• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.161-177
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• 2004

The Cretaceous pink granites of the finan area, southwestern Ogcheon belt, are adjacently developed in the eastern part (Keg) and western part (Kwg) as stocks, respectively. Keg of rounded shape occur as mainly medium-coarse grained rocks, whereas Kwg of ellipsoidal shape occurs as medium-coarse grained ones with partly porphyritic and fine-grained textures. Miarolitic cavities of them are often seen and can be observed more frequently in Kwg than Keg. Rose and counter fracture diagrams of the two granites show that Keg and Kwg have more potentiality of non-dimension and dimension to non-dimension stones, respectively. Physical properties such as porosity and absorption ratio have 0.25% and 0.65％, and 0.43% and 1.11%, respectively, which could suggest that emissions of gas phase at later magma stages are abundant in Kwg than those of Keg. From the major and trace elements petrochemisoy, they belong to acidic, peraluminous and calc-alkaline rocks, showing that Kwg are later product than Keg of the same granitic parent magma. REE concentrations normalized to chondrite value have trends of gradual and parallel enriched LREE and depleted HREE. Eu negative anomalies of Kwg are far more severe than those of Keg, which suggest that plagioclase fractionation in Kwg was much stronger than that of Keg. In the magnetic susceptibility vs. petrochemical and modal parameters, they all belong to magnetite-series and I-types, and can be classified as weakly-moderately ferromagnetic rocks. And the above relations could suggest that their susceptibility values are more mainly depended on ferromagnetic opaques than ferromagnetic and paramagnetic assemblages (Bt ＋ Ch ＋ Ser ＋ Op).

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.403-414
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• 1994

Nonlinear analysis of RC containment structure under thermal load and pressure is presented to trace the behaviour after an assumed LOCA. The temperature distribution varying with time through the wall thickness is determined by transient finite element analysis with the two time level scheme in time domain. The layered shell finite elements are used to represent the containment structures in nuclear power plants. Both geometric and material nonlinearities are taken into account in the finite element formulation. The constitutive relation of concrete is modeled according to Drucker-Prager yield criteria in compression. Tension stiffening model is used to represent the tensile behaviour of concrete including bond effect. The reinforcing bars are modeled by smeared layer at the location of reinforcements accounting elasto-plastic axial behaviors. The steel liner model under Von Mises yield criteria is adopted to represent elastic-perfect plastic behaviour. Geometric nonlinearity is formulated to consider the large displacement effect. Thermal stress components are determined by the initial strain concept during each time step. The temperature differential between any two consecutive time steps is considered as a load incremental. The numerical results from this study reveal that nonlinear temperature gradient based on transient thermal analysis will produces excessive large displacement. Nonlinear behavior of containment structures up to ultimate stage can be traced reallistically. The present study allows more realistic analysis of concrete containment structures in nuclear power plants.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.41-47
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• 1972

An experiment was conducted to study the zinc deficiency of rice plant grown on Boeun soil of Korea and on Batangas soil of the philippines. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. Batangas soil was deficient in zinc because of the high pH, high organic matter and high calcium. Zinc content of the rice plant grown on Batangas soil was l6ppm. On the other hand, Boeun soil had low organic matter. Zinc content of the rice plant grown on Boeun soil was 33ppm. 2. The top leaf had higher zinc content than any other leaves. Zinc deficiency apparently occured when the zinc content of the rice plant was below 18ppm. 3. The physiologically acid fertilizer such as ammonium sulfate was more advantageous in improving zinc up take than the urea. 4. The zine deficiency was promoted when the Mn/Zn ratio is high, and zinc and manganess interact antagonistically in the growth of rice plant. 5. The zinc deficiency could be overcome by applying zinc chloride and fritted Trace elements to the Batangas soil, and the yield was significantly increased than conrtol.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.612-615
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• 2006

