function in Plants and Application to Plant Biotechnology
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• pp.69-73
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• 1999

In plants as well as in other multicellular organisms, programmed cell death plays essential roles in the abortion or formation of specific cells and tissues during development to organize the plant [11, 15, 18]. A typical example of developmentally programmed cell death in plants is the death during differentiation of tracheary elements which are components of vessels and tracheids, a water-conducting system. The programming of cell death during tracheary element differentiation has been revealed to be unique to plant cells by using the in vitro Zinnia mesophyll cell culture system. In particular, new biosynthesis of autolysis-related enzymes such as cysteine proteases and nucleases, their accumulation of the vacuole and the programmed collapse of the vacuole are essential to the death of tracheary elements and differ greatly from the process of the apoptotic cell death in animals.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.9-20
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• 2008

Anatomical comparison of 3 North American species with commercial name of redcedar was executed to provide taxonomic information for prevention of confusion and establishment of sound business transaction in the wood market. Eastern redcedar (Juniperus virginiana) and southern redcedar (Juniperus silicicola) could not be separated on the basis of microstructure and ultrastructure of wood. Western redcedar (Thuja plicata), however, appeared to be obviously separated from eastern and southern redcedar in a number of microscopic and ultramicroscopic features. Useful features for separating these two groups were intercellular spaces in transverse surface, latewood width, radial intertracheid pitting, warty layer and pits with torus extensions in tracheids, ray composition, nodular end walls in ray parenchyma cells, and cross-field pitting.

• 한국가구학회지
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.109-114
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• 2006

An investigation was carried out for the annual ring width, longitudinal tracheid diameter and wall thickness in different tree heights for Pinus koraiensis Sieb. et. Zucc. The annual ring width increased along with the tree height, however the tracheid diameter and wall thickness decreased with the tree height. Tracheid wall thickness was found the thickest at 2.0m from the above ground samples and it increased gradually from pith to bark. Radial tracheid diameter was found to be larger than that of tangential tracheid diameter in earlywood. But, it was found to be the opposite in latewood. In earlywood, the average values of tracheid wall thickness was found the range of $2.1-3.0{\mu}m$, whereas, in latewood, it was $2.4-4.2{\mu}m$.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.126-132
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• 2001

탄산칼륨 포화용액을 감압주입한 후, 염화칼숨 포화용액으로 확산처리하여 제조한 무기질 복합화 목재 중에 있어서 물 불용성의 무기염의 생성상태와 구성성분 및 이들 무기염이 생성된 목재의 방부성능에 대하여 조사하였다. 탄산칼륨 포화용액을 주입한 젖은 상태의 시험편을 염화칼슘 포화용액에 24, 72, 120시간 동안 침지시킨후, 미반응 용액 및 부생성물을 제거하기 위하여 흐르는 수도수에 24시간 세척하는 방법으로 무기질 복합화 목재를 제조하였다. 무기염의 생성은 염화칼슘 포화용액 주입 후, 72시간의 염화칼슘 포화용액 침지처리에서 평균 108.1%의 중량 증가율을 보여 최대치에 이르렀다. 시험편의 가도관 내강에 다량의 무기염이 생성되어 있는 것이 관찰되었으며, 이들 무기염은 물에 의해 용탈되지 않고 X선 분석에 의하여 다량의 Ca 원소의 특성 X선이 검출된 점으로부터 물 난용성의 탄산칼슘인 것으로 추정되었다. 처리 시험편에서는 공시균에 의하여 거의 중량감소가 발생하지 않아 가도관 내강에 생성된 탄산칼슘으로 추정되는 무기염이 목재의 방부성능 향상에 기여하는 것으로 밝혀졌다.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제33권1호통권129호
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• pp.38-47
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• 2005

본 연구는 섬잣나무(Pinus parviflora S. et Z.) 지재에 발달되어 있는 압축이상재, 측면재 및 대응재의 조직학적 특성을 광학현미경과 주사전자현미경을 이용하여 비교, 검토하였다. 조재로부터 만재로의 가도관 이행은 압축이상재가 측면재나 대응재보다 상대적으로 더 점진적이었다. 그리고 연륜폭과 만재율은 압축이상재가 측면재 혹은 대응재보다 큰 경향을 보였다. 횡단면상 만재 가도관의 형상에 있어 정방형 내지 다각형을 나타내는 측면재 및 대응재와는 달리 압축이상재는 원형을 나타냈다. 세포간극, 나선강, 나선째짐 및 슬릿형 벽공구는 압축이상재에만 발달하였다. 그러나 우상층은 측면재 및 대응재뿐만 아니라 압축이상재 가도관에서도 모두 관찰되었다. 압축이상재의 교분야벽공은 정상적인 창상형 벽공이 아니라 심한 변형을 통해 편백형 내지 삼나무형 벽공을 나타내기 때문에 식별 인자로 이용될 수 없는 것으로 나타났다. 그리고 방추형방사조직의 폭과 높이는 압축이상재가 측면재 및 대응재의 것보다 넓고 낮은 모습을 보였다. 결론적으로 압축이상재의 해부학적 특징은 측면재나 대응재와 상이한 특성을 나타냈으나 대응재와 측면재 사이에는 해부학적 차이가 거의 없었다.