Purpose: An ideal bony construct can be divided into two broad categories: (1) the design and fabrication of biodegradable, biomimetic scaffolds that provide correct signals to induce osteogenesis: (2) the identification of an ideal source of osteoprogenitor cells to seed onto the scaffold. We selected poly-glycolic acid as a synthetic scaffold among various scaffolds because of these properties. Meanwhile, culture medium is supplemented with fetal bovine serum(FBS): such serum contains essential elements such as proteins, hormones, growth factors and trace minerals. The composition of FBS can be ideal for various cell growth in vitro. We supposed that we could enhance bone growth at a fractured site if FBS was mixed with synthetic scaffold-PGA. Methods: We cultured human osteoblasts in five different prepared culture dishes made with FBS and PGA mixture. The mixtures contained different ratio of FBS, that is, 0, 1.5, 3, 7, and 10%. We cultured human osteoblasts for seven days and examined the growth and attachment of the cells at the 1st, 3rd, 5th, 7th days, respectively. Results: In the mixture of 0% FBS and PGA, the growth of the cells lasted for one day. In 1.5 and 3% FBS and PGA, the growth of the cells was examined at the 3rd day, then minimally declined at the 5th and 7th days. In 7% FBS and PGA, the growth of the cells lasted for 5 days, then declined at the 7th day. In 10% FBS and PGA, the growth of the cells lasted for 5 days, then declined at the 7th day. Staining status of the osteoblasts with alkaline phosphatase showed pale pink color in 0% FBS and PGA groups, but bright pink color in 1.5, 3, 7, 10% FBS and PGA groups, especially in 3%, 7%. Conclusion: In consequence, the growth of human osteoblast was higher in the mixture of FBS and PGA groups than in pure PGA ones. It is assumed that the mixture of FBS and PGA affects the proliferation of human osteoblasts.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.55-60
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• 2007

Contents of scorched particles in infant formula were studied to provide a scientific evidence for standardization of Food Regulation in Korea. The specification of scorched particles in infant formula in Korea was satisfied with CODEX, USDA and so on. But food regulations for scorched particles in baby food are not mentioned in Korea. Nowadays social interests of scorched particles in infant formula are being increased in the respect of safety for baby food. The composition and contents of scorched particles were analyzed with Scanning Electron Microscope-Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrometer(SEM-EDS) and Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer(ICP-MS). The results indicate that the scorched particles consist Ca, Na, Fe, Mg and trace elements derived from the ingredient of infant formula. Infant formula are composed of milk, skimmed milk, whey, mixed vegetable oils, minerals and vitamins. These results also show that the contents of scorched particles of infant formula in Korea are little or similar level to those reported in other countries. In general, heavy metals derived from scorched particle are originally used as a source of minerals in infant formula. And it has been thought that they doesn't effect on Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intake set by FAO/WHO for contents and composition of scorched particles.

• Ecology and Resilient Infrastructure
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.180-185
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• 2017

Restoration of min-impacted arable land is often performed through stabilization of trace elements by amendment treatment combined with (clean) soil covering on the surface. Recently, soil loss problem from sloping remediated agricultural lands has risen as an emerging concern. In this study, efficacy of aggregation formation was assessed by single and binary treatments of four potential amendments (bentonite, lime, organic matter, and steel slag) applied on three cover soils having different clay contents (9.4, 14.7, and 21.2% for A, B, and C soils respectively). In results of single treatments, 5% organic matter for A soil and 5% lime for B and C soils were found most effective for the aggregation formation compared to the respective controls (without amendments). Among nine binary treatments, 3% organic matter + 1% lime for A soil and 1% organic matter + 3% lime for both B and C soils led to the highest formation of aggregation (30.4, 25.0, and 36.5% for A, B, and C soils). For a site-application, the soil erodibility difference between the cover soils (0.045, 0.051, and 0.054 for A, B, and C soils, respectively) and the national average of arable land (0.032) was assumed to be compensated by amendment addition, which is equivalent to 29.1% aggregation formation. To achieve the aggregation goal, 5% lime for A and B soils and 3% lime for C soil were best in the consideration of benefit/cost, thereby effectively and economically reducing soil loss from sloping remediation site. Soil alkalinity induced by lime treatment was not considered in this work.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.185-194
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• 2018

At the end of November 2010, livestock infected with foot and mouth disease (FMD) were buried, increasing concern about secondary pollution of drinking water and groundwater with odor. Hence, measures to reduce pollution of drinking water and groundwater are needed. In this study, based on livestock type and soil texture, five pilot-scale burial sites were monitored for the past three years from Feb 2012 to 2015. Leachate from the site was analyzed for 90 compounds. A detailed investigation has been completed, looking into organic matter decomposition characteristics of the buried bodies, relevant trace elements thereof, and in particular metabolite concentration changes such as the degree of decomposition of a carcass. From the results, no detectable heavy metals, including cadmium and arsenic, were measured. Among animal types, the rate of cattle decomposition is faster than swine decomposition, and the decomposition of the bodies were performed in sequence from sand, clay loam, sandy loam.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.165-173
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• 2015

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: This study addressed the question whether the composition of supposedly 'healthy' or 'unhealthy' dietary regimes has a calorie-independent short-term effect on biomarkers of metabolic stress and vascular risk in healthy individuals. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Healthy male volunteers (age $29.5{\pm}5.9years$, n = 39) were given a standardized baseline diet for two weeks before randomization into three groups of different dietary regimes: fast food, Mediterranean and German cooking style. Importantly, the amount of calories consumed per day was identical in all three groups. Blood samples were analyzed for biomarkers of cardiovascular risk and metabolic stress after two weeks of the baseline diet and after two weeks of the assigned dietary regime. RESULTS: No dietary intervention affected the metabolic or cardiovascular risk profile when compared in-between groups or compared to baseline. Subjects applied to the Mediterranean diet showed a statistically significant increase of uric acid compared to baseline and compared to the German diet group. Plasma concentrations of urea were significantly higher in both the fast food group and the Mediterranean group, when compared to baseline and compared to the German diet group. No significant differences were detected for the levels of vitamins, trace elements or metabolic stress markers (8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine, malondialdehyde and methylglyoxal, a potent glycating agent). Established parameters of vascular risk (e.g. LDL-cholesterol, lipoprotein(a), homocysteine) were not significantly changed in-between groups or compared to baseline during the intervention period. CONCLUSIONS: The calorie-controlled dietary intervention caused neither protective nor harmful short-term effects regarding established biomarkers of vascular or metabolic risk. When avoiding the noxious effects of overfeeding, healthy individuals can possess the metabolic capacity to compensate for a potentially disadvantageous composition of a certain diet.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.179-193
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• 2018

This study is aimed to investigate the provenance of raw materials and firing temperature of jar coffins excavated from the Oryang-dong kiln site and Jeonchon tomb site, Naju, Korea. Most of jar coffin samples shows same range of magnetic susceptibility and have gray color, while 404 and 405 of Jeongchon site are reddish yellow. In some samples fired at high temperature, the water absorption at the mouth rim and body part of same jar coffin were 3.50% and 7.56% respectively. It means that heat transfer and equilibrium in the kiln was not properly continued and the heat energy transferred to the mouth rim and the body part was different. In the petrographic analysis, As a tempering materials, biotite, weathered quartz and feldspar were added in the jar coffins of Oryang-dong site, and biotite, polycrystalline quartz and feldspar in it of Jeongchon site. Tempering materials were found more in the body than in the mouth rim of same jar coffin of Oryang-dong site. It seemed that some samples were fired at over 1,000 to $1,100^{\circ}C$, which showed vitrified texture in the scanning electron images and the rest of samples were fired at below $900^{\circ}C$. Due to similarity of chemical compositions, it is estimated that jar coffins of Jeongchon tomb were produced and supplied from Oryang-dong kiln site. However, the slight difference of some trace elements distribution of samples is attributed to the selection of clay depending on the location.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.33 no.10
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• pp.774-781
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• 2011

Nitric acid and hydrofluoric acid are used for acid pickling in zirconium alloy tubing manufacturing process. Nitrate and fluoride in the wastewater were treated by chemical coagulation and SOD (Sulfur Oxidation Denitrification) process. This study is investigated the effect of fluoride concentration and the optimal condition for SOD process. The limited fluoride concentration for SOD process was below 20 mg F-/L. The adjusted pH and alkalinity by NaOH and $NaHCO_3$ was shown to be more effective for removal of nitrate compared with using NaOH. Furthermore, the microbial activator mixed trace elements and ingredient for alkalinity did not only supplement with alkalinity but also enhance the growth and proliferation for sulfur-oxidizing bacteria. As a result, the inorganic industrial wastewater was successfully treated by the microbial activator in SOD process without continuous addition of seed sludge. Finally, SOD process was shown to remove nitrate in industrial wastewater and to contribute the microbial activator for activation of sulfur-oxidizing bacteria.